Federal Executive Council (Yugoslavia) Explained

The Federal Executive Council (FEC, Serbo-Croatian, Savezno izvršno vijeće (SIV), Савезно извршно веће (СИВ))was the executive body of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) responsible for state affairs and for supervising the implementation of laws. It consisted of up to 15 members elected by the Federal Assembly for a four-year term and the presidents of executive councils of republics and provinces. The Federal Executive Council played an important role in the Government of the SFRY from its creation in 1953 until the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1992.

Structure

The FEC was led by a President (also called Prime Minister, especially outside Yugoslavia) and two vice presidents (deputy prime ministers), who were elected by the SFRY Federal Assembly on the nomination of the President. Council members (also called secretariats) were elected to equally represent the six republics of Yugoslavia, as well as the two autonomous regions in Serbia, Kosovo and Vojvodina.[1] Both the President and council members of the FEC served terms of four years. The FEC President could not serve more than two consecutive terms, however council members were allowed to serve up to 3 terms under certain statutes. Elections for a new Federal Executive Council would take place after the creation of each new Federal Assembly and their respective constitutions. Members of the FEC automatically resigned their seats in the legislature when elected. The FEC President had the right to call a meeting of the council at any time. The President of the Republic or at least five council members also had the right to call a meeting as well.[2]

The council was composed of six federal secretariats:

The Committee for Foreign Trade and 12 internal secretariats in:

The Federal Executive Council as a whole was considered a cabinet if one was to compare SFR Yugoslavia to other countries at the time.[3] The federal secretariats were the equivalent of ministries in other countries.

Responsibilities

The FEC was responsible for most day to day tasks of the S.F.R.Y assembly. These included reviewing policy set by the S.F.R.Y assembly, creation of federal bills to be submitted to the S.F.R.Y assembly, submission of budget regulations for the Federal Budget, and adopting regulations to enforce Federal Statutes.

The creation of legislation could take the FEC about a year before it is sent to the Federal Assembly. In the 1970s, the FEC was behind the creation of legislation tackling controversial issues in Yugoslavia regarding the six republics. The FEC was one of the few bureaucratic bodies in Yugoslavia that had access to reliable information needed to create effective policies. The 1974 Constitution of Yugoslavia also gave the FEC the right to appoint council members to the new state presidency, which became the administration and command authority for the Yugoslav People's Army. They would appoint the councils of state security, national defense, foreign policy, and protection of the constitutional order.

History

Notable events

During the 1953 revision of the Yugoslav Constitution, Josip Broz Tito was elected both President of Yugoslavia and of the new FEC by a vote of 568-1. Under these revisions, the Yugoslav Government was to function without the Parliament until new elections could take place in the Spring of 1954. The Parliament selected thirty of its own members to serve in the FEC.[4] [5]

In 1962, The League of Communists of Yugoslavia planned a restructuring of the Yugoslav Government. They planned to add a "top council"[6] led by a premier that would take over the role of the FEC, effectively dissolving the council. Any member in this new council could be removed by the Parliament at any time. The 1963 Yugoslav Constitution allowed a new council to be created, but did not dissolve the FEC. Instead, this new council would play a more local role, focusing on culture, social welfare, and public administration in the six republics. Up until 1963, the President of the Council was held simultaneously by the President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. After 1963, the president was elected by the Federal People's Assembly. No government official could hold two office positions at the same time after the 1963 Constitution excluding Tito.[7]

The Council was housed in the SIV 1 building in Belgrade.

After Tito's death in 1980, many of the six republics began to demand more autonomy and were voicing their interest more aggressively. To try and settle negotiations, the FEC relied heavily on temporary measures outlined in the constitution. These measures could not be blocked by protesting delegations and could only be overturned by unanimous decision of the delegations. These measures, that were only supposed to be used for shot-term periods, were used extensively for long periods of time. The FEC's failure to create effective long-term legislation could be seen as one of the many factors leading up to the Breakup of Yugoslavia.

Councils

Second Federal Executive Council of Josip Broz Tito

The Second Federal Executive Council of Josip Broz Tito was Yugoslavia's national government from 30 January 1954 to 19 April 1958. Josip Broz Tito was its president, simultaneously also serving as president of the republic and president of the party.

PortfolioMemberTook officeLeft officePartyNotes
President
PresidentJosip Broz Tito30 January 195419 April 1958SKJPeople's Hero - 6 November 1944
Vice-Presidents
Vice-PresidentEdvard Kardelj30 January 195419 April 1958SKJPeople's Hero - 20 December 1951
Vice-PresidentAleksandar Ranković30 January 195419 April 1958SKJPeople's Hero - 4 July 1945
Vice-PresidentSvetozar Vukmanović30 January 195419 April 1958SKJPeople's Hero - 20 December 1951
Vice-PresidentRodoljub Čolaković30 January 195419 April 1958SKJPeople's Hero - 27 November 1953
State Secretaries
Foreign AffairsKoča Popović30 January 195419 April 1958SKJPeople's Hero - 27 November 1953
National DefenseIvan Gošnjak30 January 195419 April 1958SKJPeople's Hero - 17 November 1953
InteriorSvetislav Stefanović30 January 195419 April 1958SKJPeople's Hero - 27 November 1953
National EconomyHasan Brkić30 January 19541955SKJPeople's Hero - 27 November 1953
National EconomyIvica Gretić19551956SKJ
Budget & State AdministrationNeda Božinović30 January 19541956SKJMarried to People's Hero Dobrivoje Radosavljević.
FinanceAvdo Humo195619 April 1958SKJPeople's Hero - 27 November 1953
Commodity TradeMarijan Brecelj195619 April 1958SKJPeople's Hero - 27 November 1953
Chairs
Foreign TradeHasan Brkić195619 April 1958SKJPeople's Hero - 27 November 1953

Third Federal Executive Council of Josip Broz Tito

The Third Federal Executive Council of Josip Broz Tito was Yugoslavia's national government from 19 April 1958 to 29 June 1963. Josip Broz Tito was its president, simultaneously also serving as national president and general secretary of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia.

PortfolioMemberTook officeLeft officePartyNotes
President
PresidentJosip Broz Tito19 April 195829 June 1963SKJPeople's Hero - 6 November 1944
Vice-Presidents
Vice-PresidentEdvard Kardelj19 April 195829 June 1963SKJPeople's Hero - 20 December 1951
Vice-PresidentAleksandar Ranković19 April 195818 April 1963SKJResigned in April 1963 to become state Vice-President.
People's Hero - 4 July 1945
Vice-PresidentSvetislav Stefanović18 April 196329 June 1963SKJReplaced Aleksandar Ranković in April 1963.
People's Hero - 27 November 1953
Vice-PresidentMijalko Todorović19 April 195829 June 1963SKJPeople's Hero - 5 July 1952
Vice-PresidentRodoljub Čolaković19 April 195829 June 1963SKJPeople's Hero - 27 November 1953
State Secretaries
Foreign AffairsKoča Popović19 April 195829 June 1963SKJPeople's Hero - 27 November 1953
National DefenseIvan Gošnjak19 April 195829 June 1963SKJPeople's Hero - 17 November 1953
InteriorSvetislav Stefanović19 April 195818 April 1963SKJPeople's Hero - 27 November 1953
InteriorVojin Lukić18 April 196329 June 1963SKJReplaced Svetislav Stefanović in April 1963.
People's Hero - 27 November 1953
FinanceNikola Minčev19 April 19581962SKJ
FinanceKiro Gligorov196229 June 1963SKJ
Commodity TradeMarijan Brecelj19 April 195818 April 1963SKJPeople's Hero - 27 November 1953
Commodity TradeDragutin Kosovac18 April 196329 June 1963SKJ
Foreign TradeNikola Džuverović18 April 196329 June 1963SKJ
Chairs
Foreign TradeLjubo Babić19 April 19581960SKJ
Foreign TradeSergej Kraigher196018 April 1963SKJCommittee promoted to secretariat in April 1963.

Members ex officio

PortfolioMemberTook officeLeft officePartyNotes
MemberOsman Karabegović19 April 195829 June 1963SKJPresident of the Executive Council of PR Bosnia and Herzegovina.
MemberJakov Blažević19 April 195810 July 1962SKJPresident of the Executive Council of PR Croatia.
MemberZvonko Brkić19 April 195829 June 1963SKJPresident of the Executive Council of PR Croatia.
MemberLjupčo Arsov19 April 19581961SKJPresident of the Executive Council of PR Macedonia.
MemberAleksandar Grličkov196129 June 1963SKJPresident of the Executive Council of PR Macedonia.
MemberFilip Bajković19 April 195812 July 1962SKJPresident of the Executive Council of PR Montenegro.
MemberĐorđije Pajković12 July 196229 June 1963SKJPresident of the Executive Council of PR Montenegro.
MemberMiloš Minić19 April 19589 June 1962SKJPresident of the Executive Council of PR Serbia.
MemberSlobodan Penezić Krcun9 June 196229 June 1963SKJPresident of the Executive Council of PR Serbia.
MemberBoris Kraigher19 April 195825 June 1962SKJPresident of the Executive Council of PR Slovenia.
MemberViktor Avbelj25 June 196229 June 1963SKJPresident of the Executive Council of PR Slovenia.

First Federal Executive Council of Džemal Bijedić

The First Federal Executive Council of Džemal Bijedić was the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's national government from 30 July 1971 to 16 May 1974.

PortfolioMemberTook officeLeft officePartyRepresenting
President
PresidentDžemal Bijedić30 July 197117 May 1974SKJN/A (SR Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Republican Representatives
Vice-PresidentJakov Sirotković30 July 197117 May 1974SKJSR Croatia
Vice-PresidentAnton Vratuša3 December 197117 May 1974SKJSR Slovenia
MemberMomčilo Cemović30 July 197117 May 1974SKJSR Montenegro
MemberDušan Gligorijević30 July 197117 May 1974SKJSR Serbia
MemberTrpe Jakovlevski30 July 197117 May 1974SKJSR Macedonia
MemberIvo Jerkić30 July 197117 May 1974SKJSR Bosnia and Herzegovina
MemberBorisav Jović30 July 197117 May 1974SKJSR Serbia
MemberMirjana Krstinić30 July 197117 May 1974SKJSR Croatia
MemberEmil Ludviger30 July 197112 July 1973SKJSR Croatia
MemberMarko Orlandic30 July 197117 May 1974SKJSR Montenegro
MemberBlagoj Popov30 July 19713 December 1971SKJSR Macedonia
MemberNikola Stojanović3 December 197117 May 1974SKJSR Bosnia and Herzegovina
MemberImer Pula30 July 197117 May 1974SKJAP Kosovo
MemberGeza Tikvicki30 July 197112 July 1973SKJAP Vojvodina
MemberAnton Vratuša30 July 19713 December 1971SKJSR Slovenia
MemberDragan Milojević3 December 197117 May 1974SKJSR Serbia
State Secretaries
Foreign AffairsMirko Tepavac3 December 19711 November 1972SKJN/A (AP Vojvodina)
Foreign AffairsJakša Petrić1 November 19725 December 1972SKJN/A (SR Croatia)
Foreign AffairsMiloš Minić5 December 197217 May 1974SKJN/A (SR Serbia)
National DefenseNikola Ljubičić30 July 197117 May 1974SKJN/A (SR Serbia)
InteriorDžemal Bijedić30 July 19713 December 1971SKJN/A (SR Bosnia and Herzegovina)
InteriorLuka Banovic3 December 197117 May 1974SKJN/A (SR Montenegro)
FinanceJanko Smole30 July 197117 May 1974SKJN/A (SR Slovenia)
Foreign TradeMuhamed Hadžić30 July 197112 July 1973SKJN/A (SR Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Foreign TradeEmil Ludviger12 July 197317 May 1974SKJN/A (SR Croatia)
EconomyBoško Dimitrijević30 July 197117 May 1974SKJN/A (SR Serbia)
JusticeBoris Snuderl30 July 19713 December 1971SKJN/A (SR Slovenia)
JusticeMugbil Bejzat3 December 197117 May 1974SKJN/A (SR Macedonia)
Labour & Social PolicyVuko Dragašević30 July 197117 May 1974SKJN/A (SR Montenegro)
AgricultureIvo Kuštrak30 July 197117 May 1974SKJN/A (SR Croatia)
Transport & CommunicationBlagoj Popov30 July 197117 May 1974SKJN/A (SR Macedonia)
Federal Executive CouncilIvan Franko30 July 197117 May 1974SKJN/A (SR Slovenia)

Second Federal Executive Council of Džemal Bijedić

The Second Federal Executive Council of Džemal Bijedić was the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's national government from 16 May 1974 to 16 May 1978. Džemal Bijedić was its first president until his death on 18 January 1977. He was subsequently replaced by Veselin Đuranović as president on 15 March to the end of the Federal Executive Council's four-year term.

PortfolioMemberTook officeLeft officePartyRepresenting
President
PresidentDžemal Bijedić30 July 197118 January 1977SKJN/A (SR Bosnia and Herzegovina)
PresidentVeselin Đuranović15 March 197716 May 1978SKJN/A (SR Montenegro)
Republican Representatives
Vice-PresidentMiloš Minić16 May 197416 May 1978SKJSR Serbia
Vice-PresidentBerislav Šefer16 May 197416 May 1978SKJSR Croatia
Vice-PresidentAnton Vratuša16 May 197416 May 1978SKJSR Slovenia
Vice-PresidentDobroslav Ćulafić16 May 197416 May 1978SKJSR Montenegro
MemberMugbil Bejzat16 May 197416 May 1978SKJSR Macedonia
MemberAsen Simitčiev16 May 197416 May 1978SKJSR Macedonia
MemberLjubomir Marković16 May 197416 May 1978SKJSR Montenegro
MemberBorisav Jović16 May 197416 May 1978SKJSR Serbia
MemberFranjo Nađ16 May 197416 May 1978SKJSAP Vojvodina
MemberRadovan Pantović16 May 197416 May 1978SKJSR Serbia
MemberAslan Fazlija16 May 197416 May 1978SKJSAP Kosovo
MemberVajo Skendžić16 May 197416 May 1982SKJSR Croatia
MemberJanko Smole16 May 197416 May 1978SKJSR Slovenia
MemberGojko Ubiparip16 May 197416 May 1978SKJSR Bosnia and Herzegovina
State Secretaries
Foreign AffairsMiloš Minić16 May 197416 May 1978SKJN/A (SR Serbia)
National DefenseNikola Ljubičić18 May 196716 May 1982SKJN/A (SR Serbia)
InteriorFranjo Herljević16 May 197416 May 1982SKJN/A (SR Bosnia and Herzegovina)
FinanceMomčilo Cemović16 May 197416 May 1978SKJN/A (SAP Montenegro)
Foreign TradeEmil Ludviger16 May 197416 May 1978SKJN/A (SR Croatia)
Market and PricesImer Pulja16 May 197416 May 1982SKJN/A (SAP Kosovo)
JusticeIvan Franko16 May 197416 May 1978SKJN/A (SR Slovenia)
Chairs
InformationMuhamed Berberović16 May 197416 May 1978SKJN/A (SR Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Energy & IndustryDušan Ilijević16 May 197416 May 1978SKJN/A (SAP Vojvodina)
AgricultureIvan Kuštrak16 May 197416 May 1978SKJN/A (SR Croatia)
Transport & CommunicationsBoško Dimitrijević16 May 197416 May 1978SKJN/A (SR Serbia)
Labour, Health & Social ProtectionZora Tomić16 May 197416 May 1978SKJN/A (SR Slovenia)
Veterans & Disabled PersonsMara Radić16 May 197416 May 1978SKJN/A (SR Bosnia and Herzegovina)
TourismMilan Vukasović16 May 197416 May 1978SKJN/A (SR Montenegro)
Economic Relations with Developing CountriesStojan Andov16 May 197416 May 1978SKJN/A (SR Macedonia)
Labour and EmploymentSvetozar Pepovski16 May 197416 May 1978SKJN/A (SR Macedonia)
Sciences and CultureTrpe Jakovlevski16 May 197416 May 1978SKJN/A (SR Macedonia)
Social PlanningMilorad Birovljev16 May 197416 May 1978SKJN/A (SAP Vojvodina)
LegislationAleksandar Fira16 May 197416 May 1982SKJN/A (SR Serbia)

Federal Executive Council of Veselin Đuranović

The Federal Executive Council of Veselin Đuranović was the Yugoslavia's national government from 16 May 1978 to 16 May 1982. The federal executive council had 29 members. Veselin Đuranović was its president. Another 14 members represented the country's six republics (with two members each) and the two autonomous provinces (with one member each), serving as either vice-presidents or as members without portfolio. The remaining 14 members served as federal secretaries and chairmen.

PortfolioMemberTook officeLeft officePartyRepresenting
President
PresidentVeselin Đuranović16 May 197816 May 1982SKJN/A (SR Montenegro)
Republican Representatives
Vice-PresidentBranislav Ikonić16 May 197816 May 1982SKJSR Serbia
Vice-PresidentIvo Margan16 May 197816 May 1982SKJSR Croatia
Vice-PresidentAndrej Marinc16 May 197816 May 1982SKJSR Slovenia
Vice-PresidentDragoljub Stavrev16 May 197816 May 1982SKJSR Macedonia
Vice-PresidentGojko Ubiparip16 May 197816 May 1982SKJSR Bosnia and Herzegovina
MemberStojan Andov16 May 197816 May 1982SKJSR Macedonia
MemberVuko Dragašević16 May 197816 May 1982SKJSR Montenegro
MemberSlobodan Gligorijević16 May 197816 May 1982SKJSR Serbia
MemberDušan Ilijević16 May 197816 May 1982SKJSAP Vojvodina
MemberRadoje Kontić16 May 197816 May 1982SKJSR Montenegro
MemberBogoljub Nedeljković16 May 197816 May 1982SKJSAP Kosovo
MemberVajo Skendžić16 May 197816 May 1982SKJSR Croatia
MemberBoris Snuderl16 May 197816 May 1982SKJSR Slovenia
MemberŠukrija Uzunović16 May 197816 May 1982SKJSR Bosnia and Herzegovina
State Secretaries
Foreign AffairsJosip Vrhovec16 May 197816 May 1982SKJN/A (SR Croatia)
National DefenseNikola Ljubičić18 May 196716 May 1982SKJN/A (SR Serbia)
InteriorFranjo Herljević17 May 197416 May 1982SKJN/A (SR Bosnia and Herzegovina)
FinancePetar Kostić16 May 197816 May 1982SKJN/A (SAP Slovenia)
Foreign TradeMetod Rotar16 May 197816 May 1982SKJN/A (SR Macedonia)
Market and PricesImer Pulja16 May 197816 May 1982SKJN/A (SAP Kosovo)
JusticeLuka Banović16 May 197816 May 1982SKJN/A (SR Montenegro)
InformationIsmail Bajra16 May 197816 May 1982SKJN/A (SAP Kosovo)
Chairs
Energy & IndustryStojan Matkalijev16 May 197811 May 1982SKJN/A (SR Macedonia)
AgricultureMilovan Zidar16 May 197816 May 1982SKJN/A (SR Slovenia)
Transport & CommunicationsAnte Zelić16 May 197816 May 1982SKJN/A (SR Croatia)
Labour, Health & Social ProtectionSvetozar Pepovski16 May 197816 May 1982SKJN/A (SR Macedonia)
Veterans & Disabled PersonsMilan Vukasović16 May 197816 May 1982SKJN/A (SR Serbia)
LegislationAleksandar Fira16 May 197816 May 1982SKJN/A (SR Serbia)

Federal Executive Council of Milka Planinc

The Federal Executive Council of Milka Planinc was Yugoslavia's national government from 16 May 1982 to 16 May 1986. The federal executive council had 29 members. Milka Planinc was its president. Another 14 members represented the country's six republics (with two members each) and the two autonomous provinces (with one member each), serving as either vice-presidents or as members without portfolio. The remaining 14 members served as federal secretaries and chairmen.

PortfolioMemberTook officeLeft officePartyRepresenting
President
PresidentMilka Planinc16 May 198216 May 1986SKJN/A (SR Croatia)
National Representatives
Vice-PresidentZvone Dragan16 May 198216 May 1984SKJSR Slovenia
Vice-PresidentJanez Zemljarič16 May 198416 May 1986SKJSR Slovenia
Vice-PresidentBorislav Srebrić16 May 198216 May 1986SKJSR Serbia
Vice-PresidentMijat Šuković16 May 198216 May 1986SKJSR Montenegro
MemberBoro Denkov16 May 198216 May 1986SKJSR Macedonia
MemberŽivorad Kovačević16 May 198216 May 1986SKJSR Serbia
MemberNedeljko Mandić16 May 198216 May 1986SKJSR Bosnia and Herzegovina
MemberIvo Margan16 May 198216 May 1984SKJSR Croatia
MemberLjubomir Baban16 May 198416 May 1986SKJSR Croatia
MemberSpasoje Medenica16 May 198216 May 1986SKJSR Montenegro
MemberAbdulah Mutapčić16 May 198216 May 1984SKJSR Bosnia and Herzegovina
MemberAnte Sučić16 May 198416 May 1986SKJSR Bosnia and Herzegovina
MemberMito Pejovski16 May 198216 May 1986SKJSR Macedonia
MemberJanko Smole16 May 198216 May 1984SKJSR Slovenia
MemberJan Jerne16 May 198416 May 1986SKJSR Slovenia
MemberJon Srbovan16 May 198216 May 1986SKJSAP Vojvodina
MemberRikard Štajner16 May 198216 May 1986SKJSR Croatia
MemberDimitrije Tasić16 May 198216 May 1986SKJSAP Kosovo
State Secretaries
Foreign AffairsLazar Mojsov16 May 198216 May 1984SKJN/A (SR Macedonia)
Foreign AffairsRaif Dizdarević16 May 198416 May 1986SKJN/A (SR Bosnia and Herzegovina)
National DefenseBranko Mamula16 May 198216 May 1986SKJN/A (SR Croatia)
InteriorStane Dolanc16 May 198216 May 1984SKJN/A (SR Slovenia)
InteriorDobroslav Ćulafić16 May 198416 May 1986SKJN/A (SR Montenegro)
FinanceJože Florjančič16 May 198213 December 1983SKJN/A (SR Slovenia)
FinanceVlado Klemenčič13 December 198316 May 1986SKJN/A (SR Slovenia)
Foreign TradeMilenko Bojanić16 May 198416 May 1986SKJN/A (SR Serbia)
Market and PricesLuka Reljić16 May 198216 May 1984SKJN/A (SR Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Market and PricesSiniša Korica16 May 198416 May 1986SKJN/A (SAP Vojvodina)
JusticeBorislav Krajina16 May 198216 May 1986SKJN/A (SR Bosnia and Herzegovina)
InformationMitko Čalovski16 May 198217 July 1985SKJN/A (SR Macedonia)
InformationAleksandar Petković17 July 198516 May 1986SKJN/A (SR Serbia)
Chairs
Energy & IndustryRade Pavlović16 May 198216 May 1986SKJN/A (SR Croatia)
AgricultureMilorad Stanojević16 May 198216 May 1986SKJN/A (SR Montenegro)
Transport & CommunicationsNazmi Mustafa16 May 198216 May 1984SKJN/A (SAP Kosovo)
Transport & CommunicationsMustafa Pljakić16 May 198416 May 1986SKJN/A (SAP Kosovo)
Labour, Health & Social ProtectionĐorđe Jakovljević16 May 198216 May 1986SKJN/A
Veterans & Disabled PersonsDragomir Nikolić16 May 198216 May 1984SKJN/A
Veterans & Disabled PersonsJovko Jovkovski16 May 198416 May 1986SKJN/A (SR Macedonia)
LegislationJanko Česnik16 May 198216 July 1983SKJN/A (SR Slovenia)
LegislationPetar Vajović16 July 198316 May 1986SKJN/A (SR Serbia)

References

  1. Web site: Curtis. Glenn. 1992. Yugoslavia : a country study. 2020-11-12. Library of Congress. 185–186.
  2. Book: Durovia, Dragoljub. Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Dopisna delavska univerza. 1974. 270–274.
  3. Book: Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. Yugoslavia: Federal Executive Council: a reference aid. Central Intelligence Agency. 1987. 2-Dimensional Graphic. 26018894 .
  4. News: Parliament Vote Revises Yugoslavia's Constitution. The New York Times . 2020-11-12. en.
  5. News: YUGOSLAVS ELECT TITO AS PRESIDENT; Deputies Vote 568 to 1 to Place Marshal in New Post Under Revised Constitution. The New York Times . 2020-11-12. en.
  6. News: Yugoslavs Plan Cabinet Set-Up But Tito Will Remain the Boss. The New York Times . 2020-11-12. en.
  7. Web site: Curtis. Glenn. 1992. Yugoslavia : a country study. 2020-11-12. Library of Congress. 50–51.