Five species of grain explained

In Judaism, the five species of grain (Hebrew: חמשת מיני דגן|hameshet minei dagan) refer to five varieties of grain which have special status for a number of rituals. These species are commonly considered to be wheat, barley, oats, rye and spelt. However, some of these identifications are disputed.[1]

Identity

The five species, with their Mishnaic Hebrew names, are as follows:[2]

The Talmud groups them into two varieties of wheat (Hebrew: hitah, Hebrew: kusmin) and three varieties of barley (Hebrew: seorah, Hebrew: shibolet shual, Hebrew: shifon).[7]

Since European medieval times, Ashkenazi Orthodox Jewry accepts the five grains as wheat, barley, oats, rye and spelt.[8]

Other than the traditional translation, some researchers today propose that only the grain species native to the Land of Israel can become chametz. This would rule out not only oats, but also rye (Secale) which grows in colder, wetter climates. They offer other translations to the 5 grains.[9] [10] [11]

Laws

A number of laws apply only to these five grains:

Oat matza

Oats are generally accepted in Ashkenazi Jewish tradition as one of the five species, but modern research suggests that what has been traditionally translated as "oats" is in fact a wild species of barley or other grains. This debate is practically significant because of the candidates for the five species, oats are the only one which is gluten-free. Although there have been no changes to normative Jewish law to reflect the debate,[16] some rabbis take a stringent view and discourage the use of oat matzo to fulfill the biblical obligation of eating matzo at the Passover Seder.[3]

Additional species

According to Rabbi Johanan ben Nuri, rice and millet are also included among the "species of grain", and thus can become chametz and matza and are obligated in challah.[7] This opinion was not accepted as halacha.[17]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 2016-10-28 . 487. The Five Species of Grain - HaShoneh Halachos 2: Mishneh Torah . 2024-03-30 . OU Torah.
  2. [Mishnah]
  3. https://www.torahmusings.com/2011/08/oat-matzah/ Oat Matzah
  4. [Zohar Amar]
  5. Commentary of Rabbi Nathan to Mishnah Menahot 10:7
  6. Rashi, commentary to Babylonian Talmud, Pesahim 35a
  7. Pesachim 35a
  8. Web site: More on Chametz . . Eliyahu . Kitov . 31 March 2000 . 27 September 2022 .
  9. https://www.angelfire.com/pa2/passover/passoverpreparation.html How To Prepare For Passover / Pesach
  10. Book: Encyclopedia of Jewish Food . Gil Marks . 9780470943540 . 2010-11-17. Wiley .
  11. Web site: Bar-Hayim . David . Interview of Rabbi David Bar-Hayim Shlitta about Five Grains . TagMehirTzedek . 20 April 2016.
  12. Brachot 37a
  13. [Mishnah]
  14. [Mishnah]
  15. [Mishnah]
  16. Web site: Are Oats Really one of the 5 Species of Grain? – When Science and Halakha Collide . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110630020925/http://www.the-daf.com/talmud-conceptual/are-oats-really-one-of-the-5-species-of-grain . 30 June 2011 . 20 May 2011 . Linzer . Dov . The Daily Daf.
  17. Pesachim 114b