| Fiat 15 | |
| Aka: | Fiat Tipo 15 |
| Manufacturer: | Fiat Veicoli Industriali |
| Production: | 1911 - 1922 |
| Designer: | Carlo Cavalli |
| Class: | Truck |
| Predecessor: | Fiat 28-40 HP |
| Successor: | Fiat 502, Fiat 18, SPA 25C |
The Fiat Tipo 15 is a light military truck produced by Fiat Veicoli Industriali. Introduced in 1911, the Tipo 15 was used by the Royal Italian Army in the Italo-Turkish War and in the First World War.[1] It was also produced in the Soviet Union as the AMO F-15.[2] [3]
In 1909, the Royal Italian Army requested a light multi-role truck to transport personnel and materials. Designed by Carlo Cavalli, the Fiat Veicoli Industriali presented the Fiat 15.[4] This new model inaugurates a technical novelty on this type of vehicle: the fuel pump replacing a gravity feed.
The truck entered military service in 1911 as the Fiat 15 bis and was heavily utilized in the Italo-Turkish War. It was nicknamed "Libya", because it was intended for use in this colony.[1] Subsequently, in 1913, the Fiat 15 Ter, equipped with a more powerful engine, was introduced.
During the First World War, its production for the armed forces was joined by that of the Fiat 18.
The chassis of the civilian truck was also namely used for the preparation of buses and fire engines for the civic firefighters. From 1918, an armored car, called Fiat Terni and based on the Fiat 15 Ter truck chassis, was developed and exclusively used in Libya, earning it the name Fiat Terni-Tripoli.[5]
The Fiat 15 chassis is mounted on four-spoke wheels, at the front and back. The engine on the Fiat 15 is a four-cylinder petrol Fiat Brevetti 15/20 unit, innovative at the time due to the presence of a fuel pump instead of relying on gravity feed. The Fiat 15 bis maintains the same engine, while the Fiat 15 ter is fitted with a more powerful Fiat 53A petrol engine and steel disc wheels.
The Fiat 15 was the stalwart of the first motorization of the Italian armed forces and the Royal Army acquired all versions of the truck in many configurations, including ambulance, garage, and fire engine. Alongside its use as a logistic means, Italy was the first country to use the motor vehicle directly in combat.[6]
In fact, the Fiat 15 bis was used as the basis for the construction of the armored car Fiat Arsenale,[7] used in the Italo-Turkish war together with the Bianchi. After the Great War, the Fiat-Terni Tripoli bus was produced on the chassis of the Fiat 15 ter by the steel mills of Terni. During this campaign, the squadrons were also motorized with numerous Fiat 15 ter trucks (defined at the time as "tanks"), protected with armored metal plates and armed with three Schwarzlose machine guns with 15,000 rounds, conducted by a crew of four men.[8]
In 1918, the Italian army counted 8,206 Fiat 15 trucks in its ranks, including 710 in sanitary version.
In 1907, the French Ministry of War had decided to reserve its orders to national manufacturers only. But in October 1914, it was realized that national production could not satisfy the needs of the French Army; 2,585 vehicles were delivered by the French national manufacturers in 1914. As such, foreign designs were pursued by the French government to fulfill its remaining vehicle deficit, and the Fiat 15 and 18 trucks were supplied by Fiat to serve in the French Army throughout the First World War.
A first order for 500 units of the Fiat 15 came through in December 1914, followed by a second order for 600 vehicles in January 1915. On 30 June 1915, there were 635 Fiat 15 trucks in service with the French Army. On 31 May 1918, 839 trucks were assigned to aviation squadrons.
The Fiat 15 Ter was used by several other armies during the First World War. The United Kingdom obtained 386 trucks, while the United States received only 200, despite an order for 4,000 units.
Many copies were also delivered to Russia; 1,319 trucks were assembled at the AMO factory in Moscow between 1917 and 1919 with parts supplied by Fiat. The Fiat 15 Ter was then manufactured under license by AMO under the name of AMO F-15, with 6,285 trucks built between 1924 and 1931.[2] [3]
| Model | Type | Years of production | Motor type | Displacement (cm³) | Power | PTC (in tons) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fiat 15/20 HP Base "Brevetti Tipo 2" | Frame | 1909 - 1910 | Fiat Brevetti 15/20 | 1.2 | |||
| Fiat Tipo 15 | Chassis, Bus | 1911 - 1912 | Fiat Brevetti 15/20 | 2.5 | |||
| Fiat Tipo 15 bis | Truck, Chassis, Bus, Ambulance | 1912 - 1913 | Fiat 15/20 HP | 3.1 | |||
| Fiat Tipo 15 Ter | Truck, Chassis, Bus, Ambulance | 1913 - 1922 | Fiat 53A | 3.95 | |||
| Fiat Tipo 15 Ter - Military | Truck, Chassis, Bus, Ambulance | 1913 - 1922 | Fiat 53A | 3.75 | |||
| Manufactured in Russia under license (Fiat 15 Ter) | 1924 - 1931 | Fiat 53A | 4.0 | ||||
| Fiat Bertone Type 15 Ter | Bus | 1921 - 1922 | Fiat 53A | 3.95 | |||
| Fiat 502F | Truck, chassis | 1923 - 1926 | Fiat 101 | 2.07 |