February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm explained

February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm should not be confused with February 15–20, 2021 North American winter storm.

February 13–17, 2021, North American winter storm
Rsi:8.048
Winds:65
Winds-Suffix:
(1-minute sustained winds)
Pressure:960
Lowest-Temperature:-30
Maximum-Snow:26inches
Basin:atl
Tornadoes:6
Fujita-Scale:EF3
Winds:140
Year:2021
Deaths:≥290 (426–978 estimated in Texas)
Damages-Prefix:≥
Damages:25500000000
Outages:>9,924,000
Affected:United States, Canada, Northern Mexico, British Isles, Iceland, Southern Greenland
Refs:[1] [2] [3]
[4] [5]
Season:2020–21 North American winter and tornado outbreaks of 2021

The February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm was a crippling, large and major winter and ice storm that had widespread impacts across the United States, Northern Mexico, and parts of Canada from February 13 to 17, 2021. The storm, unofficially referred to as Winter Storm Uri by the Weather Channel, started out in the Pacific Northwest and quickly moved into the Southern United States, before moving on to the Midwestern and Northeastern United States a couple of days later.

The storm resulted in the National Weather Service issuing various winter weather alerts impacting over 170 million Americans. Over 9.9 million people in the U.S. and Mexico experienced blackouts, many due to a major power crisis in Texas,[6] [7] [8] which became the largest in the U.S. since the Northeast blackout of 2003. The storm contributed to a severe cold wave that affected most of North America. The storm also brought severe destructive weather to Southeastern United States, including several tornadoes. On February 16, there were at least 20 direct fatalities and 13 indirect fatalities attributed to the storm;[9] [10] by January 2, 2022, the death toll had risen to at least 290, including 276 people in the United States and 14 people in Mexico.[3] [11]

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration officially documented US$26.5 billion in damage in the United States from the winter storm.[1] Aon PLC, a finance company, estimated the system to have cost over $196.5 billion in damages, including at least $195 billion in the United States and over $1.5 billion in Mexico. This would make it the costliest winter storm on record and the costliest natural disaster recorded in the United States at the time.[12] It was also the deadliest winter storm in North America since the 1993 Storm of the Century, which killed 318 people.[13]

Meteorological history

On February 13, a frontal storm developed off the coast of the Pacific Northwest and moved ashore, before moving southeastward, with the storm becoming disorganized in the process.[14] [15] During this time, the storm reached a minimum pressure of 992mbar over the Rocky Mountains. On the same day, The Weather Channel gave the storm the unofficial name Winter Storm Uri; the Federal Communications Commission adopted the name in their reports from February 17.[16] From February 12 to 13, a trough dipped southward from Northern California into northern Mexico, which channeled moisture from Texas towards the storm, as the system moved southeastward.[17] Over the next couple of days, the storm began to develop as it entered the Southern United States and moved into Texas.[18] From February 13 to 14, a second, much larger trough developed over Central United States, aided by a southward shift from the polar vortex, while the winter storm moved into Texas. The trough became fully developed by February 15, channeling significant amounts of moisture into the winter storm and also contributing to a historic cold wave that affected most of the Central and Eastern United States. Winds in the jet stream reached 170 mph (275 km/h) around the trough. On February 15, the system developed a new surface low off the coast of the Florida Panhandle, as the storm turned northeastward and expanded in size.[19]

On February 16, the storm developed another low-pressure center to the north as the system grew more organized, while moving towards the northeast.[20] Later that day, the storm broke in half, with the newer storm moving northward into Quebec, while the original system moved off the East Coast of the U.S.[21] By the time the winter storm exited the U.S. late on February 16, the combined snowfall from the multiple winter storms within the past month had left nearly 75% of the contiguous United States covered by snow, which was the largest amount of snow cover seen in the United States since early 2003.[22] [23] On February 17, the storm's secondary low dissipated as the system approached landfall on Newfoundland, intensifying in the process.[24] At 12:00 UTC that day, the storm's central pressure reached 985mbar, as the center of the storm moved over Newfoundland.[25] On the same day, the storm was given the name Belrem by the Free University of Berlin.[26] The storm continued to strengthen as it moved across the North Atlantic, with the storm's central pressure dropping to 960mbar by February 19.[27] [28] On February 20, the storm developed a second-low pressure area and gradually began to weaken, as it moved northwestward towards Iceland.[29] [30] Afterward, the storm turned westward and moved across southern Greenland on February 22, weakening even further as it did so.[31] The storm then stalled south of Greenland, while continuing to weaken, before dissipating on February 24.[32] [33]

Preparations and impact

All warnings and advisories issued in the Central and Eastern United States due to the storm
 Winter Storm Warning
 Winter Storm Watch
 Winter Weather Advisory

United States

On February 14, the expected impacts from the storm resulted in over 170 million Americans being placed under various winter weather alerts across the United States, which saw the largest portion of the country covered by winter weather alerts in 15 years. Over 120 million of those people were placed under winter storm warnings or ice storm warnings by the National Weather Service.[34] The winter storm caused power grids to fail across the U.S., causing blackouts for over 5.2 million homes and businesses, the vast majority of which were in the state of Texas, which became one of the largest blackout events in modern U.S. history,[35] the largest one since the Northeast blackout of 2003.[36] The storm was initially reported to have caused 70 deaths across the United States,[37] [38] later updated to at least 276 people dead, 246 of them in Texas.[3] A BuzzFeed study in May 2021 estimated that the winter storm may have killed a total of 702 people in Texas, which would add hundreds of deaths to the official death toll if verified. The system was estimated by NOAA to have cost $21 billion in damage in the United States, making it the costliest winter storm in U.S. history at the time.[39] City of Austin and Travis County officials estimated that the winter storm caused at least $195 billion in damage in Texas, making the winter storm the single-costliest natural disaster in the history of Texas and the United States as a whole. Some insurance firms had estimated a damage total of between 195 and 295 billion dollars.[40] [41]

Northwest

The winter storm was the second of the two snowstorms that swept through the region within a one-week period. 11.1inches of snow in Seattle, Washington, compounded the previous storm.[42] This was the largest two-day snowfall recorded in Seattle since 1972.[43]

The Portland metro area was hit very hard by the storm, which brought a mix of snow and ice to the region. 9.4inches of snow fell at Portland International Airport on February 12–13, the most snow to fall over this city in a two-day period since 1968.[43] Over 270,000 people were left without power in the region,[44] with 401miles of power lines needing to be restored.[45] The storm led to the largest power outage in state history.[46] Around 45miles of Interstate 84 was shut down due to the storm.[47] Governor Kate Brown declared a state of emergency.[48] Four people were killed in Oregon by carbon monoxide poisoning. Damage in Oregon totaled $26,874,426.[49]

9.9inches of snow fell in Boise, Idaho, during this same time period, making this the largest recorded two-day snowfall event for that city since 1996.[43] In Salt Lake City, the 11.7inches made this storm their snowiest February day on record.[50]

Southwest

The storm brought heavy snow and bitterly cold temperatures to Colorado and New Mexico. Snow amounts in Colorado ranged from a few inches in the north to over 2feet in the San Juan Mountains in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado.[51] In New Mexico, the storm system brought a combination of heavy snow, strong winds, and bitterly cold temperatures. On February 14, a Blizzard Warning was issued for the Albuquerque metro area due to strong winds exceeding 50mph, cold temperatures, and blowing snow.[52] Meanwhile, Winter Storm Warnings were issued for much of the rest of New Mexico. Up to 2feet of snow fell in the mountains of northern and central New Mexico. Snow amounts in the Albuquerque metro area ranged from 2inchesto6inchesin (toin). Interstate Highway 40 through the Albuquerque metro area was closed for several hours due to numerous motor vehicle crashes caused by the icy conditions.[53] Southern New Mexico received up to 2inches of snow accumulation, with locally higher amounts in the mountains.[54]

Central and Southern Plains

See also: 2021 Texas power crisis and February 2021 North American cold wave. With the threat of icing, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) pre-treated roadways, using a brine-salt mix, across six Southeast Texas counties.[55] For the first time on record, the National Weather Service (through its 13 regional offices serving Texas and adjoining portions of Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arkansas and Louisiana) issued Winter Storm Warnings for all 254 counties in the state. In addition, Houston saw their first ever wind chill warning, as wind chills dipped to 0F.[56] Wind chills predicted to be at or below -18F promoted the first ever wind chill warning for Dallas as well.[57]

On February 14–15, the storm dropped prolific amounts of snow across Texas and Oklahoma. As a result of the winter storm and a concurrent cold wave, power grids—unable to sustain the higher-than-normal energy and heating demand from residential and business customers—failed across the Texas Interconnection; at the peak of the outages, at least 4.5 million Texas residents were left without electricity. Two of the electricity reliability commissions servicing the Southern U.S., the Southwest Power Pool (SPP) and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), ordered rolling blackouts for 14 states amid the frigid temperatures, in an attempt to manage the strain on the power grid and prevent widespread, long-duration blackouts. The controlled outages were initiated after the Southwest Power Pool declared Level 3 Emergency Energy Alerts on both February 15 and 16; the SPP and ERCOT faced criticism by government officials and residents in the region for the limited advanced notice of the outages, and for not outlining the specific areas serviced by SPP partner utilities that would be affected.[58] [59] [60]

At one point during the rolling outages, over 4.2 million people across the south-central states were left without power, with over 3.5 million of them in Texas alone.[61] The rolling blackouts led to calls by Governor Greg Abbott for the Texas Legislature to conduct investigations into preparations and decisions undertaken by ERCOT in advance of the storm.[62] Some of the blackouts were initiated as several cities throughout the Central and Southern Plains experienced record overnight low temperatures: on February 16 alone, daily record lows were broken in Oklahoma City (-14F, the city's coldest temperature since 1899 and its second-coldest on record), Dallas (-2F, the city's coldest temperature since 1930 and its second-coldest on record), Houston (13F, the city's coldest temperature since 1989), San Antonio (5F, the city's coldest temperature since 1989) and Little Rock (-1F, the city's coldest temperature since 1989), with all-time low temperatures being set in Fayetteville, Arkansas (-20F) and Hastings, Nebraska (-30F).[63]

Rolling blackouts, longer-duration power outages and ice accretion caused by the precipitation and unusually cold temperatures (for the region's climate) caused widespread disruptions to water distribution systems across the Southern Plains. There were water line breaks in many areas, and power disruptions affected water treatment plants in parts of the region that forced several cities—including Houston, San Antonio, Fort Worth, Abilene, Austin, Killeen and Arlington, Texas; and Shreveport, Louisiana—to enact residential boil-water orders (i.e., to boil drinking water to kill pathogens);[64] [65] [66] [67] [68] By February 18, more than 13 million people in Texas lived in areas where boiling water was advised,[69] or using bottled water if heating was not possible.[70] This led to shortages of bottled water in Houston grocery stores.[71] Pipe bursts caused significant damage to numerous residences in the Dallas area and other areas of North Texas.[72]

After consulting Dallas Mayor Eric Johnson, two National Hockey League games between the Nashville Predators and the Dallas Stars that were scheduled for the evenings of February 15 and 16 at American Airlines Center were postponed.[73] [74] In contrast, the Oklahoma City Thunder opted to hold their February 16 home game against the Portland Trail Blazers as scheduled, even as most other buildings in Downtown Oklahoma City decided to turn off lighting and electrical equipment overnight to reduce strain on the city's power grid; the NBA team stated that Chesapeake Energy Arena would take steps to conserve power while the game was being played, including turning off concourse lighting, video panels, exterior signage and most outdoor lighting.[75] [76] The Memphis Grizzlies also played against the Oklahoma City Thunder without fans due to the storm.[77]

Due to the deregulated electricity market and the spike in demand, wholesale electricity prices increased, in some places by 10,000 percent, from February 10,[78] leading to extremely high bills[79] of up to $450 for one day's use.[80] Power outages even affected the Big Bend National Park.[81] On February 17, U.S. Senator Ted Cruz stirred controversy when he was filmed boarding an airplane to Cancún, Mexico with his family. He returned to Houston the following day, and admitted he had scheduled the vacation to avoid freezing conditions inside their home.[82]

In Oklahoma, winter storm warnings were issued for all 77 counties in the state ahead of the storm by National Weather Service offices in Norman, Tulsa, Amarillo and Shreveport. Governor Kevin Stitt also issued a statewide winter weather State of Emergency on February 12, as the state was already dealing with effects from minor winter weather events and prolonged sub-freezing temperatures from previous days.[83] Widespread areas of 3inches-8inchesin (-in) snowfall were recorded throughout the state, with locally higher amounts. Roosevelt saw 12inches of snow, the highest total measured in the state during the event.[84]

The heavy, blowing snow caused massive travel issues across the state on February 14. By 5:20 p.m. CST that day, the Oklahoma Highway Patrol had responded to 56 non-injury collisions, 24 injury collisions, and 116 motorist assists.[85] A fiery crash involving multiple vehicles, including two semi-trucks, shut down the Turner Turnpike near Hiwassee Road in northeastern Oklahoma County, with westbound traffic being diverted to the Kickapoo Turnpike and eastbound traffic being diverted to I-35.[86] Another vehicle collision on I-35 near Braman caused one fatality.[87] The record cold temperatures during the event also caused a dam at Lake Overholser to completely freeze over.[88]

By February 16, the storm had killed at least 17 people across the South.[89] By February 18, the death toll rose to at least 47.[90] [91] [92] At least 10 people in Texas died in weather-related incidents since February 14, including a mother and a child due to carbon monoxide poisoning.[93] By January 2, 2022, the Texas State Government revised the official death toll in Texas to 246.[3] Nine other people in the South, outside Texas, died as a result of the system or through indirect storm-related incidents.[93] [87] According to a BuzzFeed study in May 2021, based on the excess mortalities in Texas in February 2021, the actual death toll of the winter storm may range from 426 to 978 in Texas, with a mean estimate of 702, which would add hundreds of deaths to the official death toll, if verified.[94] The official death toll was modified in December 2021 with the Texas Department of State Health Services announcing a death toll of 246.[95]

The storm was also partially responsible for a nationwide chicken shortage, due to the freezing temperatures, widespread power and water outages that lasted days.[96] [97] [98] [99] [100]

Great Lakes

Chicago along with other cities in northern Illinois received up to 14- of snow along with winds up to 20mph. Due to the snowstorm, several Chicago Transit Authority trains suspended operations on February 16.[101] Chicago experienced its snowiest 3-week period since 1979.[102] Indianapolis, Indiana, received about 7inches of snow as well as Detroit, Michigan, also had 7inches of snow. Toledo, Ohio, received 14.5inches of snow, the third-highest two-day snowfall record, and the highest since 1912. Other Northern Ohio cities received up to 10- of snow while cities in the central part received up to 3inches of snow like in Columbus, Ohio.[103] After the storm, Milwaukee set a record for deepest snow depth ever.[104]

Tornado outbreak

A severe weather outbreak struck the Southeastern United States on February 15, with large hail, damaging winds, and six tornadoes affecting five states.[105] An EF2 tornado destroyed two homes and damaged trees near Damascus, Georgia, injuring five people. A more destructive high-end EF3 tornado struck the Ocean Ridge Plantation neighborhood near Sunset Beach, North Carolina, causing major damage to many homes, some of which were leveled or swept away, before moving into rural areas and damaging or snapping hundreds of trees. This tornado killed three and injured 10.[106] [107]

Confirmed tornadoes
EF#! scope="col" style="width:7%; text-align:center;" class="unsortable"
LocationCounty / ParishStateStart Coord.Time (UTC)Path lengthMax widthSummary
EF0NW of Panama City BeachBayFL20:02–20:041.31abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA high-end EF0 tornado caused minor damage to structures, poles, benches, and fencing occurred near the beach and at Frank Brown Park in Gulf Resort Beach.[108]
EF0W of Compass LakeWashingtonFL20:39–20:410.71abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief high-end EF0 tornado pulled out an outbuilding anchored by wooden poles in shallow concrete, lofting it 20yd. Several pine trees were snapped along a driveway. Further north, a double wide manufactured home had minor roof damage. Several other trees were uprooted along the path.[109]
EF0WNW of Lake CityColumbiaFL21:17–21:210.25abbr=onNaNabbr=on60abbr=onNaNabbr=onThere was sporadic damage to trees, fences roofs and other damage to residential buildings. A fence panel was blown about 750feet.[110]
EF0ENE of DesserSeminoleGA21:29–21:300.5abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onTrees were blown down in a rural area. No structural damage was found, but a brief tornado debris signature appeared on radar.[111]
EF2S of Damascus to E of Iveys MillEarly, BakerGA21:38–21:4811.58abbr=onNaNabbr=on600abbr=onNaNabbr=onThis strong tornado first touched down just west of SR 45, where it snapped several trees and damaged the roofs of some homes. Further northeast, the tornado reached its peak intensity as it completely destroyed two small and unanchored homes just south of Damascus, one made of concrete blocks, and the other made of wood with a concrete block foundation. Only scattered debris and the foundations remained of these structures, and a nearby detached garage was also completely destroyed. A truck was tossed from the garage, and cars were heavily damaged. Five injuries occurred at these homes. A third home sustained damage to its exterior and was shifted off its foundation. Trees were also snapped or uprooted, with two cases of metal poles being lodged into trees. A propane tank was dislodged and moved, and power lines went down. Farther northeast, the tornado weakened as it snapped and uprooted more trees. Some minor roofing damage occurred before the tornado lifted.[112] [113]
EF3N of Sunset Beach to SW of DelcoBrunswickNC04:34–05:0221.9abbr=onNaNabbr=on275abbr=onNaNabbr=on3 deaths – See section on this tornado – 10 people were injured.
Sunset Beach–Delco, North Carolina
Sunset Beach–Delco, North Carolina
Formed:February 15, 2021, 11:34 p.m. EST
Duration:28 minutes
Dissipated:February 16, 2021, 12:02 a.m. EST
Basin:atl
Fujita-Scale:EF3
Winds:160mph[114]
Fatalities:3
Injuries:10
Power Outages:37,000[115]

This destructive tornado touched down at the north edge of Sunset Beach, just north of the border with South Carolina, damaging numerous pine trees and limbs at EF0 intensity as it crossed NC 179, before rapidly intensifying to EF2 strength as it neared NC 904.[114] A tornado warning was not issued until after the tornado touched down and began causing damage.[116] As the tornado crossed the road, a large metal building was destroyed and a number of RVs were overturned. Still rapidly strengthening, the tornado entered Grissettown and struck the Ocean Ridge Plantation subdivision at its peak intensity of high-end EF3. A community garden center and two homes were leveled at this location, one of which was swept completely away. This home was well-constructed, but built on a block foundation, and vehicles parked at the site were moved only short distances. Dozens of other nearby homes were damaged, some of which sustained loss of roofs and exterior walls. Many large trees were snapped and denuded in the subdivision, and a car was overturned. All three fatalities occurred in the Ocean Ridge Plantation subdivision. The tornado then abruptly weakened but reached its maximum width as it crossed US 17 between Grissettown and Cool Run as it exited Ocean Ridge Plantation at EF1 strength, rolling a double-wide mobile home on the north side of the highway. As the tornado continued northeast, it reintensifed to EF2 strength, causing major damage to several homes and snapping hundreds of trees. It then inflicted a continuous path of tree damage through forest and swamp land, crossing NC 130 and NC 211.[114] The tornado finally lifted east of NC 211.[117]

The tornado was on the ground for 28 minutes, traveled 21.9miles, and had peak width of 275yd. The tornado caused three deaths, making it the sixth consecutive year with tornado fatalities in February and also making this tornado the deadliest single tornado in Southeastern North Carolina since an F3 touched down on November 16, 2006,[118] and the first deadly tornado in Brunswick County.[119] There were also ten injuries.[120]

Mexico

The winter storm strained the power grids in northern Mexico, leading to cascading blackouts for 4.7 million homes and businesses in Mexico. Temperatures as low as -18°C were recorded, as shortages of natural gas led to blackouts in Nuevo León, Coahuila, Tamaulipas, and Chihuahua along the border with Texas.[121] At least 14 people died in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua; Río Bravo and Matamoros, Tamaulipas; and Monterrey, Nuevo León; due to the winter storm.[122] [123] President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) said on February 17 that Mexico would increase the use of oil and coal to produce electricity, as well as purchase three shiploads of natural gas to deal with power shortages. He also warned that periodic local outages would continue through February 21.[124] Local authorities said that no hospitals had been left without electricity at any time.[125] The storm was estimated to have caused over US$1.5 billion in damages in Mexico.

Canada

In Ontario, snowfall warnings were issued in advance of the winter storm. School bus service was cancelled across the Greater Toronto Area, and schools were completely closed in Halton and Durham.[126] 20cm (10inches) of snow fell in Windsor, 12cm (05inches) at Toronto Pearson International Airport and 18cm (07inches) fell in Ottawa. The highest totals in the region were the over 30cm (10inches) in and around the Hamilton and Niagara Region.[127]

Aftermath

The storm was shortly followed by another major winter storm a few days later, which caused at least an additional 29 fatalities and US$2 billion in damage, worsening the 2021 Texas power crisis and hampering recovery efforts in the state.[128] [129] [130]

On June 14, 2024, the Supreme Court of Texas ruled on a case regarding the incident, holding that the Public Utility Commission of Texas acted within its authority as a state agency in taking emergency measures that raised the price of electricity, and was therefore immune from suit.[131]

See also

External links

Notes and References

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  4. News: Aldhous . Peter . Lee . Stephanie . Hirji . Zahra . The Texas Winter Storm And Power Outages Killed Hundreds More People Than The State Says . 21 October 2021 . BuzzFeed News . 26 May 2021.
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  41. Web site: Winter storm could cost Texas more money than any disaster in state history. Mitchell. Ferman. The Texas Tribune. February 25, 2021. March 5, 2021.
  42. Web site: Major Winter Storm Smashed Records in Texas, Spreading Snow, Damaging Ice From the South Into the Midwest, Northeast. weather.com. The Weather Company. en-US. February 15, 2021. February 15, 2021.
  43. AlexJLamers. Alex. Lamers. February 16, 2021. February 19, 2021. On Friday and Saturday, February 12-13, Seattle (Sea-Tac) and Portland (PDX) had their largest two-day snowfall in about five decades, 11.1" at Sea-Tac, most since 1972, 9.4" at PDX, most since 1968...Also further inland, 9.9" at Boise, most since 1996. 1361854135302303744.
  44. News: Hundreds of Thousands Without Power in Northwest US Ice Storm Voice of America – English . Voice of America . Associated Press . February 13, 2021 . en . February 19, 2021 . February 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210215144548/https://www.voanews.com/usa/hundreds-thousands-without-power-northwest-us-ice-storm . live .
  45. https://portlandgeneral.com/news/2021-03-01-pge-restoration-complete-from-february-winter-storms stormsPGE: Restoration complete from February winter storms
  46. https://www.wweek.com/news/2021/02/15/last-nights-ice-storm-caused-the-largest-power-outage-in-oregon-history/ Last Night’s Ice Storm Caused the Largest Power Outage in Oregon History
  47. https://www.koin.com/news/oregon/winter-storm-odot-wsdot-trimet-roads-transit-02122021/ Storm will continue through Saturday
  48. Web site: February 13, 2021. Hundreds of thousands without power in Northwest ice storm. February 15, 2021. AP News.
  49. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/150aa3d2141645da84c476d8ee9ee0e8 2021 February Winter Storm Spotlight
  50. https://www.sltrib.com/news/2021/02/17/record-breaking-snowstorm/ Record-breaking snowstorm wreaks havoc in Utah
  51. Web site: Colorado snow totals for Feb. 13-14, 2021 . Denver Post . February 14, 2021 . Fries . Tynin . 23 February 2021 .
  52. Web site: Blizzard, severe weather warnings remains in effect for many parts of the state . KRQE-TV . Albuquerque, NM . February 14, 2021 . 23 February 2021 . Tosterud . Grant.
  53. Web site: Winter storm brings arctic weather to New Mexico . Albuquerque Journal . February 14, 2021 . 23 February 2021 . Carrillo . Edmundo .
  54. Web site: Brr! Winter storm freezes Mesilla Valley . Las Cruces Sun News . 14 February 2021 . 23 February 2021 . Fish . Nathan J..
  55. Web site: Crews prepare for icy roads ahead of potential winter storm. Steve. Campion. ABC13. February 12, 2021. February 14, 2021.
  56. https://www.foxweather.com/extreme-weather/the-great-texas-freeze-triggered-houstons-first-ever-wind-chill-warning The Great Texas Freeze triggered Houston's first-ever Wind Chill Warning
  57. https://www.cbsnews.com/dfw/news/first-ever-wind-chill-warning-north-texas/ First-Ever Wind Chill Warning Issued For North Texas
  58. Web site: 14 states face rolling blackouts amid massive winter storms, after a major US power grid declared an energy emergency. Kelly. McLaughlin. Insider. February 15, 2021. February 15, 2021.
  59. News: Autullo . Ryan . 'Basically we're stuck here': 40% of Austin Energy homes without power amid failed 'rotating blackouts' . February 15, 2021 . Austin American-Statesman . Austin American Statesman . February 15, 2021 . February 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210215203200/https://www.statesman.com/story/news/2021/02/15/austin-power-outage-40-without-power-amid-austin-energys-rolling-blackouts/6752667002/ . live .
  60. News: Rojas . Rick . Live Updates: Winter Storm Barrels Across Huge Band of U.S. . February 15, 2021 . The New York Times . February 15, 2021 . February 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210215150140/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/02/15/us/winter-storm-weather-live#storm-blackouts . live .
  61. News: Rice . Doyle . 150M people under winter advisories, 1 dead as 'unprecedented' storm stretches across 25 states; 3.5M without power in Texas . February 15, 2021 . USA Today . February 15, 2021 . February 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210215134009/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/02/15/winter-storm-texas-power-outages-south-ice-snow/4487366001/ . live .
  62. News: Gov. Abbott Says ERCOT 'Anything But Reliable' With Millions of Customers Powerless in Record Cold. Frank. Heinz. KXAS-TV. February 16, 2021. February 16, 2021. February 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216184754/https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/gov-abbott-says-ercot-is-anything-but-reliable-millions-powerless-in-life-threatening-cold/2553792/. live.
  63. News: These US cities had the coldest morning in decades – with some reaching all-time record lows. Brandon. Miller. CNN. February 16, 2021. February 17, 2021. February 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216232653/https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/16/us/record-cold-weather-us-trnd/index.html. live.
  64. News: Multiple cities in North Texas under a boil water order as power outages continue. WFAA. February 16, 2021. February 17, 2021. February 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216232130/https://www.wfaa.com/article/news/local/north-texas-cities-under-boil-water-notices/287-45044bc8-2d6a-4610-89b6-cdc37d6ad4b1. live.
  65. News: Abilene officials: We have no water due to power loss, no timetable to service return. Brian. Bethel. Abilene Reporter-News. February 15, 2021. February 17, 2021. February 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203800/https://www.reporternews.com/story/news/2021/02/15/city-abilene-addresses-winter-water-crisis/6759664002/. live.
  66. News: Houston issues boil water advisory amid winter storm: How to keep your water safe. Emily. Shapiro. ABC News. February 17, 2021. February 18, 2021. February 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210218005216/https://abcnews.go.com/US/houston-issues-boil-water-advisory-amid-winter-storm/story?id=75950876. live.
  67. News: Boil order notices issued for Central Texas water systems. Thomas. Miller. KWTX-TV. February 16, 2021. February 17, 2021. February 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216233114/https://www.kwtx.com/2021/02/16/boil-order-notices-issued-for-central-texas-towns/. live.
  68. News: Boil advisories issued in the ArkLaTex during severe winter weather. Curtis. Heyen. Alex. Onken. KSLA. February 16, 2021. February 17, 2021. February 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210217011649/https://www.ksla.com/2021/02/17/boil-advisory-effect-all-shreveport-water-customers/. live.
  69. News: Hernández. Arelis R.. Hoffman. Ken. Hauslohner. Abigail. Witte. Griff. Power returns for many in Texas, but water crisis escalates as storm damage spreads. en-US. Washington Post. February 19, 2021. February 19, 2021. 0190-8286. February 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210219032256/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/texas-drinking-water-winter-storm/2021/02/18/95c898dc-7222-11eb-a4eb-44012a612cf9_story.html. live.
  70. News: Texas weather: Residents told to boil tap water amid power blackouts. BBC News. February 19, 2021. February 19, 2021. February 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210218213847/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56109720. live.
  71. News: Houstonians rush to grocery stores in search of bottled water but find mostly empty shelves. Bill. Barajas. KPRC-TV. February 19, 2021. February 19, 2021. February 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210219001525/https://www.click2houston.com/news/local/2021/02/18/houstonians-rush-to-grocery-stores-in-search-of-bottled-water-but-find-mostly-empty-shelves/. live.
  72. Web site: 2021-02-18 . Frozen, burst pipes force hundreds from Dallas-area apartments, saddle tenants, owners with huge expenses . 2024-01-26 . Dallas News . en.
  73. News: Predators at Stars postponed due to extreme weather, power outages in Dallas area . February 15, 2021 . Associated Press . ESPN . February 15, 2021 . February 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210216011336/https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/30907851/predators-stars-postponed-due-extreme-weather-power-outages-dallas-area . live .
  74. . Stars, Predators game scheduled for Tuesday postponed . National Hockey League Public Relations . February 16, 2021 . February 17, 2021 . February 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210216213900/https://www.nhl.com/stars/news/dallas-stars-postpone-tuesdays-game-against-nashville-predators/c-321462208 . live .
  75. News: Downtown OKC goes dark to conserve power; Thunder game goes on despite controversy. Christine. Stanwood. KOCO-TV. February 17, 2021. February 18, 2021. February 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210218013059/https://www.koco.com/article/downtown-okc-goes-dark-to-conserve-power-thunder-game-goes-on-despite-controversy/35534194. live.
  76. News: Thunder Move Forward With Game, Will Take Steps To Conserve Power. KWTV-DT. February 16, 2021. February 17, 2021. February 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210217000728/http://www.news9.com/story/602c4a38ebadc345bbe24c6f/thunder-move-forward-with-game-will-take-steps-to-conserve-power. live.
  77. News: Grizzlies game will play without fans because of weather . March 25, 2023 . Action News 5.
  78. News: McLaughlin. Tim. February 15, 2021. Texas wholesale electric prices spike more than 10,000% amid outages. en. Reuters. February 18, 2021. February 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210217231922/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-electricity-texas-prices-idUSKBN2AF19A. live.
  79. News: Rio. Giulia McDonnell Nieto del. Bogel-Burroughs. Nicholas. Penn. Ivan. 2021-02-21. His Lights Stayed on During Texas' Storm. Now He Owes $16,752.. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-02-22. 0362-4331.
  80. News: Monacelli. Pilar Melendez, William Bredderman, Steven. February 17, 2021. 'People Are Greedy': The Absurd Electric Bills Slamming Texans. en. The Daily Beast. February 18, 2021. February 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210217230826/https://www.thedailybeast.com/dollar5152-power-bill-texas-winter-storm-hell-only-gets-worse. live.
  81. https://www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2021/02/big-bend-national-park-sees-cold-snow-texas-freezes Big Bend National Park Sees Cold, Snow As Texas Freezes
  82. Web site: Paul P.. Murphy. Betsy. Klein. Daniella. Diaz. Manu. Raju. Keith. Allen. Cruz calls Cancun, Mexico, trip 'a mistake' as Texans remain without power amid historic winter storm. February 19, 2021. CNN. February 18, 2021 .
  83. News: KOCO Staff. Gov. Kevin Stitt declares winter weather State of Emergency for all 77 Oklahoma counties . February 15, 2021 . KOCO . February 12, 2021 . en . February 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210212191103/http://www.koco.com/article/gov-kevin-stitt-declares-winter-weather-state-of-emergency-for-all-77-oklahoma-counties/35492475 . live .
  84. Web site: Daryl . Herzmann . IEM :: PNS from NWS SHV . mesonet.agron.iastate.edu . February 17, 2021 . en. Web site: Daryl . Herzmann . IEM :: PNS from NWS AMA . mesonet.agron.iastate.edu . February 17, 2021 . en. Web site: Daryl . Herzmann . IEM :: PNS from NWS TSA . mesonet.agron.iastate.edu . February 17, 2021 . en. Web site: Daryl . Herzmann . IEM :: PNS from NWS OUN . mesonet.agron.iastate.edu . February 17, 2021 . en.
  85. News: KOCO Staff. LIVE UPDATES: Crashes, dangerous road conditions reported as major snowstorm moves across Oklahoma . February 15, 2021 . KOCO . February 14, 2021 . en . February 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210215002859/https://www.koco.com/article/winter-storm-brings-heavy-snow-causing-hazardous-driving-conditions-across-oklahoma/35500508 . live .
  86. News: KOCO Staff. Turner Turnpike closed in both directions in east Oklahoma City due to multi-vehicle crash . February 15, 2021 . KOCO . February 14, 2021 . en . February 15, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210215002205/https://www.koco.com/article/turner-turnpike-closed-in-both-directions-in-east-oklahoma-city/35502317 . live .
  87. Web site: February 15, 2021. Man killed in crash involving semi-truck in northern Oklahoma. February 15, 2021. KOCO News. en.
  88. News: KOCO Staff. WATCH: Lake Overholser dam frozen during Oklahoma winter storm . February 15, 2021 . February 14, 2021 . en . February 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210214195213/https://www.koco.com/article/watch-lake-overholser-dam-frozen-during-oklahoma-winter-storm/35501347 . live .
  89. Web site: Omar. Villafranca. Dangerous winter storm kills at least 11, leaves millions without power, mainly in Texas. February 16, 2021. February 16, 2021. CBS News. en.
  90. Web site: At least 49 people dead from extreme winter weather. ABC Columbia. February 19, 2021. February 19, 2021.
  91. News: Thebault. Reis. Firozi. Paulina. Shammas. Brittany. A boy who fell through ice, a woman who lost power: 47 deaths tied to winter storms — and counting. en-US. Washington Post. February 19, 2021. 0190-8286. February 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210219102248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/02/18/winter-storm-deaths/. live.
  92. News: February 19, 2021. At least 49 dead amid winter weather, power outages as storm moves east. February 19, 2021. KXAN Austin. en-US. Kalich. Sydney. Yi. Ji Suk. Townsend. Haley. Ramon. Albert. February 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210219030807/https://www.kxan.com/news/texas/at-least-46-dead-amid-winter-weather-power-outages-as-storm-moves-east/. live.
  93. Web site: Houston Faces Dire Water Issues as Power Outages, Cold Push Texans To Their Limits. weather.com. en-US. Jan Wesner Childs. The Weather Company. February 18, 2021. September 8, 2021.
  94. News: Texas Winter Storm Death Toll Could Be Much Higher Than The State's Count, BuzzFeed Data Review Found. Alejandro Martínez Cabrera. Houston Public Media. May 27, 2021. September 8, 2021.
  95. Hellerstedt. John. December 31, 2021. February 2021 Winter Storm-Related Deaths - Texas. Texas Department of State Health Services. 1–8. Texas Government. January 5, 2022. January 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220104221922/https://www.dshs.texas.gov/news/updates/SMOC_FebWinterStorm_MortalitySurvReport_12-30-21.pdf. dead.
  96. Web site: Khristopher J. Brooks. 6 May 2021. Restaurants face nationwide chicken shortage. CBS News. 6 May 2021. en-US.
  97. Web site: Danielle Banks. May 6, 2021. Texas Winter Storm Contributed to Chicken Shortage. weather.com. The Weather Company. May 6, 2021. en-US. June 21, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210621150653/https://weather.com/storms/winter/video/texas-winter-storm-contributed-to-chicken-shortage. dead.
  98. Web site: Miranda Baines. 6 May 2021. 7 May 2021. Chicken flying off menus as demand soars throughout nation. yourgv.com. en-US.
  99. Web site: Gowdy. ShaCamree. 2021-04-28. Where were you the day the chicken wings disappeared?. 2021-05-07. Chron. en-US.
  100. Web site: Hartmans. Avery. Chicken wings are in short supply nationwide due to Texas storms and soaring demand for the 'pandemic-proof' delicacy. 25 April 2021. 2021-05-07. Business Insider. en-US.
  101. https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/cta-service-suspended-on-multiple-lines-due-to-snowstorm/2438922/ CTA Service Suspended on Multiple Lines Due to Snowstorm
  102. https://www.nbcchicago.com/weather/chicago-sees-snowiest-3-week-stretch-since-blizzard-of-1979/2440447/ Chicago Sees Snowiest 3-Week Stretch Since Blizzard of 1979
  103. News: Columbus Dispatch. Columbus weather: More snow, warmer temperatures on the way to central Ohio. Eric. Lagatta. Dean. Narciso. February 17, 2021. February 18, 2021. February 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216025236/https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/sleet-expected-to-transition-to-snow-overnight-in-columbus-central-ohio/ar-BB1dHMlk. live.
  104. https://www.tmj4.com/news/local-news/recording-breaking-snow-depth-recorded-in-milwaukee-national-weather-service-says Recording-breaking snow recorded in Milwaukee, National Weather Service says
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  107. News: Joe. Sutton. Alisha. Ebrahimji. Hollie. Silverman. 3 people were killed and 10 more injured after a tornado struck a coastal North Carolina community. February 16, 2021. February 16, 2021. Cable News Network. February 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216103658/https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/16/us/north-carolina-tornado-tuesday/index.html. live.
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  113. National Centers for Environmental Information. Storm Events Database February 15, 2021. National Centers for Environmental Information. May 19, 2021.
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  115. https://www.accuweather.com/en/severe-weather/powerful-ef3-tornado-tears-through-nc-killing-at-least-3/901246 Powerful EF3 tornado tears through NC, killing at least 3
  116. News: UPDATE: NWS confirms "high-end" EF3 tornado struck Brunswick County; 3 killed, 10 hurt. DaVonté McKenith. WXII 12 News. February 16, 2021. March 7, 2022.
  117. News: National Weather Service: Tornado hit Brunswick as 'high end EF3'. Noah Johnson. StarNews Online. February 18, 2021. March 7, 2022.
  118. News: Deadly tornado carved 22-mile path of destruction in NC.. Hayley Fowler. The News & Observer. February 19, 2021. March 7, 2022.
  119. https://www.weather.gov/ilm/BrunswickTornadoFeb2021 Brunswick County, NC EF3 Tornado of February 15, 2021
  120. https://weather.com/storms/tornado/news/2022-02-15-february-tornado-deaths-since-2016 February Tornadoes Have Been Deadly Six Straight Years in the U.S.
  121. News: ¿Por qué hace tanto frío en Texas? La histórica tormenta invernal que dejó sin electricidad al norte de México . February 16, 2021 . BBC News Mundo . February 15, 2021 . es . February 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210216001703/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-internacional-56078326 . live .
  122. News: 20 deaths blamed on cold weather in north as another front moves in. Mexico News Daily. February 19, 2021. April 27, 2021.
  123. News: Estrada . Jesús . Tormenta invernal deja 12 muertos en estados del norte . February 16, 2021 . jornada.com.mx . La Jornada . February 16, 2021 . es . February 17, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210217013511/https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2021/02/16/estados/tormenta-invernal-deja-12-muertos-en-estados-del-norte/ . live .
  124. News: Se importará gas en buque y se reactivarán plantas de combustóleo y carbón ante crisis eléctrica: AMLO . February 17, 2021 . proceso.com.mx . Proceso . February 17, 2021 . spanish . February 20, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210220221851/https://www.proceso.com.mx/nacional/2021/2/17/se-importara-gas-en-buque-se-reactivaran-plantas-de-combustoleo-carbon-ante-crisis-electrica-amlo-258453.html . live .
  125. News: Crisis energética: advirtieron de otras 48 horas complejas y pidieron a la población ahorrar luz . February 17, 2021 . infobae . Infobae . February 17, 2021 . es-ES . February 17, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210217183746/https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2021/02/17/crisis-energetica-advirtieron-de-otras-48-horas-complejas-y-pidieron-a-la-poblacion-ahorrar-luz/ . live .
  126. Web site: Snowstorm takes over the GTA and Southern Ontario – 680 NEWS. February 16, 2021. www.680news.com.
  127. ECCCWeatherON. ECCC Weather Ontario. February 16, 2021. February 16, 2021. A summary of last night's snow is now available. Read the full summary here: http://ow.ly/jidQ50DBRSa #ONStorm. 1361755412014497796.
  128. Web site: Winter Storm Viola Smashed Records in the South and Brought Snow, Ice Into Northeast. weather.com. The Weather Company. February 20, 2021. March 26, 2021.
  129. Web site: Managed repair service critical to Winter Storms Uri & Viola response. Crawford. March 3, 2021. March 5, 2021.
  130. Web site: Global Catastrophe Recap – February 2021. Aon Benfield. March 10, 2021. March 11, 2021. 4.
  131. Web site: Texas Supreme Court Issues Electric Opinion on PUC Orders During Winter Storm Uri. Cole. Hutchison. JD Supra. July 12, 2024.

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