From AD 1066, the feudal barony of Barnstaple was a large feudal barony with its caput at the town of Barnstaple in north Devon, England. It was one of eight feudal baronies in Devonshire which existed in the Middle Ages. In 1236 it comprised 56 knight's fees or individual member manors. The feudal service owed for half the barony in 1274 was the provision to the royal army of two knights or four sergeants for forty days per annum, later commuted to scutage.[1]
The barony was first granted by William the Conqueror (1066–1087) to Geoffrey de Mowbray (died 1093), Bishop of Coutances, who is recorded as its holder in the Domesday Book (1086). His heir was his nephew Robert de Mowbray (died 1125), Earl of Northumberland, son of Geoffrey's brother Robert de Mowbray. In 1095 Robert II rebelled against King William II (1087–1100) and his barony escheated to the crown.
At some time before his death in 1100 King William II re-granted the barony of Barnstaple to Juhel de Totnes (died 1123/30), a Breton formerly feudal baron of Totnes, from which barony the king had expelled him after the death of his father William the Conqueror in 1087. In about 1107, Juhel, who had already founded Totnes Priory, founded Barnstaple Priory, of the Cluniac order, dedicated to St Mary Magdalene.[2] Juhel's son and heir was Alfred de Totnes, who died sine prole some time before 1139, leaving two sisters as his co-heiresses each to a moiety of the barony: Aenor and a sister whose name is unknown.
The inheritance of the barony of Barnstaple by two co-heiresses split its possession during the period c. 1139 to 1213 into two moieties, which became re-united under the de Tracy family. The descent of the two co-heiresses was as follows:
Henry de Tracy's heir to the entire barony was his granddaughter Maud de Brian (or Briene) (died pre-1279), daughter of Guy de Brian of Laugharne Castle, Carmarthenshire by his wife Eve de Tracy, daughter of Henry de Tracy.[7]
Maud de Brian's first husband was Nicholas FitzMartin (died 1260), who had pre-deceased his father Nicholas FitzMartin (died 1282), feudal baron of Blagdon, Somerset.[8] Maud married secondly Geoffrey de Camville (died 1308), of Clifton Campville, Staffordshire, who had summons to attend the king at Portsmouth, with horse and arms, to embark in the expedition then proceeding to Gascony. He was subsequently summoned to parliament as Baron Camville, of Clifton, in the county of Stafford, from 23 June 1295 to 22 February 1307.[9] Camville survived her by about 29 years during which time he retained possession of the barony under the curtesy of England.
The barony was recovered on Geoffrey's death by Maud's son William Martin (died 1324) whose son and heir William FitzMartin died childless in 1326.
The heirs of William Martin (died 1326) were his surviving sister Eleanor Martin (died 1342), who died without children, albeit having married twice, and James Audley, 2nd Baron Audley (died 1386), the son of his other sister Joan Martin (died 1322), by her second husband Nicholas Audley, 1st Baron Audley (died 1316) of Heleigh Castle, Staffordshire. James Audley thus in 1342 inherited his childless aunt Eleanor's moiety of the barony of Barnstaple, giving him possession of the whole. On the death of James Audley, 2nd Baron Audley (1313–1386) in 1386 the barony of Barnstaple passed to his son, Nicholas Audley, 3rd Baron Audley (c. 1328 – 1391), who died without issue. His co-heiresses were his two full-sisters, Joan and Margaret and his half-sister Margaret and their descendants:
James Audley, 2nd Baron Audley (died 1386) during his life had settled the feudal barony of Barnstaple by means of an entail on his heirs male, with remainder to the crown.[28] As all his sons from his two marriages died without male issue, the barony thus became the inheritance of King Richard II (1377–1399), who granted the barony firstly to Robert de Vere, who however was attainted in 1388, when it escheated to the crown. King Richard II then granted it to his half-brother John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter (c. 1352–1400), in tail-male.[28] Audley had also been feudal baron of Dartington, inherited from the Martin family, and this too passed to the crown and was similarly granted to the Duke of Exeter.[29] The feudal barony of Great Torrington was also similarly granted. Holland was loyal to Richard II, and following the latter's deposition by Henry Bolingbroke in 1399, later King Henry IV (1399–1413), Holland rebelled and was executed in 1400. The barony passed to his eldest son, Richard Holland (c. 1390 – 1400), who died later the same year.
From 1425 the barony was held by John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter (c. 1395 – 1447), son and heir of the 1st Duke. On his death in 1447 it passed to his son Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter (1430–1475), who was attainted in 1461 whereupon his possessions were granted to his wife, Anne of York (1439–1476), the second child and eldest surviving daughter of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and an elder sister of Kings Edward IV and Richard III. She divorced her husband and remarried to Thomas St Leger (1440–1483), who held the lands after her death in 1476 by Courtesy of England until his beheading in 1483. In 1483 King Richard III (1483–1485) granted "the Castle and Borough of Barnstaple" to Thomas Everingham,[30] who held it until King Henry VII (1485–1509) deposed Richard III in 1485 and two years later granted it to his mother, Margaret Beaufort.
Queen Mary (1553–1558) granted the barony to Thomas Marrow, MP,[31] though apparently shorn of all its constituent fees and manors, held thenceforth by their tenants directly from the crown as tenants-in-chief. Thus the feudal barony was now one in name only, with no substantial constituent lands or tenants, and conferred no right on its holder of taking a seat in parliament.
This so-called "castle-manor" was soon after acquired from "Samuel Marowe"[32] by Sir John Chichester (died 1569) of Raleigh, in the parish of Pilton just over the River Yeo from Barnstaple, and several leases were granted by him to townspersons of orchards gardens and houses within the walls of the castle.[33] In 1566 Sir John Chichester assigned to the Mayor, Corporation and Burgesses of Barnstaple all his rights and interests in the Manor of Barnstaple.[34] He remained however as lord of the manor of "Castle Court" and as part of the agreement under which he relinquished some of his rights, the corporation was obliged to provide for him two annual "fish dinners". Later this was voluntarily relinquished by his descendant on condition that the Corporation paid instead two annuities of 20 shillings each to various charities in Barnstaple.[35] The ancient "Manor of Hogsfee/Hoggfee" etc. appears to have been connected with the castle manor.[36] In 1732 the Mayor and Aldermen acquired 1/3 of it from John Carew[37] and in 1734 the remaining 2/3 from Thomas Saltren and John Weddon.[38]
The 1326 Inquisition post mortem of William FitzMartin (died 1326) lists his fees pertaining to the Barony of Barnstaple as follows:[39]
| Name of fee | no. of knight's fees | Tenant |
|---|---|---|
| Hesel & Rewes (Rewe[40] including Hazel Barton) | 1 | Walter Tauntefer |
| Essewalter (Ashwater) | 1 | Robert de Karnidon |
| Tappelegh (Tapeley) | 1 | Oliver de Wibbebury |
| Teyngcomb (Teigncombe[41] in Chagford) | 1 | Oliver de Wibbebury |
| Heales (alias Hehales) | 1/2 | Oliver de Wibbebury |
| Pydikwell and Gratton (alias Gretton) (in High Bray) | 1 1/2 | Robert de Cruwes and Jordan le Vautort, co-heirs of Mauger de Sancto Albino |
| Boclonnd and Hurtelegh (Buckland Filleigh) | 1 | Thomas de Fillegh |
| Estboclannd (East Buckland) | 1 | Thomas de Fillegh |
| West Bray (Bray in South Molton) | 1/2 | Thomas de Fillegh |
| Bremelrugg and South Alre (Bremridge & South Aller) | 1 | John Tracy |
| Suttecombe (Sutcombe) | 1 | Richard de Merton |
| Merton | 1 | Richard de Merton |
| Hengestecote (Henscott) | 1/3 | Robert Crues and Jordan de Valle Torta |
| Pillonnd & Barlinton (Pilland and Great Barlington) | 1 | Walter de Pillonnd and of him by Roger de Cornu and Mabel his wife for life of Mabel |
| Rowesbugh (Roborough) | 1 | Baldwin le Fleming |
| wanteslegh & Ebberlegh | 1/20 | John de Lodehiwich |
| Mollond Champens (Molland-Champson) | 1 | John de Whiteby |
| Est Stodelegh (East Stoodleigh) | 1/2 | Robert Marchaunt, which Thomasia relict of Robert his father holds in dower |
| Bonelegh & Little Hampteford (Bondleigh) | 2 | Walter Gaboun |
| Hwich (Huish Beaple) | 1 | Robert Beaupel |
| Wlrington (alias Wolrington) | 1/2 | Matthew de Crouthorn |
| Estbray (East Bray) | 1/4 | Matthew de Crouthorn |
| Mortehoo (Mortehoe) | 1/2 | John de Hardeshull |
| Bitteden (Bittadon) | 1 | Heir of Thomas de Bitteden, a minor |
| Bere & Puppecote (Beara Charter) | 1 | Nicholas Martyn and of him by John Chatri for life |
| Wlrington (West Worlington) | 1 | Nicholas Martyn |
| Medeneford | 1/21 | John de Lodehiwish (alias Lidehewyssh) |
| Middleton | 1 | John de Wes(ton) |
| Hautebray (High Bray) | 1 | Baldwin le Flemyng |
| Little Bray | 1/2 | Baldwin le Flemyng |
| Matting(ho) (Martinhoe) | 1 | John de Penris & Philip ap Wylim |
| Kynewalton | 3/4 | John de Penris & Philip ap Wylim |
| Whetefeld (alias Whitfeld) (Whitefield in Highbray) | 1/3 | John de Penris & Philip ap Wylim |
| Roughlee (Rowley) | 1/2 | John de Penris & Philip ap Wylim |
| Pleystowe (Plaistow) | 1 | Ralph de (Esse of) Thesbergh |
| Ans(ty le Moygne) (Anstey) | 1 | Robert de Stokhey |
| Combe Mounceaux | 1/6 | Heir of Nicholas Marchaunt, a minor |
| Coueleye (Cowley[42]) | 1/2 | Henry de Ca(mpo Arnulphi) |
| Colrigge (Coldridge) | 1 | Henry de Ca(mpo Arnulphi) |
| Lockesbere (Loxbeare) | 1 | (Thomas de Waunford) |
| westdoune & Dene (West Down) | 1 | (Philip de Columbariis) |
| T(helebrugge & Chatemere) (Thelbridge & Chapmoor[43]) | 1 | Heir of John de Benelighe |
| Cloteworthy (Clotworthy) | 1/14 | Oliver de Clotew(orthy) |
| Horton | 1/4 | (Robert de Horton) |
| R(alegh & Choldecombe) (Raleigh, Pilton & Challacombe) | 1 | Thomas son & heir of William de Raleghe, a minor |
| Walworthy, Kuttenore, Trendeleshoo, Sevenash, P(acheshole, Northcote, Cambes)cote & Bridewik | 5 | Thomas son & heir of William de Raleghe, a minor |
| crakeweye (Crackaway later known as Stowford[44]) | 1/4 | Robert Crus |
| Clistracy (Clist House[45]) | 1 | Bishop of Exeter |
| Braunford Speke (Brampford Speke) | 1/2 | Robert de Curteny |
| Northcote Prior's (in Buckland Brewer) | 1/2 | Prior of Pilton in frankalmoin |
| Coriton (Coryton) | 1 | Henry de Chambernoun |
| Wlvelegheye | 1/4 | Robert Beaupiel |
| Aylardesford | 1/20 | William de Aylardesford |
| Little Boy (alias Bovy) | 1/2 | Alwardus Homaz, William le Leche & John de Pount Jordan (Punchardon) |
| Peadehull | 1/2 | Thomas de Peadehull |
| Nether Exe | 1/2 | Baldwin Flemyng |
| Chaggeford (Chagford[46]) | 1 | Oliver de Wybbebury |
| Surton, Milford, North Phrisshel, Thorne, Roude, Kymworthe & Neulond (Sourton, Milford, Northrussel, Thorne,[47] Kimworthy in Bradworthy,[48] Newland[49]) | 2 | William Spek |
| Combe Acastre & Combe Regni | 1 | "Whereof Oliver de Ess holds Combe Acastre & a certain tenant holds Combe Regni" |
| Croulegh (Crealy[50]) | 1 | Prior of St James, Exeter, in frankalmoin |
| Farweye (Farway) | 1 | Abbot of Quarera (Quarr Abbey)in frankalmoin |
| Westhorwode | 3/4 | Walter Gamboun of Merston |