Filasterea Explained

Filasterea is a proposed basal Filozoan clade of single-celled ameboid eukaryotes that includes Ministeria and Capsaspora.[1] It is a sister clade to the Choanozoa in which the Choanoflagellatea and Animals appeared, originally proposed by Shalchian-Tabrizi et al. in 2008, based on a phylogenomic analysis with 78 genes. Filasterea was found to be the sister-group to the clade composed of Metazoa and Choanoflagellata within the Opisthokonta, a finding that has been further corroborated with additional, more taxon-rich, phylogenetic analyses.[2] [3] [4]

Etymology

From Latin filum meaning "thread" and Greek aster meaning "star", it indicates the main morphological features shared by all their integrants: small, rounded amoeboids with a mononucleated cellular body, covered in long and radiating cell protrusions known as filopodia. These filopodia may be involved in substrate adhesion and capture of prey.

Applications

There are currently cultures from two filasterean species: Capsaspora owczarzaki and Ministeria vibrans, the first isolated from within a fresh-water snail, the second a marine, free-living bacteriovore. The complete genome sequences of C. owczarzaki,[5] M. vibrans, Pigoraptor vietnamica and Pigoraptor chileana[6] have been obtained. Comparative analyses have shown that Filasterea are key to unravel the genetic repertoire of the unicellular ancestor of animals and to provide insights into the origin of Metazoa. Metabarcoding analyses of 18S ribosomal RNA in marine environments have failed to recover other filasterean representatives,[7] [8] suggesting this clade may not be especially abundant in natural ecosystems.

Taxonomy

In some research Capsaspora is found to be more closely related to Choanozoa than Ministeria.[9]

Notes and References

  1. Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M . Aramayo . Rodolfo . Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals . PLOS ONE . 3 . 5 . e2098 . 7 May 2008 . 18461162 . 2346548 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0002098 . etal. 2008PLoSO...3.2098S . free .
  2. Torruella. Guifré. Derelle. Romain. Paps. Jordi. Lang. B. Franz. Roger. Andrew J.. Shalchian-Tabrizi. Kamran. Ruiz-Trillo. Iñaki. February 2012. Phylogenetic relationships within the Opisthokonta based on phylogenomic analyses of conserved single-copy protein domains. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 29. 2. 531–544. 10.1093/molbev/msr185. 1537-1719. 3350318. 21771718.
  3. Torruella. Guifré. de Mendoza. Alex. Grau-Bové. Xavier. Antó. Meritxell. Chaplin. Mark A.. del Campo. Javier. Eme. Laura. Pérez-Cordón. Gregorio. Whipps. Christopher M.. 2015-09-21. Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi. Current Biology. 25. 18. 2404–2410. 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053. 1879-0445. 26365255. free.
  4. Hehenberger. Elisabeth. Tikhonenkov. Denis V.. Kolisko. Martin. Campo. Javier del. Esaulov. Anton S.. Mylnikov. Alexander P.. Keeling. Patrick J.. Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals. Current Biology. 27. 13. 2043–2050.e6. 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006. 28648822. 2017. free.
  5. Suga. Hiroshi. Chen. Zehua. Mendoza. Alex de. Sebé-Pedrós. Arnau. Brown. Matthew W.. Kramer. Eric. Carr. Martin. Kerner. Pierre. Vervoort. Michel. 2013-08-14. The Capsaspora genome reveals a complex unicellular prehistory of animals. Nature Communications. en. 4. ncomms3325. 10.1038/ncomms3325. 23942320. 3753549. 2013NatCo...4.2325S.
  6. Ocaña-Pallarès. Eduard. Williams. Tom A. . López-Escardó. David. Arroyo. Alica S.. Pathmanathan. Jananan S.. Bapteste. Eric. Tikhonenkov. Denis V.. Keeling. Patrick J.. Szöllősi. Gergely J.. Ruiz-Trillo. Iñaki. 2022-09-22. Divergent genomic trajectories predate the origin of animals and fungi. Nature . en. 609. 747-753. 10.1038/s41586-022-05110-4. 10261/280377. free.
  7. del Campo. Javier. Ruiz-Trillo. Iñaki. 2013-04-01. Environmental Survey Meta-analysis Reveals Hidden Diversity among Unicellular Opisthokonts. Molecular Biology and Evolution. en. 30. 4. 802–805. 10.1093/molbev/mst006. 23329685. 0737-4038. 3603316.
  8. Del Campo. Javier. Mallo. Diego. Massana. Ramon. de Vargas. Colomban. Richards. Thomas A.. Ruiz-Trillo. Iñaki. September 2015. Diversity and distribution of unicellular opisthokonts along the European coast analysed using high-throughput sequencing. Environmental Microbiology. 17. 9. 3195–3207. 10.1111/1462-2920.12759. 1462-2920. 4500835. 25556908.
  9. Reynolds. Nicole K.. Smith. Matthew E.. Tretter. Eric D.. Gause. Justin. Heeney. Dustin. Cafaro. Matías J.. Smith. James F.. Novak. Stephen J.. Bourland. William A.. 2017. Resolving relationships at the animal-fungal divergence: A molecular phylogenetic study of the protist trichomycetes (Ichthyosporea, Eccrinida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 109. 447–464. 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.02.007. 28219758. 1055-7903. free.

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