In Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism, the Five Tathāgatas (Skt: पञ्चतथागत, pañcatathāgata; (Ch: 五方佛, Wǔfāngfó) or Five Wisdom Tathāgatas (Ch: 五智如来, Wǔzhì Rúlái), the Five Great Buddhas, the Five Dhyani Buddhas or the Five Buddha Families and the Five Jinas (Skt. "conqueror" or "victor"), are five Buddhas which are often venerated together, along with their consorts. Various sources provide different names for these male and female Buddhas, though the most common today for the males are: Akshobhya, Ratnasambhava, Vairocana, Amitābha, and Amoghasiddhi.
They are sometimes seen as emanations and representations of the five qualities of the Adi-Buddha or "first Buddha", which is associated with the Dharmakāya. Some sources also include this "first Buddha" as a sixth Buddha along with the five.
The Five Buddha Families are a common subject of Vajrayana mandalas and they feature prominently in various Buddhist Tantras as the father and mother Buddhas, together : Vairocana with Buddhalocana, Ratnasambhava with Buddhamamaki, Amitabha with Pandaravasini, Amoghasiddhi with Samayatara, and Vajrakshobya with Dhatvisvari.[1]
The Five Tathagathas is the primary object of realization and meditation in Shingon Buddhism, a school of Vajrayana Buddhism founded in Japan by Kūkai.
In Chinese Buddhism, veneration of the five Buddhas has dispersed from Chinese Esoteric Buddhism into other Chinese Buddhist traditions like Chan and Tiantai. They are regularly enshrined in many Chinese Buddhist temples and regularly invoked in rituals, such as the Liberation Rite of Water and Land and the Yoga Flaming Mouth ceremony (瑜伽焰口法會), as well as prayers and chants.[2] [3]
They are also sometimes called the "dhyani-buddhas", a term first recorded in English by Brian Houghton Hodgson, a British Resident in Nepal,[4] in the early 19th century, and is unattested in any surviving traditional primary sources.[5]
The Five Wisdom Buddhas are a development of the Buddhist Tantras, and later became associated with the trikaya or "three body" theory of Buddhahood. While in the Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra, there are only four Buddha families, the full Diamond Realm mandala with five Buddhas first appears in the Vajrasekhara Sutra.[6]
Representations of the five Dhyani Buddhas, who are abstract aspects of Buddhahood rather than Buddhas or gods, have elaborate differences.[7] Each must face in a different direction (north, south, east, west, or center), and, when painted, each is a different color (blue, yellow, red, green, or white). Each has a different mudrā and symbol; embodies a different aspect, type of evil, and cosmic element; has a different consort and spiritual son, as well as different animal vehicles (elephant, lion, peacock, harpies or garuda, or dragon).[8]
The Vajrasekhara also mentions a sixth Buddha, Vajradhara, "a Buddha (or principle) seen as the source, in some sense, of the five Buddhas."[6]
The Five Buddhas are aspects of the dharmakaya "dharma-body", which embodies the principle of enlightenment in Buddhism.
Initially, two Buddhas appeared to represent wisdom and compassion: Akshobhya and Amitābha. A further distinction embodied the aspects of power, or activity, and the aspect of beauty, or spiritual riches. In the Golden Light Sutra, an early Mahayana text, the figures are named Dundubishvara and Ratnaketu, but over time their names changed to become Amoghasiddhi and Ratnasambhava. The central figure came to be called Vairocana.
Vairocana, the first Dhyani Buddha, embodies sovereignty. [8] Japanese Pure Land Buddhists think that Vairocana and the other Dhyani Buddhas are manifestations of Amitābha, but Japanese Shingon Buddhists think that Amitābha and the other Dhyani Buddhas are manifestations of Vairocana.[9]
Akshobhya, the second Dhyani Buddha embodies steadfastness and faces east. He is seated in the Vajraparyanka (also known as Bhūmisparśa) pose, with the right hand on the right knee, palm turned inwardly, and middle finger touching the ground.[8] [10] [11]
Amitābha (Japanese: Amida) is the most ancient Dhyani Buddha, embodying light and facing west, and is the central figure in Pure Land Buddhism. A statue of Amitābha, when seated, has a samadhi mudrā with both palms face up, on top of each other, in his lap.[8] [12] [13]
When these Buddhas are represented in mandalas, they may not always have the same colour or be related to the same directions. In particular, Akshobhya and Vairocana may be switched. When represented in a Vairocana mandala, the Buddhas are arranged like this:
| Amoghasiddhi (North) | |||
| Amitābha (West) | Vairocana (Principal deity/meditator) | Akshobhya (East) | |
| Ratnasambhava (South) |
There is an expansive number of associations with each element of the five Buddhas mandala, so that the mandala becomes a cipher and mnemonic visual thinking instrument and concept map; a vehicle for understanding and decoding the whole of the Dharma.
In numerous Vajrayana sources, like in each Buddha Family (Sanskrit: kula) or Division has numerous symbols, secondary figures (like bodhisattvas, protectors, etc.), powers, and aspects.[14]
Some of these esoteric associations include:
| Family (Kula) | Buddha | Colour ← Element → Symbolism | Cardinality → Wisdom → Attachments → Gestures | Means → Maladaptation to Stress | Season | Wisdom | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buddha Family | Vairocana | white ← space → wheel | center → all accommodating → rūpa → Teaching the Dharma | Turning the Wheel of Dharma → ignorance, delusion | Transition | Chinese: 法界体性智 The wisdom of the essence of the dharma-realm meditation mudra.[15] | |||
| Karma Family | Amoghasiddhi | green < | -- From Cloud article: A greenish tinge to a cloud is produced when sunlight is scattered by ice. A cumulonimbus cloud emitting green is an imminent sign of heavy rain, hail, strong winds and possible tornadoes. --> ← air, wind → viśvavajra | north → all accomplishing → mental formation, concept → fearlessness | protect, destroy → envy, jealousy | Autumn | Chinese: 成所作智 The wisdom of perfect practice. | ||
| Padma (Lotus) Family | Amitābha | red ← fire → lotus | west → inquisitive < | -- discriminating awareness --> → perception → meditation | magnetize, attachment → selfishness, lust | summer | Chinese: 妙観察智 The wisdom of observation. | ||
| Ratna (Jewel) Family | Ratnasambhava | gold/yellow ← earth → jewel | south → equanimous < | -- equanimity equality --> → feeling → giving | enrich, increase → pride, greed | Spring | Chinese: 平等性智 The wisdom of equanimity. | ||
| Vajra Family | Akṣobhya | blue ← water → sceptre, vajra < | -- Vajra = Indra's thunderbolt --> | east → nondualist (Dualist) < | -- mirror like --> → vijñāna → humility | pacify, accept → aggression, aversion | winter | Chinese: 大円鏡智 The wisdom of reflection. |
The five Tathāgathas are protected by five Wisdom Kings, and in China and Japan are frequently depicted together in the Mandala of the Two Realms. In the Śūraṅgama mantra revealed in the Śūraṅgama sutra, an especially influential dharani in the Chinese Chan tradition, the five Tathāgathas are mentioned as the hosts of the five divisions which controls the vast demon armies of the five directions.[16]
According to the Guhyasamājatantra, each Buddha family is also assigned a specific mantra:
In East Asia, they each are also often depicted with consorts, and preside over their own pure lands, with the aspiration to be reborn into a pure land being the central point of Pure Land Buddhism. Although all five Buddhas have pure lands, it appears that only Sukhavati of Amitābha, and to a much lesser extent Abhirati of Akshobhya (where great masters like Vimalakirti and Milarepa are said to dwell) were popularly venerated, though some temples include all five Buddhas in their mandalas and statuary.
| Buddha (Skt) | Consort | Bodhisattva | Pure land | Bīja | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vairocana | Dharmadhatvishvari | Samantabhadra | Akaniṣṭha-Ghanavyūha (Center) | Om | |
| Akṣobhya | Locanā | Vajrapani | Abhirati (East) | Hum | |
| Amitābha | Pandara [17] | Avalokiteśvara | Sukhāvatī (West) | Hrih | |
| Ratnasaṃbhava | Mamaki [18] | Ratnapani | Śrīmat (South) | Tram | |
| Amoghasiddhi | Green Tara[19] [20] | Viśvapāni | Karmaprasiddhi[21] or [22] (North) | Ah |