Fisheries science explained

Fisheries science is the academic discipline of managing and understanding fisheries.[1] It is a multidisciplinary science, which draws on the disciplines of limnology, oceanography, freshwater biology, marine biology, meteorology, conservation, ecology, population dynamics, economics, statistics, decision analysis, management, and many others in an attempt to provide an integrated picture of fisheries.[2] [3] In some cases new disciplines have emerged, as in the case of bioeconomics and fisheries law. Because fisheries science is such an all-encompassing field, fisheries scientists often use methods from a broad array of academic disciplines.[4] [5] Over the most recent several decades, there have been declines in fish stocks (populations) in many regions along with increasing concern about the impact of intensive fishing on marine and freshwater biodiversity.[6]

Fisheries science is typically taught in a university setting, and can be the focus of an undergraduate, master's or Ph.D. program. Some universities offer fully integrated programs in fisheries science. Graduates of university fisheries programs typically find employment as scientists, fisheries managers of both recreational and commercial fisheries, researchers, aquaculturists, educators, environmental consultants and planners, conservation officers, and many others.[7]

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Fisheries research

Because fisheries take place in a diverse set of aquatic environments (i.e., high seas, coastal areas, large and small rivers, and lakes of all sizes), research requires different sampling equipment, tools, and techniques. For example, studying trout populations inhabiting mountain lakes requires a very different set of sampling tools than, say, studying salmon in the high seas. Ocean fisheries research vessels (FRVs) often require platforms which are capable of towing different types of fishing nets, collecting plankton or water samples from a range of depths, and carrying acoustic fish-finding equipment. Fisheries research vessels are often designed and built along the same lines as a large fishing vessel, but with space given over to laboratories and equipment storage, as opposed to storage of the catch. In addition to a diverse set of sampling gear, fisheries scientists often use scientific techniques from many different professional disciplines.[8]

Other important areas of fisheries research are population dynamics,[9] economics,[10] social studies [11] and genetics.[12]

Notable contributors

See also: List of marine biologists.

Members of this list meet one or more of the following criteria: 1) Author of widely cited peer-reviewed articles on fisheries, 2) Author of major reference work in fisheries, 3) Founder of major fisheries journal, museum or other related organisation 4) Person most notable for other reasons who has also worked in fisheries science.

ContributorNationalityBornDiedContribution
Baird, Spencer F.align=center Americanalign=center 1823align=center 1887Founding scientist of the United States Fish Commission.[13] U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries from 1871 to 1887.
Baranov, Fedor I.align=center Russianalign=center 1886align=center 1965Baranov has been called the grandfather of fisheries population dynamics. The Baranov catch equation of 1918 is perhaps the most used equation in fisheries modelling.[14]
Beverton, Rayalign=center Englishalign=center 1922align=center 1985Fisheries biologist known for the Beverton–Holt model (with Sidney Holt), credited with being one of the founders of fisheries science[15]
Christensen, Villyalign=center Danishalign=center align=center -Fisheries scientist and ecosystem modeller, known for his work on the development of Ecopath
Cobb, John N.align=center Americanalign=center 1868align=center 1930Founder of the first college of fisheries in the United States, the University of Washington College of Fisheries, in 1919
Cooke, Steven J.align=center Canadianalign=center 1974align=center Academic known for contributions to recreational fisheries science, inland fisheries and Conservation Physiology
Cushing, Davidalign=center Englishalign=center 1920align=center 2008Fisheries biologist, who is credited with the development of the match/mismatch hypothesis
Everhart, W. Harryalign=center Americanalign=center 1918align=center 1994Fisheries scientist, educator, administrator and author of several widely used fisheries texts[16]
Froese, Raineralign=center Germanalign=center 1950align=center -Known for his work on the development and coordination of FishBase
Goode, G. Brownalign=center Americanalign=center 1851align=center 1896Ichthyologist who organized and administered the biological and fishery development research of the United States Fish Commission and ordered and developed the taxonomic and ichthyologic work of both the Fish Commission and the Smithsonian Institution. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries from 1887 to 1888.[17]
Graham, Michaelalign=center Englishalign=center 1889align=center 1972Known for his Great Law of Fishing, that “Fisheries that are unlimited become unprofitable.”
Green, Sethalign=center Americanalign=center 1817align=center 1888Pioneer in fish farming who established the first fish hatchery in the United States
Gunter, Gordonalign=center Americanalign=center 1909align=center 1998Pioneer in fisheries research in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Halver, Johnalign=center Americanalign=center 1922align=center 2012His pioneering work on the nutritional needs of fish led to modern methods of fish farming and fish feed production. He has been called the father of fish nutrition.[18] [19]
Hempel, Gotthilfalign=center Germanalign=center 1929align=center -Marine biologist and oceanographer, and co-founder of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research
Herwig, Waltheralign=center Germanalign=center 1838align=center 1912Lawyer and promoter of high seas fishing and research
Chaudhuri, Hiralalalign=center Indianalign=center 1921align=center 2014Father of induced breeding of the Carp and also the pioneer of Blue revolution.[20] Fisheries biologist with strong contributions in fisheries management.
Hilborn, Rayalign=center Canadianalign=center 1947align=center -Fisheries biologist with strong contributions in fisheries management
Hjort, Johanalign=center Norwegianalign=center 1869align=center 1948Known for research to determine why northern European fish populations fluctuate in abundance[21]
Hofer, Brunoalign=center Germanalign=center 1861align=center 1916Fishery scientist credited with being the founder of fish pathology
Holt, Sidneyalign=center Englishalign=center 1926align=center 2019Fisheries biologist known for the Beverton–Holt model (with Ray Beverton), credited with being one of the founders of fisheries science
Kils, Uwealign=center Germanalign=center align=center -Marine biologist specializing in planktology. Inventor of the ecoSCOPE
Kyle, H. M.align=center Scottish align=center 1872align=center 1951Ichthyologist specializing in fisheries science and one of the earliest identifiers of the concept of overfishing[22]
Lackey, Robert T.align=center Canadianalign=center 1944align=center -Fisheries scientist and political scientist known for his work involving the role of science in policy making[23]
Larkin, Peter A.align=center Canadianalign=center 1924align=center 1996Fisheries scientist known for his critical remarks on the concept of MSY
Lee, Rosa M.align=center Welshalign=center 1884align=center 1976One of the first UK women employed as a fisheries scientist. Known for "Rosa Lee's phenomenon," in which size-selective fishing mortality reduces the average size of older age classes[24]
Lubchenco, Janealign=center Americanalign=center 1947align=center Known for both her academic research in fisheries and related fields as well as policies implemented during her time as head of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Margolis, Leoalign=center Canadianalign=center 1927align=center 1997Parasitologist and head of the Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo, British Columbia
McDonald, Marshallalign=center Americanalign=center 1835align=center 1895Fisheries scientist and fish culturist who invented the fish ladder and of a number of fish-hatching apparatuses. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries from 1888 to 1895.
McKay, R. J.align=center AustralianBiologist and a specialist in translocated freshwater fishes
Murphy, Garth I.align=center Americanalign=center 1922align=center 2001Fisheries oceanographer known for his work on the dynamics of Pacific sardine and on the importance of a broad age structure as a bed-hedging strategy in variable environments.
Myers, Ransom A.align=center Canadianalign=center 1952align=center 2007Fisheries biologist best known for his work assessing the status of ocean fish populations[25]
Pauly, Danielalign=center French / Canadianalign=center 1946align=center Prominent fisheries scientist, known for his work studying human impacts on global fisheries
Pitcher, Tony J.align=center align=center align=center -Known for work on the impacts of fishing, management appraisals and the shoaling behavior of fish
Rice, Michael A.align=center Americanalign=center 1955align=center -Known for work on molluscan fisheries
Ricker, Billalign=center Canadianalign=center 1908align=center 2001Fisheries biologist, known for the Ricker model, credited with being one of the founders of fisheries science
Ricketts, Edalign=center Americanalign=center 1897 align=center 1948A colourful marine biologist and philosopher who introduced ecology to fisheries science.[26]
Roberts, Callumalign=center align=center align=center -Marine conservation biologist, known for his work on the role marine reserves play in protecting marine ecosystems
Rosenthal, Haraldalign=center Germanalign=center 1937align=center -Hydrobiologist known for his work in fish farming and ecology
Safina, Carlalign=center Americanalign=center 1955align=center -Author of several writings on marine ecology and the ocean
Sars, Georg Ossianalign=center Norwegianalign=center 1837align=center 1927Marine biologist credited with the discovery of a number of new species and known for his analysis of cod fisheries
Schaefer, Milner Bailyalign=center Americanalign=center 1912 align=center 1970Notable for work on the population dynamics of fisheries
Schreck, Carlalign=center Americanalign=center 1944align=center -Fisheries scientist and endocrinologist known for his research on Pacific salmon
Schweder, Torealign=center Norwegianalign=center 1943align=center -Statistician whose work includes the assessment of marine resources
Sette, Oscar Eltonalign=center Americanalign=center 1900 align=center 1972Pioneered the integration of fisheries biology with oceanography and meteorology to create fisheries oceanography and modern fisheries science.
Shimada, Bell M.align=center Americanalign=center 1922align=center 1958Notable for study of tuna stocks in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Smith, Hugh M.align=center Americanalign=center 1865align=center 1941Ichthyologist who directed the United States Fish Commission's scientific research from 1897 to 1903 and served as its deputy commissioner from 1903 to 1913. U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries from 1913 to 1922. First director general of Thailand′s Department of Fisheries.
Sumaila, Ussif Rashidalign=center Nigerianalign=center align=center -Notable for his analysis of the economic aspects of fisheries
Suttkus, Royal D.align=center Americanalign=center 1920align=center 2009
Utter, Fred M.align=center Americanalign=center 1931align=center -Characterised by NOAA as the founding father of fishery genetics, he has been influential in marine conservation[27]
von Bertalanffy, Ludwigalign=center Austrian align=center 1901 align=center 1972In fisheries, best known for the von Bertalanffy function[28]
Walters, Carlalign=center Americanalign=center 1944align=center -Biologist known for his work involving fisheries stock assessments, the adaptive management concept, and ecosystem modeling

Journals

Some journals about fisheries are

Professional societies

See also

Categories:

References

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Lackey . Robert . Water Encyclopedia . Lehr . Jay . Keeley . Jack . Fisheries: History, Science, and Management . 2005 . 121–129 . Wiley . 10.1002/047147844X.sw249 . 047147844X.
  2. Book: Evolving approaches to managing marine recreational fisheries . 2009 . Lexington Books . Leal, Donald . Maharaj, Vishwanie . 978-0-7391-2802-2 . Lanham, MD . 232358037.
  3. Book: Inland fisheries management in North America . 2010 . American Fisheries Society . Hubert, Wayne A. . Quist, Michael C. . 978-1-934874-16-5 . 3rd . Bethesda, Md. . 650960010.
  4. Book: Schreck . Carl B. . Moyle . Peter B. . Methods for Fish Biology . 2002 . American Fisheries Society . Bethesda, MD . 091323558X . 704 . Reprinted.
  5. Book: Sass . Greg S. . Allen . Micheal S. . Foundations of Fisheries Science . 2014 . American Fisheries Society . Bethesda, MD . 978-1-934874-37-0 . 801.
  6. Book: Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries: Fish Biology, Volume 1 . Wiley-Blackwell . 2002 . 9780632054121 . Hart . Paul J.B. . 432 . Reynolds . John D..
  7. Web site: Careers in Fisheries. 2004. American Fisheries Society. May 19, 2020.
  8. Book: Zale . Alexander . Parrish . Donna . Sutton . Trent . Fisheries Techniques . 2012 . American Fisheries Society . Bethesda, MD . 978-1934874295 . 1009 . Third.
  9. Lorenzen . Kai . 2005-01-29 . Beddington . J. R. . Kirkwood . G. P. . Population dynamics and potential of fisheries stock enhancement: practical theory for assessment and policy analysis . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . en . 360 . 1453 . 171–189 . 10.1098/rstb.2004.1570 . 0962-8436 . 1636107 . 15713596.
  10. Book: Anderson, Lee G. . The economics of fisheries management . 2004 . Blackburn Press . 1-930665-98-9 . Rev. social studies enl. . Caldwell, N.J. . 57533583.
  11. Book: Briand . F. . Engaging marine scientists and fishers to share knowledge and perceptions - Early lessons . 2018 . CIESM Publishers . 1726-5886 . Paris, Monaco . 218 .
  12. Book: Hallerman, Eric M. . Population genetics : principles and applications for fisheries scientists . 2003 . American Fisheries Society . 1-888569-27-1 . Bethesda, Md. . 51979755.
  13. Web site: NOAA History - Giants of History - Spencer Fullerton Baird. 2020. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  14. Quinn . Terrance J. II . Ruminations on the development and future of population dynamics models in fisheries . 10.1111/j.1939-7445.2003.tb00119.x . Natural Resource Modeling . 16 . 4 . 341–392 . 2003 . 10.1.1.473.3765 . 153420994.
  15. Cushing . D. H. . Edwards . R.W. . 1996 . Raymond John Heaphy Beverton, C. B. E. 29 August 1922-23 July 1995 . Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society . 42 . 24–38 . 10.1098/rsbm.1996.0003 . 770195 . free.
  16. News: Baer . Richard . Youngs . William . Oglesby . Ray . 1994 . Watson Harry Everhart - June 5, 1918 - October 1, 1994 . Cornell University Faculty Memorial Statement .
  17. https://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/historymakers/goode/welcome.html#admin NOAA 200th Top Tens: History Makers: George Brown Goode: Eminent 19th Century Fish Scientist Accessed 13 November 2022
  18. American Fisheries Society, National Fish Culture Hall of Fame, Spearfish, S.D. 2000
  19. Web site: SAFS Newsletter Spring-Summer 2013: In Memoriam-John e. Halver and Dayton Lee Alverson . 2014-07-17 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140715002446/http://fish.washington.edu/news/newsletter/sprsum_2013/memoriam . 2014-07-15. .
  20. Sharma . Anil . Mohanty . Bimal . 2015-01-25 . Hiralal Chaudhuri (1921-2014) - PERSONAL NEWS . Current Science . 108 . 286–287.
  21. Aksnes . Dag W. . Browman . Howard I. . 2014 . Johan Hjort's impact on fisheries science: a bibliometric analysis . ICES Journal of Marine Science . 71 . 8 . 2012–2016 . 10.1093/icesjms/fsu147 . free.
  22. Book: Paul J.B. Hart . John D. Reynolds . 2008 . Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries: Fisheries . John Wiley & Sons . 78–79 . 978-0470693131.
  23. News: Krisch . Joshua A. . 2017 . The Science of Science Advocacy . The Scientist .
  24. Kraak . Sarah B. M. . Haase . Stefanie . Minto . Cóilín . Santos . Juan . 2019 . The Rosa Lee phenomenon and its consequences for fisheries advice on changes in fishing mortality or gear selectivity . ICES Journal of Marine Science . 76 . 7 . 2179–2192 . 10.1093/icesjms/fsz107. free .
  25. News: Sullivan . Patricia . 2007 . Biologist Ransom A. Myers, 54; Warned of Overfishing in Oceans . Washington Post .
  26. News: Ed Ricketts’ death, 50 years ago last week, preceded that of Cannery Row by only a few months . 13 October 2005. Monterey County Weekly . Eric Enno Tamm .
  27. http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/historymakers/side_hon_mentions.html History Makers: Honorable Mentions
  28. Katsanevakis . Stelios . Maravelias . Christos D. . 2008 . Modelling fish growth: multi‐model inference as a better alternative to a priori using von Bertalanffy equation . Fish and Fisheries . 9 . 2 . 178–187 . 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00279.x.
  29. Web site: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences . Canadian Science Publishing . en.

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