Fianna Fáil Explained

Country:the Republic of Ireland
Country2:Northern Ireland
Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party
Native Name:Fianna Fáil – An Páirtí Poblachtánach
Native Name Lang:ga
Leader1 Title:Leader
Leader1 Name:Micheál Martin
Leader2 Title:Deputy leader
Leader2 Name:Jack Chambers
Leader3 Title:General Secretary
Leader3 Name:Seán Dorgan
Leader4 Title:Chairperson
Leader4 Name:Brendan Smith
Leader5 Title:Seanad leader
Leader5 Name:Lisa Chambers
Founder:Éamon de Valera
Split:Sinn Féin[1]
Headquarters:65–66 Mount Street Lower, Dublin, Ireland
Position:Centre to centre-right
Youth Wing:Ógra Fianna Fáil
Membership Year:2020
Membership:18,000
International:Liberal International
European:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
Europarl:Renew Europe
Anthem:

"We'll Be There"[2]

Seats1 Title:Dáil Éireann[3]
Seats2 Title:Seanad Éireann[4]
Seats4 Title:European Parliament[5]
Seats5 Title:Local government[6]
Wing1:Fianna Fáil LGBTQI+ Network[7]
Wing1 Title:LGBT wing

Fianna Fáil ([8] [9] in Irish ˌfʲiən̪ˠə ˈfˠaːlʲ/; meaning "Soldiers of Destiny" or "Warriors of Fál"),[10] officially Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party[11] [12] (Irish: audio=ga-Fianna Fáil.ogg|Fianna Fáil – An Páirtí Poblachtánach),[13] is a conservative-liberal and Christian democratic political party in Ireland.

The party was founded as a republican party in 1926 by Éamon de Valera and his supporters after they split from Sinn Féin in order to take seats in the Oireachtas, which Sinn Féin refused to recognise.[14] Since 1927, Fianna Fáil has been one of Ireland's two major parties, along with Fine Gael since 1933; both are seen as centre-right parties, to the right of the Labour Party and Sinn Féin. The party dominated Irish political life for most of the 20th century, and, since its foundation, either it or Fine Gael has led every government. Between 1932 and 2011, it was the largest party in Dáil Éireann, but latterly with a decline in its vote share; from 1989 onwards, its periods of government were in coalition with parties of either the left or the right.

Fianna Fáil's vote collapsed in the 2011 general election; it emerged in third place, in what was widely seen as a political realignment in the wake of the post-2008 Irish economic downturn.[15] By 2016, it had recovered enough to become the largest opposition party,[16] and it entered a confidence and supply arrangement with a Fine Gael–led minority government.[17] In 2020, after a number of months of political stalemate following the general election, Fianna Fáil agreed with Fine Gael and the Green Party to enter into an unprecedented coalition, with the leaders of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael rotating between the roles of Taoiseach and Tánaiste.

Fianna Fáil is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe[18] and of Liberal International.[19] From February 2019 to September 2022, Fianna Fáil was in partnership with the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland.[20] [21]

History

See main article: History of Fianna Fáil. Fianna Fáil was founded by Éamon de Valera, a former leader of Sinn Féin.[22] The previous year, de Valera proposed a motion calling for elected members to be allowed to take their seats in Dáil Éireann if and when the controversial Oath of Allegiance was removed. It failed to pass at the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis, leading de Valera and a number of other members, including most of Sinn Féin's parliamentary talent, to split from Sinn Féin.[23] His new party adopted its name on 2 April of the same year. While it was also opposed to the Treaty settlement, it rejected abstentionism, instead aiming to republicanise the Irish Free State from within. Fianna Fáil's platform of economic autarky had appeal among the farmers, working-class people and the poor, while alienating more affluent classes.[24] It largely pre-empted voters of the aforementioned groups from the Labour Party (with its almost identical economic and social policy) following its entry into the Dáil in 1927.[25] Fianna Fáil would go on to style themselves for several decades as "the real Labour Party."[26] [27] [28]

Cumann na nGaedheal sought to exploit the notion that Fianna Fáil was a party in thrall to communists. During the 1932 general election campaign, Cumann na nGaedheal declared in a newspaper advert that "the gunmen and Communists are voting for Fianna Fáil today – vote for the Government party." However, Fianna Fáil won the election,[29] [30] forming its first government on 9 March 1932. It was in power for 61 of the 79 years between then and the election of 2011. Its longest continuous period in office was its first, 15 years and 11 months (March 1932 – February 1948). Its longest single period out of office in the 20th century was four years and four months (March 1973 – July 1977). All of the party's leaders have served as Taoiseach.[31]

The party's most dominant era was the 41-year period between 1932 and 1973, when party leaders Éamon de Valera, Seán Lemass and Jack Lynch served as Taoiseach in an almost unbroken chain save for two three-year stints by John A. Costello. De Valera's reign is acknowledged for having successfully guided Ireland through World War II unscathed but is criticised for leaving Ireland in economic and cultural stagnation.[32] His successors such as Lemass however were able to turn around Ireland's economic fortunes as well as primed the country for entry into the European Economic Community, later the European Union.[31]

Fianna Fáil's fortunes began to falter in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1970 the Arms Crisis threatened to split the entire party in two when Fianna Fáil cabinet ministers Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney were dismissed by Jack Lynch after being accused of seeking to provide arms to the newly emergent Provisional Irish Republican Army.[33] Factional infighting over Northern Ireland, economics and the "moral issues" such as the legalization of divorce, abortion, and contraception plagued the party in this era and grew particularly intense when Charles Haughey later became party leader.[31] Under Haughey, Fianna Fáil lost both the 1981 general election and November 1982 general election to Garret FitzGerald's Fine Gael during a particularly chaotic time in Ireland's political and economic history. Numerous failed internal attempts to oust Haughey as leader of the party culminated in the most significant split in the party's history when a large portion of the membership walked out to create the Progressive Democrats in 1985, under the leadership of Haughey archrival Desmond O'Malley.[31] Haughey was forced to resign as Taoiseach and party leader in 1992 following revelations about his role in a phone tapping scandal.[34]

Although the two parties had seemed poised to be bitter enemies owing to the personal conflicts between the memberships, from 1989 onwards Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats served repeatedly in coalition governments together, helping to stabilise Fianna Fáil. In 1994 Fianna Fáil came under the new leadership of Haughey protégé Bertie Ahern, who also became Taoiseach in 1997. Under Ahern, Fianna Fáil was able to claim credit for helping to broker the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 which began the peace process in Northern Ireland, as well the economic upswing caused by the Celtic Tiger which saw Ireland's economy boom during the 2000s.[31] However, this momentum came to a sharp and sudden halt following two events. Firstly, Ahern was forced to resign as Taoiseach and left the party in 2008 following revelations made in the Mahon Tribunal that Ahern had accepted money from property developers.[31] [35] Secondly, the party, which was still in government under a new leader and Taoiseach Brian Cowen, was held responsible for the effects of the post-2008 Irish economic downturn. The party's popularity crashed: an opinion poll on 27 February 2009 indicated that only 10% of voters were satisfied with the Government's performance.[36]

In the 2011 general election, it suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state.[37] [38] This loss was described as "historic" in its proportions[39] and "unthinkable".[40] The party sank from being the largest in the Dáil to the third-largest,[41] losing 58 of its 78 seats.[42] This broke 79 consecutive years of Fianna Fáil being the largest single party in the Dáil. That election took place with Micheál Martin as leader, as Cowen had resigned as party leader in January 2011, although retained his role as Taoiseach until the election.[43] Cowen's premiership was sharply criticised in the media, with The Sunday Times describing Cowen's tenure as Taoiseach as "a dismal failure"[44] and in 2011 the Irish Independent calling Cowen the "worst Taoiseach in the history of the State."[45]

Recent history

Martin continued to lead Fianna Fáil past 2011; In the 2016 general election Martin's Fianna Fáil made a moderate recovery while Fine Gael retained control of the government as a minority government, made possible by a confidence and supply agreement with Fianna Fáíl.[46] In 2018 the party was divided internally over how the party would handle that year's referendum on the Eighth Amendment, the provision in the Irish constitution which forbade abortion, with a significant portion of both the parliamentary party and the ordinary membership in favour of a No vote. Leader Micheál Martin signalled his own desire for a Yes vote,[47] but was unable to bring the party under one stance, and ultimately more than half of Fianna Fáil's TDs campaigned for a No vote.[48] On polling day the Yes side won, 66% to 33%.

After the 2020 general election, for the first time in history, Fianna Fáil entered into a coalition government with its traditional rival Fine Gael, as well as the Green Party, ending its longest period out of government since its formation. Under the agreement, Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin served as Taoiseach for the first half of the parliamentary term.[49] That same year a number of Fianna Fáil members were involved in the "Golfgate" scandal, an event that ultimately led to the resignation of Fianna Fáil deputy leader Dara Calleary.[50] In July 2021 Fianna Fáil suffered what a number of sources suggested might have been the single worst result in its history when the party polled extremely poorly in the 2021 Dublin Bay South by-election.[51] [52] [53] [54] The result prompted Jim O'Callaghan and Cathal Crowe to question whether Martin should lead the party into its next general election.[55] [56] In February 2023, former leader Bertie Ahern rejoined the party, having left in 2012.[57]

Organisation and structure

Fianna Fáil uses a structure called a cumann system. The basic unit was the cumann (branch); these were grouped into comhairlí ceantair (district branches) and a comhairle dáil ceantair (constituency branch) in every constituency.[58] The party claimed that in 2005 they had 50,000 registered names, but only an estimated 10,000–15,000 members were considered active.[59]

However, from the early 1990s onward, the cumann structure was weakened. Every cumann was entitled to three votes to selection conventions irrespective of its size; hence, a large number of cumainn had become in effect "paper cumainn", the only use of which was to ensure an aspiring or sitting candidate got enough votes.[60] Although this phenomenon was nothing new (the most famous example being Neil Blaney's "Donegal Mafia").[61]

Since the 2007 election, the party's structure has significantly weakened. This was in part exacerbated by significant infighting between candidates in the run-up to the 2011 general election.[62] The Irish Times estimated that half of its 3,000 cumainn were effectively moribund. This fraction rose in Dublin with the exception of Dublin West, the former seat of both Brian Lenihan Snr and Brian Lenihan Jnr.[63]

Ideology and platform

Cited as being on the centre,[64] [65] [66] centre-right[67] [68] [69] or right-wing[70] of the political spectrum, Fianna Fáil has been variously described as conservative, conservative-liberal,[71] national-conservative,[72] and Christian-democratic.

In the modern era, Fianna Fáil is seen as a typical catch-all party and has defined itself as such. In the 1980s, Brian Lenihan Snr declared "there are no isms or [ide]ologies in my party"; further, in the early 2000s, Fianna Fáil leader Bertie Ahern affirmed the party's catch-all stance by defining Fianna Fáil as a party that "looks out for the small ranking guy, the middle-ranking guy and assists the big guy".[73] This contrasts with the more working-class orientation Fianna Fáil had in the early 20th century. In 1926, Seán Lemass described the party as "a progressive republican party based on the actual conditions of the moment"[74] while upon winning the 1932 Irish general election, newly elected Fianna Fáil TD Seán Moylan proclaimed that Fianna Fáil's win meant a victory of "the owners of the donkey and cart over the pony and trap class".[73] The Fianna Fáil party of the 1930s has been described as an economically social democratic one that sought to create an economically independent state (autarky) via protectionist policies, based on its culturally nationalist thinking.[75]

During the leadership of Seán Lemass in the 1960s, Fianna Fáil began to utilise some corporatist policies (embracing the concept of 'social partnership'), taking some influence from the Roman Catholic Church.[76] [77] [78] [79] It was also during Lemass' time that the party shifted heavily away from autarkic thinking and towards a firm belief in free trade and foreign direct investment in Ireland.[75]

In 1967, Jack Lynch described the party as "left of centre" while suggesting it was to the left of Fine Gael and Labour. However, during the 1969 Irish general election, the party ran red scare tactics against Labour after it began using the slogan "the seventies will be socialist!". As Fine Gael became more and more socially liberal in the 1970s under Garret FitzGerald, the party reacted by embracing social conservatism and populism.[80] [81] [75] In the same time period, the emergence of the Troubles and the Arms Crisis of 1971 tested the party's nationalism, but despite these events, Fianna Fáil maintained their moderate culturally nationalist stance.[82]

In the 1990s, Fianna Fáil was described as a conservative party but also as a nationalist party.[83] It has presented itself as a "broad church"[84] and attracted support from across disparate social classes.[85] [86] Between 1989 and 2011, it led coalition governments with parties of both the left and the right. Fianna Fáil's platform contains a number of enduring commitments: to Irish unity; to the promotion and protection of the Irish language; and to maintaining Ireland's tradition of military neutrality.[87] [88] While the party is distinctly more populist,[89] nationalist, and generally more economically interventionist[90] than Fine Gael, the party shares its rival's support of the European Union.[91] [92] [93] Although part of the liberal Renew group in the European Parliament, the party has not supported the group's positions on civil liberties and its liberal nature is disputed,[94] though the party did legalize same-sex civil partnerships in 2010.[95]

The party's name and logo incorporates the words 'The Republican Party'. According to Fianna Fáil, "Republican here stands both for the unity of the island and a commitment to the historic principles of European republican philosophy, namely liberty, equality and fraternity".[96] The party's main goal at its beginning was to reunite the North and the South.[97]

R. Ken Carty wrote of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael that they were "heterogeneous in their bases of support, relatively undifferentiated in terms of policy or programme, and remarkably stable in their support levels". Evidence from expert surveys, opinion polls and candidate surveys all fail to identify strong distinctions between the two parties.[98] [99] [100] [101]

Leadership and president

See main article: Leader of Fianna Fáil. The following are the terms of office as party leader and as Taoiseach:

LeaderPortraitPeriodConstituencyYears as Taoiseach
1926–1959Clare1932–1933–1937–1938–1943–1944–1948; 1951–1954; 1957–1959
(6th, 7th, and 8th Executive Council of the Irish Free State,
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th and 8th Government of Ireland)
Seán Lemass1959–1966Dublin South-Central1959–1961–1965–1966
(9th, 10th and 11th Government of Ireland)
Jack Lynch1966–19791966–1969–1973; 1977–1979
(12th, 13th and 15th Government of Ireland)
Charles Haughey1979–19921979–1981; Feb 1982 – Nov 1982; 1987–1989–1992
(16th, 18th, 20th and 21st Government of Ireland)
Albert Reynolds1992–1994Longford–Roscommon1992–1992–1994
(22nd and 23rd Government of Ireland)
Bertie Ahern1994–2008Dublin Central1997–2002–2007–2008
(25th, 26th and 27th Government of Ireland)
Brian Cowen2008–2011Laois–Offaly2008–2011
(28th Government of Ireland)
Micheál MartinCork South-Central2020–2022
(32nd Government of Ireland)

Deputy leader

NamePeriodConstituencyLeader
Joseph Brennan1973–1977Donegal–LeitrimJack Lynch
George Colley1977–1982Dublin CentralJack LynchCharles Haughey
Ray MacSharry1982–1983Sligo–LeitrimCharles Haughey
Brian Lenihan Snr1983–1990Dublin West
John Wilson1990–1992Cavan–Monaghan
Bertie Ahern1992–1994Dublin CentralAlbert Reynolds
Mary O'Rourke1995–2002Longford–WestmeathBertie Ahern
Brian Cowen2002–2008Laois–Offaly
Mary Coughlan2008–2011Donegal South-WestBrian Cowen
Mary Hanafin2011Dún LaoghaireMicheál Martin
Brian Lenihan Jnr2011Dublin West
Éamon Ó Cuív2011–2012Galway West
Dara Calleary2018–2020Mayo
Jack Chambers2024–presentDublin West

Seanad leader

NamePeriodPanel
Eoin Ryan Snr1977–1982Industrial and Commercial Panel
Mick Lanigan1982–1990Industrial and Commercial Panel (1982–89)
Nominated member of Seanad Éireann (1989–90)
Seán Fallon1990–1992Industrial and Commercial Panel
G. V. Wright1992–1997Nominated member of Seanad Éireann
Donie Cassidy1997–2002Labour Panel
Mary O'Rourke2002–2007Nominated member of Seanad Éireann
Donie Cassidy2007–2011Labour Panel
Darragh O'Brien2011–2016Labour Panel
Catherine Ardagh2016–2020Industrial and Commercial Panel
Lisa Chambers2020–presentCultural and Educational Panel

Electoral results

Dáil Éireann

ElectionLeader1st pref
votes		%Seats±Government
Jun 1927Éamon de Valera299,48626.2 (#2) 44
Sep 1927411,77735.2 (#2) 13
1932566,49844.5 (#1) 15
1933689,05449.7 (#1) 5
1937599,04045.2 (#1) 8
1938667,99651.9 (#1) 8
1943557,52541.9 (#1) 10
1944595,25948.9 (#1) 9
1948553,91441.9 (#1) 8
1951616,21246.3 (#1) 1
1954578,96043.4 (#1) 4
1957592,99448.3 (#1) 13
1961Seán Lemass512,07343.8 (#1) 8
1965597,41447.7 (#1) 2
1969Jack Lynch602,23445.7 (#1) 3
1973624,52846.2 (#1) 6
1977811,61550.6 (#1) 15
1981Charles Haughey777,61645.3 (#1) 6
Feb 1982786,95147.3 (#1) 3
Nov 1982763,31345.2 (#1) 6
1987784,54744.1 (#1) 6
1989731,47244.1 (#1) 4
1992Albert Reynolds674,65039.1 (#1) 9
1997Bertie Ahern703,68239.3 (#1) 9
2002770,74841.5 (#1) 4
2007858,56541.6 (#1) 4
2011Micheál Martin387,35817.5 (#3) 57
2016519,35624.3 (#2) 23
2020[102] 484,31522.2 (#1) 6

Presidential elections

ElectionCandidate1st pref.
votes		%+/–Position
1938Supported Douglas Hyde as an independent
1945Seán T. O'Kelly537,96549.5%—1
1952Supported Seán T. O'Kelly as an independent
1959Éamon de Valera538,00356.3%—1
1966558,86150.5% 5.81
1973Erskine H. Childers635,86752% 1.51
1974Cearbhall Ó DálaighUnopposedN/AN/A1
1976Patrick HilleryUnopposedN/AN/A1
1983Supported Patrick Hillery as an independent
1990Brian Lenihan694,48444.1%—2
1997Mary McAleese574,42445.2% 1.11
2004Supported Mary McAleese as an independent
2018Supported Michael D. Higgins as an independent

European Parliament

ElectionLeader1st pref
Votes		%Seats+/−EP Group
1979Jack Lynch464,45134.68 (#1)NewEPD
1984Charles Haughey438,94639.18 (#1) 3EDA
1989514,53731.51 (#1) 2
1994Albert Reynolds398,06635.00 (#1) 1UFE
1999Bertie Ahern537,75738.64 (#1) 1UEN
2004524,50429.45 (#2) 2
2009Brian Cowen440,56224.08 (#2) 1ALDE
2014Micheál Martin369,54522.31 (#1) 2
2019277,705 16.55 (#2) 1RE
2024356,79420.44 (#2) 2

Front bench

See main article: Fianna Fáil Front Bench.

Ógra Fianna Fáil

See main article: Ógra Fianna Fáil. Ógra Fianna Fáil serves as the party's official youth wing.

Fianna Fáil and Northern Ireland politics

On 17 September 2007, Fianna Fáil announced that the party would for the first time organise in Northern Ireland. The then Foreign Minister Dermot Ahern was asked to chair a committee on the matter: "In the period ahead Dermot Ahern will lead efforts to develop that strategy for carrying through this policy, examining timescales and structures. We will act gradually and strategically. We are under no illusions. It will not be easy. It will challenge us all. But I am confident we will succeed".[103]

The party embarked on its first ever recruitment drive north of the border in September 2007 in northern universities, and established two 'Political Societies', the William Drennan Cumann in Queens University, Belfast, and the Watty Graham Cumann in UU Magee, Derry, which subsequently became official units of Fianna Fáil's youth wing, attaining full membership and voting rights, and attained official voting delegates at the 2012 Ard Fheis. On 23 February 2008, it was announced that a former Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) councillor, Colonel Harvey Bicker, had joined Fianna Fáil.[104]

Bertie Ahern announced on 7 December 2007 that Fianna Fáil had been registered in Northern Ireland by the UK Electoral Commission.[105] The party's Ard Fheis in 2009 unanimously passed a motion to organise in Northern Ireland by establishing forums, rather than cumainn, in each of its six counties. In December 2009, Fianna Fáil secured its first Northern Ireland Assembly MLA when Gerry McHugh, an independent MLA, announced he had joined the party.[106] Mr. McHugh confirmed that although he had joined the party, he would continue to sit as an independent MLA. In June 2010, Fianna Fáil opened its first official office in Northern Ireland, in Crossmaglen, County Armagh. The then Taoiseach Brian Cowen officially opened the office, accompanied by Ministers Éamon Ó Cuív and Dermot Ahern and Deputies Rory O’Hanlon and Margaret Conlon. Discussing the party's slow development towards all-Ireland politics, Mr. Cowen observed: "We have a very open and pragmatic approach. We are a constitutional republican party and we make no secret of the aspirations on which this party was founded. It has always been very clear in our mind what it is we are seeking to achieve, that is to reconcile this country and not being prisoners of our past history. To be part of a generation that will build a new Ireland, an Ireland of which we can all be proud".[107]

Fianna Fáil has not contested any elections in Northern Ireland since its registration and recognition there in 2007.[108] At the party's 2014 Ard Fheis, a motion was passed without debate to stand candidates for election north of the border for the first time in 2019.[109]

Since 24 January 2019, the party have been in partnership with the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP)[110] formerly the main Irish nationalist party in Northern Ireland, but now smaller than Sinn Féin. There had long been speculation about the eventual partnership for several years prior. This was initially met with a negative reaction from Seamus Mallon, former Deputy Leader of the SDLP, who stated he would be opposed to any such merger. Former leader of the SDLP Margaret Ritchie originally stated publicly that she opposed any merger, announcing to the Labour Party Conference that such a merger would not happen on her "watch". On 10 January 2019, Richie stated that she now supported a new partnership with Fianna Fáil.[111]

Both Fianna Fáil and the SDLP currently have shared policies on key areas including addressing the current political situation in Northern Ireland, improving public services in both jurisdictions of Ireland, such as healthcare, housing, education, and governmental reform, and bringing about the further unity and cooperation of the people on the island and arrangements for a future poll on Irish reunification.[112] [113]

In September 2022, SDLP party leader Colum Eastwood announced the end of its partnership with Fianna Fáil, saying that the SDLP needed to move forward by "standing on its own two feet".[114] [115]

Representation in European institutions

Fianna Fáil joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) party on 16 April 2009, and the party's Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) sat in the ALDE Group during the 7th European Parliament term from June 2009 to 1 July 2014. The party is a full member of the Liberal International.[116] Prior to this, the party was part of the Eurosceptic Union for Europe of the Nations parliamentary group between 1999 and 2009.[117]

Party headquarters, over the objections of some MEPs, had made several attempts to sever the party's links to the European right, including an aborted 2004 agreement to join the European Liberal Democrat and Reform (ELDR) Party, with whom it already sat in the Council of Europe under the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) banner. On 27 February 2009, Taoiseach Brian Cowen announced that Fianna Fáil proposed to join the ELDR Party and intended to sit with them in the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Group in the European Parliament after the 2009 European elections.[118]

In October 2009, it was reported that Fianna Fáil had irritated its new Liberal colleagues by failing to vote for the motion on press freedom in Italy (resulting in its defeat by a majority of one in the Parliament) and by trying to scupper their party colleagues' initiative for gay rights.[119] In January 2010, a report by academic experts writing for the votewatch.eu site found that FF "do not seem to toe the political line" of the ALDE Group "when it comes to budget and civil liberties" issues.[120]

In the 2014 European elections, Fianna Fáil received 22.3% of first-preference votes but only returned a single MEP, a reduction in representation of two MEPs from the previous term. This was due to a combination of the party's vote further dropping in Dublin and a two candidate strategy in the Midlands North West constituency, which backfired, resulting in sitting MEP Pat "the Cope" Gallagher losing his seat.[121] [122] [123] On 23 June 2014, returning MEP Brian Crowley announced that he intended to sit with the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) rather than the ALDE group during the upcoming 8th term of the European parliament.[124] The following day on 24 June 2014 Crowley had the Fianna Fáil party whip withdrawn.[125] He has since been re-added to Fianna Fáil's website.[126]

In the European Committee of the Regions, Fianna Fáil sits in the Renew Europe CoR group, with two full and two alternate members for the 2020–2025 mandate.[127] [128] Kate Feeney is third vice-president of the Group.[129]

See also

Notes

  1. Web site: Fianna Fail . UCD Archives . https://web.archive.org/web/20030910083611/http://www.ucd.ie/archives/html/collections/fiannafail.htm . 10 September 2003 . 26 April 2021.
  2. Book: Whelan, Noel . A History of Fianna Fáil: The outstanding biography of the party . 1 June 2019 . 2011 . Gill & Macmillan Ltd . 978-0717147618 . 219 . 22 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191222013610/https://books.google.com/books?id=ud_4AwAAQBAJ . live .
  3. Web site: Find a TD – Houses of the Oireachtas. 5 January 2022. 7 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035332/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/tds/?tab=party&term=%2Fie%2Foireachtas%2Fhouse%2Fdail%2F33&party=%2Fie%2Foireachtas%2Fparty%2Fdail%2F33%2FFianna_F%C3%A1il. live.
  4. Web site: Find a Senator – Houses of the Oireachtas. 5 January 2022. 7 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035328/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/senators/?tab=party&term=%2Fie%2Foireachtas%2Fhouse%2Fseanad%2F26&party=%2Fie%2Foireachtas%2Fparty%2Fseanad%2F26%2FFianna_F%C3%A1il. live.
  5. Web site: Full list | MEPs | European Parliament . Europarl.europa.eu . 2022-02-26 . 28 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211028171306/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/full-list/all . live .
  6. Web site: 2019 Local Elections . electionsireland.org . 5 January 2022 . 5 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220105193332/https://electionsireland.org/results/local/2019local.cfm . live .
  7. Web site: LGBTQI+ Network .
  8. Web site: Fianna Fáil . 17 February 2024 . Oxford English Dictionary.
  9. Web site: Fianna Fáil. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Longman. 14 August 2019. 14 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190814183823/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/fianna-fail. live.
  10. Book: Ó Dónaill, Niall . Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla . . 1977 . 978-1-85791-037-7 . (advisory ed. Tomás de Bhaldraithe) . Dublin . 512, 540 . Irish.
  11. Book: Ian . Budge . David . Robertson . Derek . Hearl . Ideology, Strategy and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-War Election Programmes in 19 Democracies . 26 August 2012 . 1987 . . 978-0-521-30648-5 . 137 . 9 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131009074627/http://books.google.com/books?id=I63z5nm0f94C&pg=PA137 . live .
  12. Web site: About Fianna Fáil . 26 January 2016 . Fianna Fáil . The party's name incorporates the words 'The Republican Party' in its title. . https://web.archive.org/web/20171114050821/https://www.fiannafail.ie/about-fianna-fail/ . 14 November 2017 . dead .
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Further reading

External links

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