| World Figure Skating Championships | |
| Status: | Active |
| Genre: | Sporting event |
| Date: | Varying |
| Frequency: | Annual |
| Country: | Varying |
| First: | 1896 |
| Organised: | International Skating Union |
The World Figure Skating Championships, commonly referred to as "Worlds", are an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union. Medals are awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance. Generally held in March, the World Championships are considered to be the most prestigious of the ISU Figure Skating Championships. With the exception of the Olympic title, a world title is considered to be the highest competitive achievement in figure skating.
The corresponding competition for junior-level skaters is the World Junior Championships. The corresponding competition for senior-level synchronized skating is the World Synchronized Skating Championships and for junior level the World Junior Synchronized Skating Championships.
The Internationale Eislauf-Vereinigung (International Skating Union) formed in 1892 to govern international competition in speed and figure skating. The first championship, known as the Championship of the Internationale Eislauf-Vereingung, was held in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in 1896. There were four competitors and the winner of the event was Gilbert Fuchs.[1]
The championships were presumed all-male since competitive skating was generally viewed as a male sport. However, there were no specific rules regarding the gender of competitors. In 1902, Madge Syers entered the championships and won the silver medal.[2] The 1903 ISU Congress considered gender issues, but passed no new rules. The 1905 ISU Congress established a second-class ladies' competition called the "ISU Championships" rather than the "World Championships", and winners were to be known as ISU champions and not world champions. Men's and ladies' events were normally held separately. The first ladies' competition was held in Davos, Switzerland, in 1906;[2] the event was won by Syers.
The first pair skating competition was held in Saint Petersburg in 1908,[3] despite pairs competition being illegal in some countries and considered indecent. Early championships for both ladies and pairs, previously titled "ISU Championships", were retroactively given World Championship status in 1924.[3]
In the early years, judges were invited by the host country and were often native. At the 1927 ladies' event in Oslo, Norway, three of the five judges were Norwegian; these three judges awarded first place to Norwegian competitor Sonja Henie, while the Austrian and German judges placed defending champion Herma Szabo first. The controversial result stood, giving Henie her first world title, but the controversy led to the ISU introducing a new rule that allowed no more than one judge per country on the panel.[4]
The 1930 Championships in New York City were the first to be held outside Europe and combined all three competitions into one event for the first time.[3] [5] Ice dance entered the program officially in 1952.[3]
Until 1959, national teams were allowed to field multiple competitors in each discipline; for example the United Kingdom entered six skaters in the ladies' singles competition in 1948, and five skaters represented the United States in each singles discipline in 1951. Beginning in 1960, the number of participants per country was limited to a maximum of three per discipline.
Compulsory figures were removed from the World Championships in 1991.
The 6.0 system was used for judging up to and including the 2004 event, after which the ISU Judging System was instituted.
Every four years, because the World Championships take place around a month after the Winter Olympics, a large proportion of Olympic medalists tend to be absent from the competition. Many skaters need time to rest due to physical and mental exhaustion, and some Olympic medalists choose to cash in on their recent success by turning professional.[6]
The World Figure Skating Championships have been cancelled 16 times in the competition's history: from 1915 through 1921 due to World War I; from 1940 through 1946 due to World War II;[7] in 1961 as a result of the loss of the entire U.S. Figure Skating team in the crash of Sabena Flight 548; and in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The 2011 Championships, originally due to be held in Tokyo, Japan, were considered for cancellation after the Japan earthquake and tsunami, but were instead moved to Moscow, Russia.[8]
Skaters may compete at the World Championships if they represent a member nation of the International Skating Union and are selected by their federation. Pairs and ice dance partnerships composed of skaters of different nationalities are not allowed to compete under two flags; they are required to choose one country and obtain the other country's permission.
Member nations select their entries according to their own criteria. Some countries rely on the results of their national championships while others have more varied criteria, which may include success at certain international events or specific technical requirements. All of the selected skaters must meet the ISU's age and TES requirements.
Until the 2023-24 figure skating season, skaters had to be at least 15 years old before July 1 of the previous year.[9] At the ISU Congress held in Phuket, Thailand, in June 2022, members of the ISU Council accepted a proposal to gradually increase the minimum age limit for senior competition to 17 years old beginning from the 2024–25 season. To avoid forcing skaters who had already competed in the senior category to return to juniors, the age limit remained unchanged during the 2022–23 season, before increasing to 16 years old during the 2023–24 season, and then will increase to 17 years old during the 2024–25 season.[10]
Since 2010, only skaters who have reached minimum technical elements scores (TES) in the short and free programs at a prior international event are allowed to compete at the World Championships.[11] The short and free scores may be attained at different international events in the ongoing or preceding season. After an ISU congress voted to eliminate the qualifying rounds, the TES minimums were raised for the 2013 World Championships.
Because of the large number of entries at the World Championships, in some years the event included qualifying rounds for men and ladies. After the 2006 championships in Calgary, Canada, the ISU Congress voted to eliminate the qualifying round. It was later reintroduced and then eliminated again after the 2012 World Championships. After the short program, the top 24 single skaters and top 20 pairs advance to the free skate. In ice dance, the top 30 teams in the compulsory dance advanced to the original dance, and the top 24 after that segment advanced to the free dance.
Each national federation is entitled to send one entry per discipline. Depending on their results at the previous year's competition, some countries are allowed to send a second or third entry. If a country has only one entry, that skater/team must place in the top ten to earn a second entry and in the top two to earn three entries to next year's championships. If a country has two or three entries, their combined placement (best two) must be 28 or less to keep two entries for their country, and 13 or fewer to qualify three entries. All skaters who qualify for the free segment but place 16th or lower receive 16 placement points. All skaters who compete in the short segment but do not qualify for the free receive 18 placement points. There are exceptions if skaters are forced to withdraw in the middle of the competition due to a medical emergency or equipment problems – they are not considered as entered for the purpose of entry quotas' determination for next year's competition if they did not start or finish the free segment, but were among the top 10 in the short segment. Entries do not carry over and so countries must continue to earn their second or third spot every year.
| Number of entries this year | Points required to earn three entries the next year | Points required to earn two entries the next year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| One | Placement in the top two | Placement in the top ten | |
| Two | Total placements equal to or less than 13 | Total placements equal to or less than 28 | |
| Three | Top two placements equal to or less than 13 | Top two placements equal to or less than 28 |
| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paris | [39] | |||||
| Davos | ||||||
| Oslo | ||||||
| Vienna | ||||||
| Colorado Springs | ||||||
| Paris | ||||||
| Colorado Springs | ||||||
| Vancouver | ||||||
| 1961 | Prague | Competition cancelled due to the crash of Sabena Flight 548 | ||||
| Prague | ||||||
| Cortina d'Ampezzo | ||||||
| Dortmund | ||||||
| Colorado Springs | ||||||
| Davos | ||||||
| Vienna | ||||||
| Geneva | ||||||
| Colorado Springs | ||||||
| Ljubljana | ||||||
| Lyon | ||||||
| Calgary | ||||||
| Bratislava | ||||||
| Munich | ||||||
| Colorado Springs | ||||||
| Gothenburg | ||||||
| Tokyo | ||||||
| Ottawa | ||||||
| Vienna | ||||||
| Dortmund | ||||||
| Hartford | ||||||
| Copenhagen | ||||||
| Helsinki | ||||||
| Ottawa | ||||||
| Tokyo | ||||||
| Geneva | ||||||
| Cincinnati | ||||||
| Budapest | ||||||
| Paris | ||||||
| Halifax | ||||||
| Munich | ||||||
| Oakland | ||||||
| Prague | ||||||
| Chiba | ||||||
| Birmingham | ||||||
| Edmonton | ||||||
| Lausanne | ||||||
| Minneapolis | ||||||
| Helsinki | ||||||
| Nice | ||||||
| Vancouver | ||||||
| Nagano | ||||||
| Washington, D.C. | ||||||
| Dortmund | ||||||
| Moscow | ||||||
| Calgary | ||||||
| Tokyo | ||||||
| Gothenburg | ||||||
| Los Angeles | ||||||
| Turin | ||||||
| Moscow | ||||||
| Nice | ||||||
| London | ||||||
| Saitama | ||||||
| Shanghai | ||||||
| Boston | ||||||
| Helsinki | ||||||
| Milan | ||||||
| Saitama | ||||||
| 2020 | Montreal | Competition cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic | ||||
| Stockholm | ||||||
| Montpellier | ||||||
| Saitama | ||||||
| Montreal | ||||||
| Boston | ||||||
| Prague | ||||||
| Event | Most titles | Most consecutive titles | Medal sweeps | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men's singles | 10 | 1901–05; 1907–11 | 7 | 1930–36 | 1925 | |||
| 1927–28 | ||||||||
| 1952 | ||||||||
| 1955–56 | ||||||||
| Women's singles | 10 | 1927–36 | 10 | 1927–36 | 1991 | |||
| FSR | 2021 | |||||||
| Pairs | 6 | 1973–78 | 6 | 1973–78 | Germany | 1939 | ||
| 10 | 1969–78 | 10 | 1969–78 | 1969 | ||||
| 1988 | ||||||||
| Ice dance | 6 | 1970–74; 1976 | 5 | 1970–74 | 1955–56 | |||
| 1968 | ||||||||
| 1992 | ||||||||
| 1993 | ||||||||
See main article: World Figure Skating Championships cumulative medal count.
See main article: world championships.