Finland–NATO relations explained

Finland has been a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since 4 April 2023.^[1]

In the aftermath of World War II, following the formation of NATO in 1949 and throughout the Cold War, Finland maintained a position of neutrality, in what became known as Finlandization, in the face of its often complicated relations with the Soviet Union.

The possibility of membership became a topic of debate in the country after the end of the Cold War and following the country's accession to NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme and the European Union (EU) in the mid-1990s.^[2] In spite of these new bonds to Europe and the West, public support for NATO accession remained low.

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine marked a turning point in the debate, and swung public opinion in favour of NATO membership. Along with neighboring Sweden, the country applied to join NATO on 18 May 2022. Following ratification, Finland became a member of NATO on 4 April 2023.^{[3] [4]} Finland has a 1340km (830miles) border with Russia, which upon accession more than doubled NATO's pre-existing border with Russia.

History

Background: Finnish neutrality at the end of World War II

At the end of World War II, Finland had to cut its ties with Germany, with which it had allied against the Soviet Union in the Continuation War. Following the war, foreign policy was guided by the Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine, which aimed to ensure Finland's survival as an independent sovereign, democratic, and capitalist state next to the Communist Soviet Union. This was to be achieved by maintaining good enough relations with the Soviet Union to avoid war with its eastern neighbor. The Finnish government refused foreign aid from the United States under the Marshall Plan due to Soviet pressure. Shortly afterward, the YYA Treaty was concluded between Finland and the Soviet Union.

1949–2023: Pre-membership relations

1949–1991: Finnish neutrality during the Cold War

NATO was founded in 1949. As opposed to neighbouring Norway, Finland chose not to join. The Cold War was marked by Finlandization, in which Finland retained its nominal independence and control over its internal affairs, while the conduct of foreign policy during this period was always more or less limited by the need to avoid conflict with the Soviet regime and its foreign policy. As a result, Finland took neutral stances to stay out of great power conflicts, and refrained from joining NATO, the European Communities, or other institutions which were established following the war by the Western democratic states, as well as the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact.^[5] During the peak of the Cold War, the Finnish government made a conscious effort to increase defence capabilities to ensure a strong deterrent for any potential invasion. From 1968 onward, the Finnish government adopted the doctrine of territorial defence, which requires the use of large land areas to delay and wear out a potential aggressor. This was complemented by the concept of total defence, which calls for the use of all resources of society for national defence in times of crisis.

1991–1995: Immediate aftermath of the Cold War

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union between 1988 and 1991, the threat posed to Finland's independence was diminished. NATO emphasized its open door policy to admitting new members, and many former Eastern Bloc and post-Soviet states joined the alliance in the 1990s and 2000s. Through subsequent governments the Finnish position was that joining NATO was unnecessary, and it was preferable to retain an independent defence policy, though if conditions changed the country had the right to exercise the option to join NATO.^[6] Removing barriers to effectively exercising the option to join an alliance (for example, by increasing interopability) is a part of this policy. Finland joined NATO's Partnership for Peace in 1994.

1995–2022: Shift from non-alignment within the European Union

The country did move away from neutrality during this period though, joining the European Union in 1995 which required adopting its Common Foreign and Security Policy.

Finland became a member of the European Union in 1995. Since the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009, the EU mutual solidarity clause applies to Finland along with other EU member states:

Article 42.2 specifies that NATO shall be the main forum for the implementation of collective self-defence for EU member states that are also NATO members. The other EU member states that are outside NATO and consequently resort to the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP, which has a much smaller structures and capabilities than NATO's command structure) for the implementation of collective self-defence, are Austria, Cyprus, Ireland and Malta.

The possibility of Finland's membership in NATO was one of the most important issues debated in relation to the Finnish presidential election of 2006. The main opposition candidate Sauli Niinistö, of the National Coalition Party, supported Finland joining a "more European" NATO. Fellow right-winger Henrik Lax of the Swedish People's Party likewise supported the concept. On the other side, president Tarja Halonen of the Social Democratic Party opposed changing the status quo, as did most other candidates in the election. Her victory and re-election to the post of president put the issue of a NATO membership for Finland on hold for the duration of her term.

In 2007, Finland made various technical preparations of the Finnish Defence Forces for membership, with the then Defence Minister Jyri Häkämies eager to pursue NATO membership. The government preferred to wait until after the negotiations of the new EU treaty were concluded before reviewing their policy on NATO, to determine if it included a new EU-level defence agreement.^[7]

Finnish think tank, which has regularly commissioned opinion polls on NATO membership, noted in its 2015 report a downward trend in the percent opposed that started in 1998, including a steep decline after the 2012 presidential election.^[8] In March 2014, during Russia's annexation of Crimea, one survey showed only 22 percent supported membership, though a second showed that 53 percent would support membership if Finnish leadership recommended it.^[9] Support for a military alliance with neighbor Sweden was also high, at 54 percent,^[10] and Finland could possibly seek an enlarged role for NORDEFCO.^[11] Finnish Minister of Defence Carl Haglund suggested that a referendum on NATO membership could be held sometime after the 2015 parliamentary election.^[12]

Before joining NATO, Finland participated in nearly all sub-areas of the Partnership for Peace programme, and provided peacekeeping forces to both the Afghanistan and Kosovo missions.^[13] The Finnish government's 1997 defense white paper strongly advocated the development of interoperability to support international crisis management in line with the PfP concept. The 1998–2008 defense program began in May 1997 at the "Spirit of PfP" training in northern Norway.^[14] Finland maintained close relations with NATO and purchased from its members military equipment including F-35 Lightning II aircraft.^[15] Newly procured equipment was required to meet NATO standards since before Finland seriously pursued membership.^[16] Despite "longstanding armanents cooperation with NATO," upon accession it still retained non-compatible materiel, such as the RK 62 assault rifle, that would not be decommissioned until the end of its lifecycle.^[17] In April 2014, while Carl Haglund was Defence Minister, the government announced that it was negotiating a on Finland's readiness to receive military assistance and to aid NATO in equipment maintenance. He emphasized that this memorandum was not a step toward membership.^[18] The agreement, signed in September 2014, allows NATO and Finland to hold joint exercises on Finnish soil and permits assistance from NATO members in situations such as "disasters, disruptions, and threats to security".^[19] As such, Finland (and Sweden) participated in the 2015 NATO-led Arctic Challenge Exercise.^[20]

In January 2022, Prime Minister Sanna Marin said that Finland reserved the option of applying NATO membership if it chooses to do so, but she said it was "very unlikely" it would happen during her term as prime minister.^{[21] [22]}

2022–2023: Accession process following the Russian invasion of Ukraine

February – May 2022: Initial response to the invasion

On 24 February 2022, in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the prime minister reiterated that while Finland was "not currently facing an immediate military threat", joining NATO was still a possibility, noting that "the debate on NATO membership in Finland will change".^[23] On 25 February, a Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson threatened Finland and Sweden with "military and political consequences" if they attempted to join NATO. Both countries had attended the emergency NATO summit as members of NATO's Partnership for Peace and both had condemned the invasion and had provided assistance to Ukraine.^[24] Following a meeting on 1 March 2022 to discuss whether to apply to become full members of NATO, Prime Minister Sanna Marin stated that no decision had been made on the issue yet, saying that "such an important question needs to be dealt with thoroughly".^[25] According to news reports from early March 2022, Finland and Sweden had begun plans to apply for Major non-NATO ally status with the United States.^{[26] [27] [28]}

Opinion polling following the invasion showed an unprecedented increase in support for joining NATO among Finns, with a clear majority in favour.^[29] Several citizens' initiatives on the subject got the required 50,000 signatures, requiring the Parliament of Finland to consider the matter.^{[30] [31] [32]} President Niinistö characterised the polling as demonstrating sufficient popular support for an application.^[33] Prime Minister Marin suggested that the decision process must be concluded in the spring and in a matter of "weeks, not months".^{[34] [35]}

On 13 April 2022, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs produced a report on the international security landscape and on the foreign and defence policy options available to Finland, which is expected to form the basis of the debate on NATO membership.^[36] The report identifies that the Russian invasion has changed the long-term European security environment and made it more difficult to predict and act in the near term. It does not explicitly take a position on NATO membership, but does state that the present security arrangements are insufficient and that membership would increase stability, although there is no immediate threat. As a member, Finland would not be obliged to accept foreign bases or the presence of nuclear weapons on its territory; Finland's defence budget would rise by 1 to 1.5%. Helsingin Sanomat assessed it as a positive evaluation of NATO membership.^[37]

Prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the National Coalition Party and Swedish People's Party of Finland supported NATO membership, and the other parties were neutral or opposed to varying degrees. In 2016, the party conference of the National Coalition Party agreed that Finland should apply for membership "in the next few years".^[38] In the vision of the Swedish People's Party of Finland set out in the same year, Finland will be a NATO member in 2025.^[39] Many individual politicians have advocated for NATO as well, including the current President Sauli Niinistö and former Prime Minister Alexander Stubb,^[40] as well as former President Martti Ahtisaari,^{[13] [41]} who has argued that Finland should join all the organizations supported by other Western democracies in order "to shrug off once and for all the burden of Finlandization".^[42] Two other former presidents from the Social Democratic Party, Tarja Halonen and Mauno Koivisto, have publicly opposed the idea, arguing that NATO membership would deteriorate Finland's relations with Russia.^[43] The Left Alliance has been the party most opposed to joining NATO; when they entered into coalition with the SDP in 2019, they made clear that any movement toward a military alliance would lead to the Left Alliance leaving the cabinet. The party's position changed following the invasion, with chair Li Andersson calling for a thoughtful, society-wide discussion and evaluation of the possibility of applying to join NATO,^[44] and later confirming that the party had decided not to resign from the government if an application is submitted.^[45] After the invasion and a large change in popular opinion, the leadership of the Center Party and Finns Party also changed position to support NATO membership.^{[46] [47]}

NATO has consistently maintained its "open door policy". Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg expected that the member states would "warmly welcome Finland as a member of NATO". He also said that this decision to invite Finland into NATO would offer it political protection during the ratification process. He has said that "Finnish membership would make NATO stronger", identifying the country's military capability and commitment to remaining a democratic society as assets.

See also: Finland–Russia relations.

Finland has received critical feedback from Russia for considering the possibility of joining NATO,^[48] with a 2009 study suggesting this could have repercussions for Russia's relations with the EU and NATO as a whole.^[49] Following the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, Finnish Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen reiterated that Finland had no plans to join NATO, and stated that the main lesson of the war was the need for closer ties to Russia.^[50] In a June 2014 interview in the Finnish newspaper Hufvudstadsbladet, Vladimir Putin's personal envoy Sergey Alexandrovich Markov accused Finland of extreme "Russophobia" and suggested that Finland joining NATO could start World War III.^[51] In July 2016, Putin stated on a visit to Finland that Russia would increase the number of troops on the Finnish border if Finland were to join NATO. He also warned that NATO would "fight to the last Finn against Russia".^{[52] [53]}

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and the radical shift in Finnish positions toward joining NATO, Maria Zakharova and Dmitry Medvedev warned that joining NATO would have consequences for Finland, including the deployment of nuclear weapons;^[54] Russian newspaper Izvestia reported that the Finnish lease on the Saimaa canal may be terminated.^[55]

According to, Director of Research at the European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats, the rapidity of Finnish movement into NATO has surprised Russia. She predicted that Russia will begin a hybrid campaign to influence the Finnish decision process, including cyber attacks, with increasing escalation if Finland moves closer to membership.^[56]

Russia has halted providing natural gas to neighbouring Finland after the Nordic country refused to pay supplier Gazprom in rubles. Russia's leading exporter of electricity to the Nordic market, RAO Nordic, has announced that it has decided to cut electricity supplies to Finland due to payment arrears.^[57]

Polls asking the Finnish public whether they support or oppose joining NATO have been regularly conducted. This table includes only unconditional questions; other polled topics include support for joining NATO should Sweden also join, and support for joining NATO if the Finnish government officially recommends membership, both of which generally increased public support for joining.^{[58] [59]}

According to Helsingin Sanomat's data between 20 and 26 June 2022, 70% said Finland would not meet Turkey's demands, and 14% that it would.^[60] According to Ilta-Sanomat's data, between 30 January and 1 February 2023, 53% of Finnish respondents said they wanted to join NATO without waiting for Sweden to join, 28% said they wanted to wait to join NATO with Sweden, and 19% were undecided.^{[61] [62]}

Dates
conducted!scope="col" rowspan="2"

Pollster	Client	Sample size	Support	Oppose	Neutral or	Lead
	Taloustutkimus	Verkkouutiset	1036	32%	48%	10%	16%	^[63]
	Taloustutkimus	Verkkouutiset	1013	16%	73%	12%	57%	^[64]
data-sort-value="2001-01-18"	21 Nov 2000 – 18 Jan 2001	Yhdyskuntatutkimus	EVA	2214	20%	52%	28%	32%	^[65]
data-sort-value="2003-01-29"	3 Dec 2002 – 29 Jan 2003	Yhdyskuntatutkimus	EVA	2133	18%	56%	26%	38%	^[66]
data-sort-value="2004-01-16"	26 Nov 2003 – 16 Jan 2004	Yhdyskuntatutkimus	EVA	1310	20%	55%	25%	35%	^[67]
data-sort-value="2005-01-20"	24 Nov 2004 – 20 Jan 2005	Yhdyskuntatutkimus	EVA	2264	22%	53%	25%	31%	^[68]
	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	990	28%	63%	9%	35%	^[69]
data-sort-value="2006-01-25"	29 Nov 2005 – 25 Jan 2006	Yhdyskuntatutkimus	EVA	1218	20%	51%	29%	31%	^[70]
data-sort-value="2006-10-18"	14 Sep – 18 Oct 2006	TNS Gallup	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	1011	26%	65%	10%	39%	^[71]
data-sort-value="2007-01-19"	27 Nov 2006 – 19 Jan 2007	Yhdyskuntatutkimus	EVA	1923	20%	52%	28%	32%	^[72]
	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	988	26%	69%	5%	43%	^[73]
data-sort-value="2008-01-23"	28 Nov 2007 – 23 Jan 2008	Yhdyskuntatutkimus	EVA	1187	21%	54%	23%	33%	^[74]
7 Aug 2008	Russia invades Georgia
	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	980	28%	60%	12%	32%	^[75]
data-sort-value="2009-02-04"	2 Jan – 4 Feb 2009	Yhdyskuntatutkimus	EVA	2346	24%	48%	28%	24%	^[76]
	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	981	28%	62%	10%	34%	^[77]
	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	1017	25%	68%	7%	43%	^[78]
data-sort-value="2011-02-23"	21 Jan – 23 Feb 2011	Yhdyskuntatutkimus	EVA	1918	19%	50%	30%	31%	^[79]
	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	965	20%	70%	10%	50%	^[80]
	Taloustutkimus	EVA	1271	14%	65%	21%	51%	^[81]
	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	1017	18%	71%	10%	53%	^[82]
	Taloustutkimus	EVA	2023	18%	55%	27%	37%	^[83]
	Taloustutkimus	Yle News	1000	29%	52%	18%	23%	^[84]
	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	1038	21%	70%	10%	49%	^[85]
	Taloustutkimus	EVA	2052	18%	51%	30%	33%	^[86]
16 Mar 2014	Russia's annexation of Crimea
	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	1023	30%	60%	10%	30%	^[87]
	Taloustutkimus	EVA	2056	26%	43%	32%	17%	^[88]
	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	1005	27%	58%	15%	31%	^[89]
	Taloustutkimus	EVA	2040	27%	46%	27%	19%	^[90]
	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	1000	25%	61%	14%	36%	^[91]
	Taloustutkimus	EVA	2040	25%	46%	29%	21%	^[92]
	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	1001	22%	62%	17%	40%	^[93]
	Kantar TNS	Helsingin Sanomat		22%	59%	19%	37%	^[94]
	Taloustutkimus	Yle News	1005	19%	53%	28%	34%	^[95]
	Taloustutkimus	EVA	2073	23%	46%	31%	23%	^[96]
	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	1034	20%	59%	21%	39%	^[97]
	Taloustutkimus	EVA	2036	22%	47%	32%	25%	^[98]
	Kantar TNS	Helsingin Sanomat	1002	20%	56%	24%	36%	^[99]
	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	1011	20%	64%	16%	44%	^[100]
	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	1169	21%	53%	25%	32%	^[101]
	Taloustutkimus	EVA	2019	22%	45%	32%	23%	^[102]
	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	1001	24%	51%	24%	27%	^[103]
	Taloustutkimus	EVA	2042	26%	40%	33%	14%	^[104]
	Kantar TNS	Helsingin Sanomat	1003	28%	42%	30%	14%	^[105]
	Taloustutkimus	MTV News	1005	30%	43%	27%	13%	^[106]
24 Feb 2022	Russia invades Ukraine
^[107]	Taloustutkimus	Yle	1382	53%	28%	19%	25%
^[108]	Kantar TNS	Helsingin Sanomat	501	48%	27%	26%	21%
^[109]	Taloustutkimus	Yle	1378	62%	16%	19%	46%
^[110]	Taloustutkimus	EVA	2074	60%	19%	21%	41%
^[111]	Kantar TNS	Maaseudun Tulevaisuus	1059	61%	data-sort-value="15.95%"	16%	data-sort-value="22.88%"	23%	45%
^[112]	Kantar TNS	Helsingin Sanomat	1062	54%	21%	25%	33%
^[113]	Kantar TNS	Helsingin Sanomat	1080	61%	16%	23%	45%
^[114]	Corefiner	MTV	1863	68%	12%	20%	56%
^[115]	Kantar TNS	Helsingin Sanomat	1057	59%	17%	24%	42%
^[116]	Kantar TNS	Helsingin Sanomat	1062	65%	13%	22%	52%
^[117]	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	1002	68%	15%	17%	53%
^[118]	Taloustutkimus	Yle	1270	76%	12%	11%	64%
^[119]	Kantar TNS	Helsingin Sanomat	1002	73%	12%	15%	61%
^[120]	Kantar TNS	Helsingin Sanomat	1003	79%	10%	11%	69%
14 Sep – 2 Oct 2022^[121]	Taloustutkimus	Advisory Board for Defence Information (Ministry of Defence)	1033	85%	12%	3%	73%
^[122]	Taloustutkimus	EVA	2088	78%	8%	14%	70%
30 Jan – 1 Feb 2023^[123]	Taloustutkimus	Iltasanomat	1021	82%	8%	10%	74%
4 Apr 2023	Finland acceedes to NATO
^[124]	Taloustutkimus	EVA	2045	77%	8%	14%	70%
7 March 2024	Sweden acceedes to NATO

Accession of Finland to NATO
Long Name:	Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the Accession of the Republic of Finland
Type:	Accession treaty
Location Signed:	Brussels, Belgium
Condition Effective:	Entry into force of the accession treaty after ratification by all current NATO members. Membership of Finland starts after deposit of its instrument of accession after the treaty has entered into force.
Depositor:	United States
Languages:	English and French

May – June 2022: Declaration of intent, application

On 12 May 2022, Finnish president Sauli Niinistö and prime minister Sanna Marin announced in a joint press conference that they were in favour of seeking NATO membership "without delay".^[125] On 15 May 2022, Niinistö and Marin announced that the president and Ministerial Committee on Foreign and Security Policy had adopted a report endorsing Finland joining NATO, beginning the formal constitutional process of applying.^[126] A Finnish application had been anticipated following the Russian invasion of Ukraine degrading the European security environment, and a significant shift in Finnish public opinion on the desirability of membership.^{[127] [128]}

The government's proposal to join was approved in parliament by 188 votes to 8 on 17 May.^[129] The next day, Finland submitted an official application to NATO in Brussels jointly with Sweden; the organisation considered the applications and then negotiations began.^[130] Negotiations were expected to take weeks, after which Finland would participate in NATO activities at all levels on a provisional basis during the ratification period.^[131] With negotiations concluded and a reconfirmation of the applicant's intent to join, the accession protocol needed ratification by all the existing NATO member states; this was estimated to take between four months and a year.^[132] After ratification was completed, the Parliament of Finland needed to pass an Act to formally bring the accession into force.

During the interval between initiating an application and membership entering into force, Finland was at risk. Jens Stoltenberg, NATO Secretary General, said that Finland could join the alliance "very quickly" and that there would be some degree of protection for Finland during that period.^[133] Non-binding security promises were received from the United Kingdom^[134] and the United States,^[135] and other reports claimed that further promises would be received from the other Nordic countries^[136] as well as France and Germany.^[137]

The European Union announced its support for Finland and Sweden's NATO membership.^[138] Croatia's president Zoran Milanović stated that his country should block ratification of Finland's accession until electoral reform measures are implemented in neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina, though the Foreign Minister expressed the government's support for any application.^[139] On 28 April 2022, Croatian Foreign Minister Gordan Grlić-Radman announced that Croatia supports Finland and Sweden's applications for membership in NATO.^[140] In May 2022, the Portuguese government announced that they would fully support Finland and Sweden's NATO membership.^[141] Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan voiced his opposition to Finland and Sweden joining NATO, saying that it would be "impossible" for Turkey to support their application while the two countries allow groups which Turkey classifies as terrorist organizations, including the Kurdish militant groups Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK), Democratic Union Party (Syria) (PYD), and People's Defense Units (YPG) and the supporters of Fethullah Gülen, a US-based Muslim cleric accused by Turkey of orchestrating a failed 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, to operate on their territory.^{[126] [142] [143]} (The PKK is on the European Union's list of terrorist organizations.)^[144] Turkey requested the extradition of alleged PKK members from the Nordic countries and demanded the arms embargo imposed by the Finnish and Swedish governments in response to its 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria against the YPG be lifted.^[145] Turkey's demands for extradition of Kurdish and other political dissidents has been met with hostility by Kurdish activists and some human rights organizations, due to Turkey's poor human rights record and suppression of the Kurdish minority in Turkey.On 15 May 2022, Finnish Foreign Minister Pekka Haavisto and Swedish Foreign Minister Ann Linde announced that they are ready to address Turkey's security concerns and have always condemned terrorism.^{[146] [147]} On 17 May 2022, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz called on Turkey to approve Finland and Sweden's NATO membership.^[148] On 18 May 2022, Turkey quickly prevented Finland and Sweden from starting NATO membership negotiations.^[149] On 19 May 2022, Finland and Sweden announced that they could address Turkey's security concerns.^[150] On the same day, Finnish President Sauli Niinistö and Former Swedish Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson announced that they were always ready for talks with Turkey and always condemned terrorism.^[151] On 21 May 2022, Finnish President Sauli Niinistö, after a phone call with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, stated that Finland is ready for dialogue with Turkey on NATO membership and has always condemned terrorism.^[152]

On 24 May 2022, Finland and Sweden sent a delegation to meet with Turkey. Jukka Salovaara from Finland, Oscar Stenström from Sweden, İbrahim Kalın and Sedat Önal from Turkey served in the memorandum negotiations.^{[153] [154]} The first meeting of the delegations of Finland, Sweden and Turkey was held on 25 May 2022 in Ankara, Turkey.^[155] The second meeting of the delegations of Finland, Sweden and Turkey was held on 20 June 2022 in Brussels, Belgium.^[156] The ruling parties in Turkey, the AKP and MHP, announced that they would not support the membership of Finland and Sweden,^{[157] [158]} while the opposition parties CHP and HDP in Turkey announced that they support the membership of Finland and Sweden.^{[159] [160]} Finnish President Niinistö said that he had earlier received favourable response, including from Erdoğan and foreign minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, about Finland's membership;^[161] Niinistö and Haavisto urged patience, while Jussi Halla-aho, chair of the, suggested that Turkey wished to draw attention to Swedish policies, rather than to Finland's.^[162] Niinistö stated in June that his country would not move forward with their application without Sweden, and that the two countries would join NATO "hand in hand".^[163]

Speaking later, İbrahim Kalın, spokesman for Erdoğan, said that approving Finnish membership was not being ruled out, but that the status of these groups was "a matter of national security for Turkey" and that negotiation would be required.^[164] After Kalın's statement, Erdoğan reiterated his threat to block Finland's and Sweden's membership applications.^[165] NATO leadership and the United States said they were confident Turkey would not hold up the two countries accession process. Canadian Foreign Minister Mélanie Joly also held talks with Turkey to convince the Turkish government of the need for the two Nordic nations' integration.^[166] On 21 May, Erdoğan and Sauli Niinistö had a phone call to discuss Finland's NATO bid. Niinistö reiterated Finland's condemnation of terrorism in all forms.^{[167] [168] [169]} Kalın stated after the first meeting in Ankara that the process would not progress until Turkey's expectations were met and they did not feel any time pressure on them.^[170] After a delegation consisting of Swedish and Finnish diplomats held talks on the matter with its Turkish counterparts, Erdoğan repeated that he would not consent to their accession bid as the same day the talks were held in Ankara, Salih Muslim, who is considered a terrorist by Erdoğan, appeared on Swedish television.^{[171] [172]} Nationalist Movement Party leader Devlet Bahçeli suggested that a scenario in which Turkey would leave NATO should be considered an option,^[173] in which case a new military alliance could be founded.^[174] In late May 2022, opposition leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu argued that in case the accession row persisted and AKP and MHP decided to close the Inçirlik Air Base, the CHP would support this.

June 2022 – April 2023: Ratification

At the 2022 Madrid summit on 28 June, Niinistö, Swedish Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson, and Erdoğan signed an agreement to address Turkey's security concerns,^{[175] [176]} and Niinistö announced that Turkey had agreed to support membership of NATO for Finland and Sweden.^[177] In June 2022, Finnish President Sauli Niinistö announced in Madrid, after the agreement with Turkey, that Finland does not see the YPG as a terrorist organization and that Finland will continue to support the YPG.^[178] The accession process began the following day, with the unanimous agreement of NATO members to formally invite the countries to join.^[179] Negotiations were held on 4 July 2022, and the Accession Protocols were signed in Brussels on 5 July 2022.^[180] However, Erdogan reiterated his threat to veto their membership, stating that he expected the applicant countries to meet their obligations under the agreement before the Turkish Grand National Assembly would consider approving their accession protocol.^{[181] [182]} Finland, Sweden and Turkey held their first trilateral memorandum meeting on 26 August 2022 in Vantaa, Finland.^{[183] [184]} The second memorandum meeting between Finland, Sweden and Turkey was held on 25 November 2022 in Stockholm, Sweden.^{[185] [186]}

On 26 August 2022, Jukka Salovaara, chief negotiator responsible for Finland's NATO membership, said in a statement after the tripartite memorandum meeting in Vantaa that they are in deep consensus with Turkey.^[187] On 8 December 2022, at a press conference he gave with his Turkish counterpart Hulusi Akar during his visit to Turkey, Finnish Defense Minister Antti Kaikkonen stated that Finland has always condemned terrorism and that Finland is in full solidarity with Turkey in the fight against terrorism.^{[188] [189]} By November, Finland's NATO membership had been ratified by 28 out of 30 member states, with only Hungary and Turkey yet to complete their procedures. On 24 November 2022, Hungary's Prime Minister Viktor Orbán announced that he supported Sweden and Finland's accession to NATO, promising Hungary will ratify NATO membership in January.^[190] The United States informally held up a Turkish purchase of F-16 fighter jets because of the Finnish and Swedish NATO membership issue.^[191] During the process of application, Sweden held elections resulting in a center-right government that pledged to continue the NATO process, reaffirming a united front with Finland's application, and suggesting that they would be more able to meet Turkish requirements.^[192]

On 8 January 2023, Finland's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Pekka Haavisto, told reporters that "Finland is not in such a rush to join NATO that we can't wait for Sweden to get the green light". Haavisto also stated that representatives from the Swedish and Finnish parliaments were expected to visit Ankara in January, with another meeting between the three countries scheduled for the spring.^[193] On 23 January 2023, Turkish Defense Minister Hulusi Akar announced that Turkey had fully fulfilled the Turkey–Finland–Sweden tripartite memorandum, while Finland and Sweden did not, and that Turkey expected them to comply.^[194] On 24 January 2023, Haavisto announced that the trilateral memorandum talks with Finland, Sweden and Turkey would likely be suspended until after the parliamentary and presidential elections in Turkey.^[195] The third meeting of the Finland, Sweden, and Turkey tripartite memorandum was to be held in Brussels, the capital of Belgium, in February, but the Finland, Sweden and Turkey tripartite memorandum meetings were canceled indefinitely upon Turkey's request.^{[196] [197]} On 29 January 2023, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that he had requested the extradition of 130 suspected individuals in order for Finland and Sweden to be approved for NATO membership.^[198] In late January, Finland lifted its embargo on weapons exports to Turkey.^[199] On 1 February 2023, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that Turkey had a positive view of Finland's NATO membership, but not Sweden's NATO membership, due to Sweden allowing a demonstration by far-right politician Rasmus Paludan, where he had burnt the Quran.^[200]

In March 2023, Jens Stoltenberg pushed for Hungary and Turkey to finalize the accession of Finland and Sweden by the July summit.^[201] Hungary's Orban stated in March that while he and his party Fidesz supported NATO membership for Finland and Sweden, he objected to their support for the EU's freezing of funds for Hungary due to concerns about rule-of-law and corruption. Orban said "it's not right for them to ask us to take them on board while they're spreading blatant lies about Hungary, about the rule of law in Hungary, about democracy, about life here".^[202] A Hungarian delegation was sent to both countries to discuss the issue.^{[203] [204]} The third meeting of the tripartite memorandum between Finland, Sweden and Turkey was held in Brussels, Belgium, on 9 March 2023.^{[205] [206] [207]} The fourth meeting of the tripartite memorandum between Finland, Sweden and Turkey was held on 14 June 2023 in Ankara, the capital of Turkey.^[208] The fifth meeting of the tripartite memorandum between Finland, Sweden and Turkey was held on 6 July 2023 in Brussels, Belgium.^[209] The sixth meeting of the tripartite memorandum between Finland, Sweden and Turkey was held on 2 May 2024 in Helsinki, Finland.^[210] On 15 March 2023, Finnish President Sauli Niinistö announced that Turkey had made a decision on Finland's application and had invited him to meet with President Erdoğan in Ankara, with both Erdoğan and Turkish officials indicating that Finland's application would be approved. Turkish officials stated that it was "highly likely" that Finland's application would be approved in mid-April, prior to the Turkish general election. Turkish officials also stated that Finland's bid would be approved independently from that of Sweden.^[211] Erdoğan publicly announced on 17 March that he would drop his opposition to Finland joining the military alliance, stating a goal of formalizing the ratification of Finland's entry into NATO prior to the 2023 Turkish general election.^[212] On 10 May 2023, Finnish Foreign Minister Pekka Haavisto, in an interview with the German magazine Tagesspiegel, stated that Turkey considers the YPG as a terrorist organization, but Finland does not see it as a terrorist organization.^[213]

While Finland's Marin originally stated that it was "very important for us, of course, that Finland and Sweden would join NATO hand in hand," with Turkey continuing to raise concerns with Sweden and an April election due in Finland the Finnish government decided to proceed independently if all NATO members approved their membership.^{[214] [215] [216]} On 1 March 2023, the Parliament of Finland approved Finland's accession to NATO by a vote of 184 in favor and 7 opposed.^[217] On 23 March 2023, the President of Finland, Sauli Niinistö, gave the presidential assent by signing the Finnish ratification.^[218]

On 17 March 2023, it was announced that Hungary's legislature would vote on the ratification of Finland's NATO accession on 27 March 2023, and that parliamentarians of the ruling party, Fidesz, would unanimously support Finland's accession to NATO.^[219] On 27 March 2023, the Hungarian parliament approved Finland's bid.^[220]

On 31 March 2023, the Turkish parliament approved Finland's NATO accession, clearing its way to join the alliance.^[221] On 1 April 2023, Erdoğan formally signed and approved the Turkish parliament's decision to ratify Finnish NATO membership.^[222] On 4 April 2023, Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu delivered the document of approval for Finland's participation to U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken in Brussels.^[223]

Timeline of Finnish collaboration with NATO

Event	Date	Reference
Partnership for Peace		^[224]
Application submitted		^[225]
Invitation to join
Accession protocol		^[226]
Domestic ratification
Treaty in force	4 April 2023
Member of NATO		^[227]

Member assent to Finnish membership in NATO

Signatory	Date	Institution			AB	Deposited^[228]
Albania	^[229]	Parliament	114	0	0
^[230]	Presidential assent	Granted
Belgium	^[231]		121	11	0
^[232]	Royal assent	Granted
Bulgaria	^[233]	National Assembly	195	11	0
^[234]	Presidential assent	Granted
Canada	^[235]	Government	Granted
Croatia	^[236]	Sabor	124	3	0
^[237]	Presidential assent	Granted
Czech Republic<	-- Do not change to Czechia without discussion on the talk page or until the Czech Republic article has consensus to be renamed, see WP:COMMONNAME -->	^[238]	Chamber of Deputies	134	4	14
^[239]	Senate	64	0	1
^[240]	Presidential assent	Granted
Denmark	^[241]	Folketing	95	0	0
Estonia	^[242]	Riigikogu	79	0	3
^[243]	Presidential assent	Granted
France	^[244]	National Assembly	209	46	53
^[245]	Senate	323	17	8
^[246]	Presidential assent	Granted
Germany	^[247]	Bundestag	Passed
^[248]	Bundesrat	Passed
^[249]	Presidential assent	Granted
Greece	^[250]	Parliament	Passed
^[251]	Presidential promulgation	Granted
Hungary	^[252]	National Assembly	182	6	0
^[253]	Presidential assent	Granted
Iceland	^[254]	Althing	44	0	5
^[255]	Presidential assent	Granted
Italy	^[256]	Chamber of Deputies	398	20	9
^[257]	Senate	202	13	2
^[258]	Presidential assent	Granted
Latvia	^[259]	Saeima	77	0	0
^[260]	Presidential assent	Granted
Lithuania	^[261]	Seimas	113	0	0
	Presidential assent	Granted
Luxembourg	^[262]	Chamber of Deputies	58	0	2
^[263]	Grand Ducal promulgation	Granted
Montenegro	^[264]	Parliament	57	2	11
^[265]	Presidential assent	Granted
Netherlands	^[266]	House of Representatives	142	8	0
^[267]	Senate	71	1	0
^[268]	Royal promulgation	Granted
	^[269]	Assembly	103	2	0
^[270]	Presidential assent	Granted
Norway	^[271]	Storting	98	4	0
^[272]	Royal assent	Granted
Poland	^[273]	Sejm	440	1	1
^[274]	Senate	98	0	0
^[275]	Presidential assent	Granted
Portugal	^[276]	Assembly	219	11	0
^[277]	Presidential assent	Granted
Romania	^[278]	Chamber of Deputies	227	0	3
^[279]	Senate	94	0	0
^[280]	Presidential assent	Granted
Slovakia	^[281]		126	15	1
^[282]	Presidential assent	Granted
Slovenia	^[283]	National Assembly	76	5	0
^[284]	Presidential assent	Granted
Spain	^[285]	Congress of Deputies	290	11	47
^[286]	Senate	245	1	17
^[287]	Royal assent	Granted
Turkey	^[288]	Grand National Assembly	276	0	0
^[289]	Presidential assent (legislative)	Granted
^[290] ^[291]	Presidential assent (executive)	Granted
United Kingdom	^[292]	Government	Granted
United States	^[293]	Senate	95	1	1
^[294]	Presidential assent	Granted

Finnish actions in NATO accession

Signatory	Date	Institution			AB	Deposited
Finland		Parliament (motion on application)	188	8	3
	Parliament (accession)	184	7	8
	Presidential assent (accession)	Granted

Note

2023–present: Finnish membership in NATO

Finland became an official member of the alliance on 4 April 2023, exactly 74 years after the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty which established NATO.^[295] The flag of Finland was raised simultaneously at NATO headquarters in Brussels, at SHAPE in Mons, and at the JFC-NF headquarters in Norfolk, Virginia, while the Finnish national anthem was played.^[296] Reacting to Finland's accession, Russia said it would increase its forces along the Finland–Russia border if NATO sends troops to Finland.^[297] Stoltenberg said there would be no NATO troops stationed in Finland without the consent of the Finnish government.

The formal ceremony for Finland's accession to NATO was immediately followed by Foreign Minister of Finland Pekka Haavisto submitting Finland's ratification of Sweden's accession to the organization.^[298]

On 1 March 2024, Alexander Stubb, a staunch supporter of NATO, was sworn in as Finland's new president.^[299] On 7 March 2024, Stubb made his first foreign trip as Finland's new president to NATO's Nordic Response military exercise in northern Norway.^[300] On 7 March 2024, neighbouring Sweden finally became a member of NATO.^[301]

In July 2024, President Stubb approved Defence Cooperation Agreement between Finland and the United States (DCA).^[302]

See also

• • • Foreign relations of Finland Foreign relations of NATO Finlandization
  • Enlargement of NATO NATO open door policy
  • European Union–NATO relations Finland–Russia relations
• Sweden–NATO relations

Bibliography

• Book: Grenfell. Julian. Jopling. Thomas Michael . Julian Grenfell, 3rd Baron Grenfell . Michael Jopling, Baron Jopling. FRONTEX: the EU external borders agency, 9th report of session 2007–08. House of Lords Stationery Office. 2008. 978-0-10-401232-1.
• Government report on changes in the security environment. 978-952-383-811-6. 2490-0966. Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland). 13 April 2022 . 13 April 2022. .

External links

• Official website of Finland's mission to NATO
• Relations with Finland – NATO website

Notes and References

1. Web site: NATO . Member countries . 2024-03-03 . NATO . en . 3 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240303164633/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm . live .
2. Web site: Countries in the EU and EEA . 2023-04-14 . GOV.UK . en . 5 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140305213756/https://www.gov.uk/eu-eea . live .
3. Web site: 2023-04-04. Live streaming : Meeting of NATO Ministers of Foreign Affairs. 2023-04-04. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. en . 25 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220225024637/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/events_67375.htm . live.
4. Web site: Laverick. Evelyn. 2023-04-04. Finland joins NATO in the alliance's fastest-ever accession process. 2023-04-04. Euronews. 4 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404135547/https://www.euronews.com/2023/04/04/finland-joins-nato-in-the-alliances-fastest-ever-accession-process . live.
5. Encyclopedia: Finland – The postwar period . 8 November 2017. Encyclopædia Britannica. London. 4 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404140622/https://www.britannica.com/place/Finland/The-postwar-period . live.
6. News: Optio, jonka arvo vain nousee. Unto Hämäläinen. 5 February 2022 . 22 March 2022. fi. . 22 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220322131525/https://www.hs.fi/kuukausiliite/art-2000008551871.html . live.
7. News: Finland waits for new EU treaty before NATO membership review. EUobserver. Andrew. Rettman. 26 April 2007 . 20 September 2008 . 28 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172625/https://euobserver.com/news/23948 . live.
8. News: MEVAn Arvo- ja asennetutkimuksen ennakkotieto: Nato-kannat muuttuneet myönteisemmiksi. 3 February 2015 . 11 February 2015. Elinkeinoelämän valtuuskunta. fi . 3 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150203224351/http://www.eva.fi/blog/2015/02/03/evan-arvo-ja-asennetutkimuksen-ennakkotieto-nato-kannat-muuttuneet-myonteisemmiksi/ . live.
9. News: Verkkouutiset selvitti: Kansa valmis Natoon, jos valtiojohto niin haluaa. 25 March 2014. Verkkouutiset. Satu. Schauman . 1 September 2014. fi . 19 November 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141119052614/http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/kotimaa/nato%20galluppi%20julki%20ti-17919 . live.
10. News: Majority of Finns Support Swedish Military Alliance. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140328160313/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140326/DEFREG01/303260045/Majority-Finns-Support-Swedish-Military-Alliance . dead . 28 March 2014. Defense News. 26 March 2014 . 27 March 2014. Gerard. O'Dwyer.
11. News: Steffen. Sarah. NATO next for Sweden and Finland?. DeutscheWelle. 26 March 2014. 24 April 2022. 16 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150516082155/http://www.dw.de/nato-next-for-sweden-and-finland/a-17519846. live.
12. News: Finnish reasons for joining NATO 'stronger than ever': defense minister. Sakari. Suoninen. Jussi. Rosendahl. 18 June 2014 . 18 June 2014. Reuters . 1 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160201233756/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-finland-nato-defenceminister-idUSKBN0ET1V320140618 . live.
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14. Book: Ishizuka, Katsumi. Ireland and International Peacekeeping Operations 1960–2000.. 2014. Taylor and Francis. 978-1-135-29526-4. 879023336 . 5 April 2023 . 15 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230215055412/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879023336 . live.
15. News: Kauranen . Anne . Lehto . Essi . Stone . Mike . 11 February 2022 . Finland seals deal for U.S. F-35 stealth jets, reflecting tight ties to NATO . . live . registration . 13 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220414184102/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/finland-sign-deal-bringing-us-built-stealth-jets-russian-border-2022-02-11/ . 14 April 2022.
16. Web site: 1 September 2021. Vademecum on Member States' Defence Procurement Practices for EDA Defence Procurement Gateway. European Defence Agency. 2.2 . 4 April 2023 . 8 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221208234809/https://eda.europa.eu/docs/default-source/procurement-library/vademecum-on-member-states-defence-procurement-practices-v-2-2---1-september-2021.pdf . live.
17. Web site: 2022-10-25 . "Finland has Longstanding Armaments Cooperation with NATO" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404204301/https://euro-sd.com/2022/10/articles/27504/finland-has-longstanding-armaments-cooperation-with-nato/ . 4 April 2023 . 2023-04-04 . European Security & Defence . en-US.
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19. Web site: Sander . Gordon F. . 15 October 2014 . Could Putin's Russia push neutral Finland into NATO's arms? . limited . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220301103027/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2014/1015/Could-Putin-s-Russia-push-neutral-Finland-into-NATO-s-arms . 1 March 2022 . 20 May 2016 . The Christian Science Monitor.
20. News: 25 May 2015 . NATO fighter jets join nordic countries in Arctic military exercise . . live . 28 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220128152121/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nato-fighter-jets-join-nordic-countries-in-arctic-military-exercise-1.3086264 . 28 January 2022 .
21. Web site: 1 January 2022 . Marin on NATO: Finland should keep options open . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220102222107/https://yle.fi/news/3-12255035 . 2 January 2022 . 3 January 2022 . Yle News.
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24. News: Russia threatens Finland and Sweden over potential NATO membership. Washington Post . 26 February 2022. 25 February 2022 . 26 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220226004107/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/25/ukraine-invasion-russia-news/#link-UN32STLHHRFIPNVCYZEEIDD66M . live.
25. Web site: 2022-03-02 . PM Marin: Finland's Nato membership decision needs more time . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220302181200/https://yle.fi/news/3-12339857 . 2 March 2022 . 2022-03-02 . Yle News.
26. Web site: Buchert . Peter . Finland och Sverige driver närmare Nato – utan att bekräfta slutmålet . 2022-03-08 . www.hbl.fi . sv.
27. Web site: Molik . Przemysław . 2022-03-08 . Adamczyk . Grzegorz . Finland and Sweden seek US defense guarantees in 'Northern Fortress' alliance to deter Russian ambitions in the Nordic region . 2022-03-09 . Remix News . en-US.
28. Web site: Karvala . Kreeta . Nurmi . Lauri . 2022-03-05 . IL:n tiedot: Suomi ja Ruotsi hakevat yhdessä Major non-NATO ally -statuksen kaltaista yhteistyötä Yhdysvaltain kanssa . 2022-03-05 . www.iltalehti.fi . fi.
29. Web site: 14 March 2022 . Yle poll: Support for Nato membership hits record high . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220314133731/https://yle.fi/news/3-12357832 . 14 March 2022 . 14 March 2022 . Yle News.
30. Web site: 27 February 2022 . Finnish Nato referendum goes on parliamentary agenda . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220308043126/https://yle.fi/news/3-12335563 . 8 March 2022 . 8 March 2022 . Yle News.
31. Web site: Citizens' initiative. Yle . 8 March 2022 . 8 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220308043130/https://dvv.fi/en/citizens-initiative . live.
32. Web site: 3 March 2022 . Second Nato citizens' initiative reaches required 50k signatures . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220308043128/https://yle.fi/news/3-12341365 . 8 March 2022 . 8 March 2022 . Yle News.
33. Web site: 31 March 2022 . Niinistö: Polls demonstrate required popular support for Nato membership . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220405032005/https://yle.fi/news/3-12384116 . 5 April 2022 . 5 April 2022 . Yle News.
34. News: 2 April 2022 . PM: Nato decision must happen this spring . Yle News . live . 5 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220405020900/https://yle.fi/news/3-12388118 . 5 April 2022.
35. News: Marin: Nato decision will happen "within weeks not months". Yle News. 13 April 2022 . 13 April 2022 . 13 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141232/https://yle.fi/news/3-12403966 . live.
36. News: Government report: Finland and Sweden joining Nato would increase security in the Baltic Sea region. Yle News. 13 April 2022 . 13 April 2022 . 13 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220413130743/https://yle.fi/news/3-12403898 . live.
37. News: Aholainen . Saara . Nalbantoglu . Minna . 13 April 2022 . Tässä on selonteon keskeinen anti tiivistettynä . fi . Helsingin Sanomat . live . subscription . 27 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220427205405/https://www.hs.fi/politiikka/art-2000008748126.html . 27 April 2022.
38. News: Metelinen . Sami . 12 June 2016 . Kokoomus päätti Nato-linjastaan: Puolustusliittoon lähivuosina . Verkkouutiset . live . 12 June 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160613112914/http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/politiikka/kokoomuksen%20kannanotot-51679 . 13 June 2016.
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41. News: 12 April 2014 . Ex-President Ahtisaari calls on Finland to join NATO with Sweden . YLE News . live . 18 April 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140419031103/https://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/20140412/ex-president-ahtisaari-calls-finland-join-nato-sweden . 19 April 2014.
42. News: Former President Ahtisaari: NATO membership would put an end to Finlandisation murmurs. Helsingin Sanomat. 15 December 2003. 20 September 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20081205075236/http://www2.hs.fi/english/archive/news.asp?id=20031215IE6. 5 December 2008.
43. News: Finland, NATO, and Russia. Helsingin Sanomat. 20 January 2004 . 20 September 2008. Max. Jakobson . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081205075241/http://www2.hs.fi/english/archive/news.asp?id=20040120IE3 . 5 December 2008.
44. News: 19 March 2022 . Andersson: Left Alliance would not quit cabinet over possible Nato application . Yle News . live . 19 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220712000210/https://yle.fi/news/3-12367191 . 12 July 2022.
45. News: Left Alliance says it will not leave government over Nato. Yle News. 8 May 2022 . 8 May 2022 . 8 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220508104213/https://yle.fi/news/3-12436142 . live.
46. News: Centre Party says it will support potential Finnish Nato bid. Yle News. 9 April 2022 . 13 April 2022 . 12 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220712000210/https://yle.fi/news/3-12398288 . live.
47. News: Finns Party parliamentary group backs Nato membership, MPs to be allowed free vote. Yle News. 31 March 2022 . 13 April 2022 . 12 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220712000211/https://yle.fi/news/3-12385697 . live.
48. News: Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov: Finland Wouldn't Dare for NATO Membership. 15 June 2014 . 15 June 2014. Finnbay . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030815/http://www.finnbay.com/media/news/russian-foreign-minister-lavro-finland-wouldnt-dare-nato-membership/ . live.
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229. Web site: Albania approves NATO accession protocols for Sweden, Finland. 2023-03-27. www.aa.com.tr . 26 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220826025544/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/albania-approves-nato-accession-protocols-for-sweden-finland/2632809 . live.
230. Web site: President Decrees Protocol on Sweden's, Finland's NATO Membership. 2022-07-10. ALBANIA DAILY NEWS. en . 10 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220710181058/https://albaniandailynews.com/news/president-decrees-protocol-on-sweden-s-finland-s-nato-membership . live.
231. 20 July 2022. LaChambreBE. 1549881580797190144.
     1. Adopté @LaChambreBE: projet de loi d'assentiment au Protocole au Traité de l'Atlantique Nord sur l'accession de la #Finlande et de la #Suède #OTAN
     . 20 July 2022.
232. Web site: LOIS, DECRETS, ORDONNANCES ET REGLEMENTS. 2022-08-25. ejustice.just.fgov.be. fr . 17 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221017002539/https://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/mopdf/2022/08/25_1.pdf#page=6 . live.
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241. Web site: 7 June 2022. B 203 Forslag til folketingsbeslutning om Danmarks ratifikation af protokoller om Finlands og Sveriges tiltrædelse af Den Nordatlantiske Traktat . B 203 Proposal for a parliamentary resolution on Denmark's ratification of protocols on Finland's and Sweden's accession to the North Atlantic Treaty. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220705115731/https://www.ft.dk/samling/20211/beslutningsforslag/b203/121/509/afstemning.htm . 5 July 2022 . 5 July 2022. Folketing. danish.
242. Web site: 6 July 2022. Estonia ratifies Finnish, Swedish NATO accession protocols. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706144709/https://news.err.ee/1608650347/estonia-ratifies-finnish-swedish-nato-accession-protocols . 6 July 2022 . 6 July 2022. Riigikogu.
243. 6 July 2022. AlarKaris. 1544699424819101700. Finland & Sweden，welcome to the @NATO family! Just gave my approval to the law by which the Estonian Parliament ratified the accession protocoʪ today．Very happy that Estonia is among the first to approve the protocoʪ．I hope for a quick ratification process from all the Allies. . 6 July 2022.
244. Web site: Nationale. Assemblée. Projet de loi autorisant la ratification du protocole au Traité de l'Atlantique Nord sur l'accession de la République de Finlande et la ratification du protocole au Traité de l'Atlantique Nord sur l'accession du Royaume de Suède. 2022-08-02. Assemblée nationale. fr-FR . 17 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221017002541/https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/16/dossiers/DLR5L16N45973 . live.
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246. Web site: LOI n° 2022-1124 du 5 août 2022 autorisant la ratification du protocole au Traité de l'Atlantique Nord sur l'accession de la République de Finlande et la ratification du protocole au Traité de l'Atlantique Nord sur l'accession du Royaume de Suède (1). Légifrance . 7 August 2022. fr . 17 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221017002538/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000046150407 . live.
247. Web site: Stern. Lukas. Deutscher Bundestag – Bundestag befürwortet Nato-Beitritt von Finnland und Schweden. 2022-07-08. Deutscher Bundestag. de . 11 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220711214235/https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2022/kw27-de-nato-freitag-902590 . live.
248. Web site: Rückblick auf die Plenarsitzung am 8. Juli 2022. 2022-07-08. Bundesrat. de . 8 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220708220344/https://www.bundesrat.de/DE/plenum/bundesrat-kompakt/22/1023/1023-pk.html . live.
249. Web site: Bundesgesetzblatt. 2022-07-15. www.bgbl.de . 24 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190624091030/https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav#__bgbl__//*%5B@attr_id=%27bgbl222s0419.pdf%27%5D__1657868882349 . live.
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251. Web site: Κύρωση του Πρωτοκόλλου στη Συνθήκη του Βορείου Ατλαντικού για την προσχώρηση της Δημοκρατίας της Φινλανδίας.. ΕΦΗΜΕΡΙ∆Α ΤΗΣ ΚΥΒΕΡΝΗΣΕΩΣ . 19 September 2022. el. 16 September 2022 . 20 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171850/http://www.et.gr/api/DownloadFeksApi/?fek_pdf=20220100178 . live.
252. Web site: Hungarian parliament approves Finland's bid to join NATO. The Associated Press. 27 March 2023. . 27 March 2023.
253. 2023-03-28. KatalinNovakMP. 1640707962577592320. Today I signed the law ratifying Finland's #NATO accession. I had a call with the Pres. @niinisto, who thanked me for 's support. We agreed to strengthen the relationship btw &. I hope that the Parliament will soon take the same wise decision on the accession of . . 2023-03-28.
254. News: Örlygsdóttir. Urðir. 7 June 2022. Alþingi hlynnt inngöngu Finna og Svía í NATO. RÚV. live . 6 July 2022 . 14 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220614081640/https://www.ruv.is/frett/2022/06/07/althingi-hlynnt-inngongu-finna-og-svia-i-nato.
255. 6 July 2022. IcelandInUS. 1544676942347177987. YESTERDAY @hingolfsson along with #NATO Allies signed the Accession Protocols for & in Brussels. TODAY in #DC @BEllertsdottir handed over these documents to the US Government @StateDept Thank you Doug Jones & Francis Holleran. . 6 July 2022.
256. Web site: XVIII Legislatura – Lavori – Progetti di legge – Scheda del progetto di legge – Ratifica ed esecuzione dei Protocolli al Trattato del Nord Atlantico sull'adesione della Repubblica di Finlandia e del Regno di Svezia, fatti a Bruxelles il 5 luglio 2022. 2022-08-02. www.camera.it. it . 19 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221119010749/https://www.camera.it/leg18/126?tab=1&leg=18&idDocumento=3687&sede=&tipo= . live.
257. Web site: Atto Senato n. 2684 XVIII Legislatura. senato.it. it . 3 August 2022 . 17 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221017002538/https://www.senato.it/leg/18/BGT/Schede/Ddliter/55169.htm . live.
258. Web site: Atti firmati. 2022-08-05. quirinale.it . 17 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221017002538/https://www.quirinale.it/elementi/70683 . live.
259. Web site: Saeima vienbalsīgi atbalsta Somijas un Zviedrijas pievienošanos NATO. lv . The Saeima unanimously supports the accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO. 2022-07-14 . 2022-08-04. saeima.lv . 31 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221031172535/https://www.saeima.lv/lv/aktualitates/saeimas-zinas/31272-saeima-atbalsta-somijas-un-zviedrijas-pievienosanos-nato . live.
260. Web site: Valsts prezidents paraksta likumus par Somijas un Zviedrijas pievienošanos NATO Valsts prezidenta kanceleja . 2022-07-15 . www.president.lv . lv . 20 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221020235040/https://www.president.lv/lv/jaunums/valsts-prezidents-paraksta-likumus-par-somijas-un-zviedrijas-pievienosanos-nato . live .
261. Web site: Lithuania ratifies Swedish, Finnish NATO accession protocols. 20 July 2022. 20 July 2022. LRT. https://web.archive.org/web/20220720194512/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1742270/lithuania-ratifies-swedish-finnish-nato-accession-protocols. 20 July 2022. live.
262. 12 July 2022. MFA_Lu. 1546853143455186944. Today, #Luxembourg's parliament approved the accession of Finland and Sweden to @NATO We are looking forward to working closer with our trusted Nordic friends to ensure our collective security. . 12 July 2022.
263. Web site: Legilux. 2022-07-22. legilux.public.lu . 24 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220724155252/https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2022/07/22/a381/jo . live.
264. Web site: Skupština Crne Gore. 2022-07-29. Skupština Crne Gore . 29 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220729105020/https://zakoni.skupstina.me/zakoni/web/dokumenta/zakoni-i-drugi-akti/526/2887-16653-.pdf . live.
265. Web site: Milo Đukanović, official twitter. 2022-08-02 . 17 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221017002538/https://twitter.com/predsjednik_cg/status/1554422394026168321 . live.
266. Web site: Goedkeuring van de op 5 juli 2022 te Brussel tot stand gekomen Protocollen bij het Noord-Atlantisch Verdrag betreffende de toetreding van de Republiek Finland en het Koninkrijk Zweden (Trb. 2022, 58). 2022-07-07. www.tweedekamer.nl. 6 July 2022 . nl . 9 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220709131916/https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/wetsvoorstellen/detail?id=2022Z14517&dossier=36162 . live.
267. Web site: Goedkeuring Protocollen Noord-Atlantisch Verdragtoetreding van de Republiek Finland en het Koninkrijk Zweden. 2022-07-12. eerstekamer.nl. nl . 26 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220926133534/https://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/36162_goedkeuring_protocollen . live.
268. Web site: Wet van 13 juli 2022, houdende goedkeuring van de op 5 juli 2022 te Brussel tot stand gekomen Protocollen bij het Noord-Atlantisch Verdrag betreffende de toetreding van de Republiek Finland en het Koninkrijk Zweden (Trb. 2022, 58). 2022-07-14. officielebekendmakingen.nl. 14 July 2022. nl . 14 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220714220928/https://www.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2022-300.html . live.
269. Web site: Резултати од гласање Предлог на закон за ратификација на Протоколот кон Северноатлантскиот договор во врска со пристапувањето на Република Финска;. Собрание на Република Северна Македонија . 27 July 2022. mk . 27 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220727120727/https://www.sobranie.mk/detali-na-glasanje.nspx?votingDefinitionId=066f80f2-e570-4a83-9144-278f0333c67d&agendaItemId=29B829F3-D083-449F-B4F7-060ADEE37BBD&sittingId=0 . live.
270. Web site: ЗАКОН ЗА РАТИФИКАЦИЈА НА ПРОТОКОЛОТ КОН СЕВЕРНОАТЛАНТСКИОТ ДОГОВОР ВО ВРСКА СО ПРИСТАПУВАЊЕТО НА РЕПУБЛИКА ФИНСКА. dejure.mk . 3 August 2022. mk . 3 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220803145733/https://dejure.mk/zakon/zakon-za-ratifikacija-na-protokolot-kon-severnoatlantskiot-dogovor-vo-vrska-so-pristapuvanjeto-na-republika-finska . live.
271. Web site: 17 June 2022. The Storting says yes to Swedish and Finnish NATO membership. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220619115708/https://www.stortinget.no/en/In-English/About-the-Storting/News-archive/Front-page-news/2021-2022/the-storting-says-yes-to-swedish-and-finnish-nato-membership/ . 19 June 2022 . 5 July 2022. Storting.
272. Web site: Protokoll til Traktat for det nordatlantiske område om Finlands tiltredelse. . 20 July 2022. no . 20 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220720015133/https://lovdata.no/dokument/TRAKTAT/traktat/2022-07-05-9?q=nordatlantiske . live.
273. Web site: Głosowanie nr 8 na 58. posiedzeniu Sejmu. 2022-07-07. Sejm.pl. pl . 7 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220707174838/https://sejm.gov.pl/Sejm9.nsf/agent.xsp?symbol=glosowania&NrKadencji=9&NrPosiedzenia=58&NrGlosowania=8 . live.
274. Web site: Ustawa o ratyfikacji Protokołu do Traktatu Północnoatlantyckiego w sprawie akcesji Republiki Finlandii, podpisanego w Brukseli dnia 5 lipca 2022 r.. 2022-07-20. Senat.gov.pl. pl . live . 20 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220720095241/https://www.senat.gov.pl/sklad/senatorowie/szczegoly-glosowania,485,1,10.html.
275. Web site: 2022-07-22. Prezydent RP podpisał ustawy ws. ratyfikacji akcesji Szwecji i Finlandii do NATO. 2022-07-22. Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. pl . 21 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221021031903/https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wizyty-krajowe/ustawy-ws-ratyfikacji-akcesji-szwecji-i-finlandii-do-nato,57006 . dead.
276. Web site: Proposal for Resolution, for ratification, the Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the accession of the Republic of Finland, signed in Brussels on 5 July 2022. 21 September 2022. Portuguese . 17 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221017044121/https://www.parlamento.pt/ActividadeParlamentar/Paginas/DetalheIniciativa.aspx?BID=131766 . live.
277. Web site: Portuguesa. Presidência da República. Presidente da República ratifica Protocolos ao Tratado do Atlântico Norte sobre a adesão da República da Finlândia e do Reino da Suécia. 2022-09-19. www.presidencia.pt. pt . 21 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220921231148/https://www.presidencia.pt/atualidade/toda-a-atualidade/2022/09/presidente-da-republica-ratifica-protocolos-ao-tratado-do-atlantico-norte-sobre-a-adesao-da-republica-da-finlandia-e-do-reino-da-suecia/ . live.
278. Web site: Adoptare PL 437/2022 pentru ratificarea Protocolului, semnat la Bruxelles, la 5 iulie 2022, de aderare a Republicii Finlanda la Tratatul Atlanticului de Nord, semnat la Washington la 4 aprilie 1949, şi a Protocolului, semnat la Bruxelles, la 5 iulie 2022, de aderare a Regatului Suediei la Tratatul Atlanticului de Nord, semnat la Washington la 4 aprilie 1949.. Camera Deputatilor . 20 July 2022. ro . 17 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221017002539/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/steno/evot2015.Nominal?idv=30305 . live.
279. Web site: VOTUL ELECTRONIC din 20/07/2022 L491/2022 vot final. Parlamentul României . 20 July 2022. ro . 21 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221021031945/https://senat.ro/VoturiPlenDetaliu.aspx?AppID=87464096-D841-4F1B-8770-DFE37CE1CC0F&Cod=24662&Data=2022-07-20 . live.
280. News: Klaus Iohannis promulgates law for ratification of protocols for accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO. Tylaz. 2022-07-22 . 17 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221017033309/https://www.tylaz.net/2022/07/22/klaus-iohannis-promulgates-law-for-ratification-of-protocols-for-accession-of-finland-and-sweden-to-nato/ . dead.
281. Web site: 2022-09-27. Národná rada Slovenskej republiky – hlasovanie poslancov. 2022-09-27. www.nrsr.sk. sk-SK . 27 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220927163608/https://www.nrsr.sk/web/Default.aspx?sid=schodze%2Fhlasovanie%2Fhlasklub&ID=48474 . live.
282. ZuzanaCaputova. 1575126697518800899 . 2022-09-28. Just ratified @NATO accession protocols with #Finland and #Sweden after they passed through #Slovakia's Parliament with broad support yesterday. New members will make our Alliance stronger and even more resilient. Tervetuloa! Välkommen!. 2022-09-28.
283. News: Parliament ratifies Sweden and Finland's bids to join NATO. STA. 2022-07-14 . 17 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221017002539/https://english.sta.si/3060375/parliament-ratifies-sweden-and-finlands-bids-to-join-nato . live.
284. Web site: Uradni list – Vsebina Uradnega lista. 2022-07-26. www.uradni-list.si . 26 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220726171522/https://www.uradni-list.si/glasilo-uradni-list-rs/vsebina/2022-02-0027/zakon-o-ratifikaciji-protokola-o-pristopu-republike-finske-k-severnoatlantski-pogodbi-mpfisap . live.
285. Web site: El Pleno autoriza los protocolos de adhesión de Suecia y Finlandia a la OTAN y aprueba definitivamente la Ley de creación y crecimiento de empresas. 2022-09-15 . 22 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220922011012/https://www.congreso.es/notas-de-prensa?_notasprensa_mvcPath=detalle&_notasprensa_notaId=42949 . live.
286. Web site: Votaciones. Sesión plenaria número 55. 20/09/2022. XIV Legislatura. 21 September 2022. Senado de España. Spanish . 21 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220921151338/https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/sesionesplenarias/pleno/rwdsesionespleno/detalle/votaciones/index.html?sp=56&legis=14&id1=55&id2=8101 . live.
287. SpainInTheUSA. 1578122887436808192 . 2022-10-07. Today, Ambassador Cabanas submitted Spain's instruments of ratification approving Finland and Sweden's accession to NATO to the @StateDept. We are firmly committed to #NATO and to European and Euro-Atlantic security, and welcome this important step in strengthening the Alliance.. 2022-10-06.
288. Web site: Finland set to join Nato after Turkish parliament approval. yle.fi. 31 March 2023 . 31 March 2023 . 30 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330211718/https://yle.fi/a/74-20025150 . live.
289. Web site: Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşmasına Finlandiya Cumhuriyetinin Katılımına İlişkin Protokolün Onaylanmasının Uygun Bulunduğuna Dair Kanun. Resmî Gazete. 2 April 2023. 1 April 2023. tr. 2 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230402005544/https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/04/20230401-14.htm. live.
290. Web site: Erdogan has signed ratification of Finland's Nato membership. yle.fi. 1 April 2023 . 1 April 2023 . 1 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230401205652/https://yle.fi/a/74-20025375 . live.
291. Web site: Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşmasına Finlandiya Cumhuriyetinin Katılımına İlişkin Protokolün Onaylanması Hakkında Karar (Karar Sayısı: 7025). Resmî Gazete . 2 April 2023. 2 April 2023. tr . 1 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230401231602/https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/04/20230402-6.pdf . live.
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301. Web site: Sweden officially joins NATO . NATO . en.
302. Web site: President of the Republic approves Defence Cooperation Agreement between Finland and the United States . um.fi . 7 July 2024.