Finland–Germany relations explained

Mission1:	Embassy of Germany, Helsinki
Mission2:	Embassy of Finland, Berlin

Finland–Germany relations are the bilateral relations between the Finland and Germany. Both countries are part of the European Union, are signatories of the Schengen Agreement, and are members of the eurozone and NATO. Germany supported Finland's NATO membership during Finland's accession into NATO, which was finalized on 4 April 2023.^[1]

History

Relations between both nations began after the German Empire recognised the newly independent Finnish state on January 4, 1918. In the ensuing Finnish Civil War, Germany played a prominent role siding with the White Army and training Finnish Jägers.^[2] In one of the decisive battles of the war, German troops took Helsinki in April 1918.^[3]

During World War II, the secret protocol in Molotov–Ribbentrop pact enabled the Winter War (1939–40), a Soviet attack on Finland. Finland and Nazi Germany were "co-belligerents" against Soviet Union during the Continuation War (1941–44), but a separate peace with Soviet Union led to the Finnish-German Lapland War (1944–45).

Finland recognised both the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic (West and East Germany) in 1972 and it established diplomatic relations with East Germany in July 1972 and with West Germany in January 1973.^[4] In July 2022, Germany fully approved Finland's application for NATO membership.^[5]

Resident diplomatic missions

• Finland has an embassy in Berlin.
• Germany has an embassy in Helsinki.

Finland also has a consulate general in Hamburg, two honorary consulates general in Düsseldorf and Munich.

See also

• • Foreign relations of Finland Foreign relations of Germany
• Germans in Finland
• Kingdom of Finland (1918)

Further reading

• Cohen, William B., and Jörgen Svensson. "Finland and the Holocaust." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 9.1 (1995): 70-93.
• Hentilä, Seppo. "Maintaining neutrality between the two German states: Finland and divided Germany until 1973." Contemporary European History 15.4 (2006): 473-493.
• Holmila, Antero. "Finland and the Holocaust: A reassessment." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 23.3 (2009): 413-440. online
• Holmila, Antero, and Oula Silvennoinen. "The Holocaust Historiography in Finland." Scandinavian Journal of History 36.5 (2011): 605-619. online
• Lunde, Henrik O. Finland's War of Choice: The Troubled German-Finnish Coalition in World War II (Casemate, 2011).
• Rusi, Alpo. "Finnish-German Relations and the Helsinki-Berlin-Moscow Geopolitical Triangle." in The Germans and Their Neighbors (Routledge, 2019) pp. 179-198.
• Tarkka, Jukka. Neither Stalin nor Hitler : Finland during the Second World War (1991) online
• Vehviläinen, Olli. Finland in the second world war: between Germany and Russia (Springer, 2002).

External links

• German Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Germany: relations with Finland
• Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Germany

Notes and References

1. Web site: 2022-05-03 . Germany backs Sweden and Finland’s potential NATO membership bids . 2022-05-28 . euractiv.com . en.
2. Book: A Companion to World War I. John Horne. John Wiley & Sons. 2011. 561. 9781118275801.
3. Web site: Apr 13, 1918: Germans capture Helsinki, Finland. History.com. 30 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130521163355/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germans-capture-helsinki-finland. 21 May 2013. dead.
4. Book: Leatherman, Janie . From Cold War to Democratic Peace: Third Parties, Peaceful Change, and the OSCE. Syracuse University Press. 2003. 97–102. 9780815630326.
5. Web site: Germany ratifies NATO membership for Finland, Sweden. 2022-07-08 . www.reuters.com. en .