February 11 Explained

Events

Pre-1600

• 660 BC  - Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu.^[1]
• 55  - The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman Empire, on the eve of his coming of age clears the way for Nero to become Emperor.^[2]
• 951  - Guo Wei, a court official, leads a military coup and declares himself emperor of the new Later Zhou.^[3]
• 1144 - Robert of Chester completes his translation from Arabic to Latin of the Liber de compositione alchemiae, marking the birth of Western alchemy.^[4]
• 1534  - At the Convocation of Canterbury, the Catholic bishops comprising the Upper House of the Province of Canterbury agree to style Henry VIII supreme head of the English church and clergy "so far as the law of Christ allows".^[5]
• 1584  - A naval expedition led by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founds Nombre de Jesús, the first of two short-lived Spanish settlements in the Strait of Magellan.^[6]
• 1586  - Sir Francis Drake with an English force captures and occupies the Spanish colonial port of Cartagena de Indias for two months, obtaining a ransom and booty.^[7]

1601–1900

• 1659  - The assault on Copenhagen by Swedish forces is beaten back with heavy losses.^[8]
• 1794  - First session of United States Senate opens to the public.^[9]
• 1808  - Jesse Fell burns anthracite on an open grate as an experiment in heating homes with coal.^[10]
• 1812  - Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry is accused of "gerrymandering" for the first time.^[11]
• 1823  - Carnival tragedy of 1823: About 110 boys are killed during a stampede at the Convent of the Minori Osservanti in Valletta, Malta.^[12]
• 1826  - University College London is founded as University of London.^[13]
• 1840  - Gaetano Donizetti's opera La fille du régiment receives its first performance in Paris, France.^[14]
• 1843  - Giuseppe Verdi's opera I Lombardi alla prima crociata receives its first performance in Milan, Italy.^[15]
• 1855  - Kassa Hailu is crowned Tewodros II, Emperor of Ethiopia.^[16]
• 1856  - The Kingdom of Awadh is annexed by the British East India Company and Wajid Ali Shah, the king of Awadh, is deposed.^[17]
• 1858  - Bernadette Soubirous's first vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary occurs in Lourdes, France.^[18]
• 1861  - American Civil War: The United States House of Representatives unanimously passes a resolution guaranteeing noninterference with slavery in any state.^[19]
• 1873  - King Amadeo I of Spain abdicates, triggering the proclamation of the First Spanish Republic.^{[20] [21]}
• 1889  - The Meiji Constitution of Japan is adopted.^[22]

1901–present

• 1903  - Anton Bruckner's 9th Symphony receives its first performance in Vienna, Austria.^[23]
• 1906  - Pope Pius X publishes the encyclical Vehementer Nos.^[24]
• 1919  - Friedrich Ebert (SPD), is elected President of Germany.^[25]
• 1929  - The Kingdom of Italy and the Vatican sign the Lateran Treaty.^[26]
• 1933  - LAPD Red Squad raid on John Reed Club art show in the U.S. results in the destruction of a dozen political artworks.^[27]
• 1937  - The Flint sit-down strike ends when General Motors recognizes the United Auto Workers trade union.^[28]
• 1938  - BBC Television produces the world's first ever science fiction television programme, an adaptation of a section of the Karel Čapek play R.U.R., that coined the term "robot".^[29]
• 1942  - World War II: Second day of the Battle of Bukit Timah is fought in Singapore.^[30]
• 1946  - The New Testament of the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, the first significant challenge to the Authorized King James Version, is published.^{[31] [32] [33] [34]}
• 1953  - Cold War: U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower denies all appeals for clemency for Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.^[35]
• 1953  - Israeli-Soviet relations are severed.^[36]
• 1959  - The Federation of Arab Emirates of the South is created as a protectorate of the United Kingdom.^[37]
• 1963 — The Beatles recorded their first album Please Please Me^[38]
• 1970  - Japan launches Ohsumi, becoming the fourth nation to put an object into orbit using its own booster.^[39]
• 1971  - Cold War: the Seabed Arms Control Treaty opened for signature outlawing nuclear weapons on the ocean floor in international waters.^[40]
• 1978  - Pacific Western Airlines Flight 314 crashes at the Cranbrook/Canadian Rockies International Airport in Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada with 42 deaths and seven survivors.^[41]
• 1979  - The Iranian Revolution establishes an Islamic theocracy under the leadership of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.^[42]
• 1990  - Nelson Mandela is released from Victor Verster Prison outside Cape Town, South Africa after 27 years as a political prisoner.^[43]
• 1990  - Buster Douglas, a 42:1 underdog, knocks out Mike Tyson in ten rounds at Tokyo to win boxing's world Heavyweight title.^[44]
• 1997  - Space Shuttle Discovery is launched on a mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope.^[45]
• 1999  - Pluto crosses Neptune's orbit, ending a nearly 20-year period when it was closer to the Sun than the gas giant; Pluto is not expected to interact with Neptune's orbit again until 2231.^[46]
• 2001  - A Dutch programmer launched the Anna Kournikova virus infecting millions of emails via a trick photo of the tennis star.^[47]
• 2008  - Rebel East Timorese soldiers seriously wound President José Ramos-Horta. Rebel leader Alfredo Reinado is killed in the attack.^[48]
• 2011  - Arab Spring: The first wave of the Egyptian revolution culminates in the resignation of Hosni Mubarak and the transfer of power to the Supreme Military Council after 17 days of protests.^[49]
• 2013  - The Vatican confirmed that Pope Benedict XVI would resign the papacy as a result of his advanced age.^[50]
• 2013  - Militants claiming to be from the Sultanate of Sulu invade Lahad Datu District, Sabah, Malaysia, beginning the Lahad Datu standoff.^[51]
• 2014  - A military transport plane crashes in a mountainous area of Oum El Bouaghi Province in eastern Algeria, killing 77 people.^[52]
• 2015  - A university student was murdered as she resisted an attempted rape in Turkey, sparking nationwide protests and public outcry against harassment and violence against women.^[53]
• 2016  - A man shoots seven people dead at an education center in Jizan Province, Saudi Arabia.^[54]
• 2017  - North Korea test fires a ballistic missile across the Sea of Japan.^[55]
• 2018  - Saratov Airlines Flight 703 crashes near Moscow, Russia with 71 deaths and no survivors.^[56]
• 2020  - COVID-19 pandemic: The World Health Organization officially names the coronavirus outbreak as COVID-19, with the virus being designated SARS-CoV-2.^[57]
• 2024  - 2024 Finnish presidential election: Alexander Stubb is elected as the 13th president of Finland.^[58]

Births

Pre-1600

• 1380  - Poggio Bracciolini, Italian scholar and translator (d. 1459)^[59]
• 1466  - Elizabeth of York (d. 1503)^[60]
• 1535  - Pope Gregory XIV (d. 1591)^[61]
• 1568  - Honoré d'Urfé, French author and playwright (d. 1625)^[62]

1601–1900

• 1649  - William Carstares, Scottish minister and academic (d. 1715)^[63]
• 1657  - Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle, French poet and playwright (d. 1757)^[64]
• 1708  - Egidio Duni, Italian composer (d. 1775)^[65]
• 1764  - Marie-Joseph Chénier, French poet and playwright (d. 1811)^[66]
• 1776  - Ioannis Kapodistrias, Greek politician, 1st Governor of Greece (d. 1831)^[67]
• 1800  - Henry Fox Talbot, English photographer and politician, invented the calotype (d. 1877)^[68]
• 1802  - Lydia Maria Child, American journalist, author, and activist (d. 1880)^[69]
• 1805  - Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, Native American-French Canadian explorer (d. 1866)^[70]
• 1812  - Alexander H. Stephens, American lawyer and politician, Vice President of the Confederate States of America (d. 1883)^[71]
• 1813  - Otto Ludwig, German author, playwright, and critic (d. 1865)^[72]
• 1821  - Auguste Mariette, French archaeologist and scholar (d. 1881)^[73]
• 1830  - Hans Bronsart von Schellendorff, Prussian pianist and composer (d. 1913)^[74]
• 1833  - Melville Fuller, American lawyer and jurist, 8th Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1910)^[75]
• 1839  - Josiah Willard Gibbs, American physicist (d. 1903)^[76]
• 1845  - Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, Ottoman soldier and politician, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1936)^[77]
• 1847  - Thomas Edison, American engineer and businessman, developed the light bulb and phonograph (d. 1931)^[78]
• 1855  - Ellen Day Hale, American painter and author (d. 1940)^[79]
• 1860  - Rachilde, French author and playwright (d. 1953)^[80]
• 1863  - John F. Fitzgerald, American politician; Mayor of Boston (d. 1950)^[81]
• 1864  - Louis Bouveault, French chemist (d. 1909)^[82]
• 1869  - Helene Kröller-Müller, German-Dutch art collector and philanthropist, founded the Kröller-Müller Museum (d. 1939)^{[83] [84]}
• 1869  - Else Lasker-Schüler, German poet and author (d. 1945)^[85]
• 1874  - Elsa Beskow, Swedish author and illustrator (d. 1953)^[86]
• 1877  - Aasa Helgesen, Norwegian midwife (d. 1968)^[87]
• 1881  - Carlo Carrà, Italian painter (d. 1966)^[88]
• 1888  - John Warren Davis, American educator, college administrator, and civil rights leader (d. 1980)^{[89] [90]}
• 1897  - Emil Leon Post, Polish-American mathematician and logician (d. 1954)^[91]
• 1898  - Leo Szilard, Hungarian-American physicist and academic (d. 1964)^[92]
• 1900  - Ellen Broe, Danish nurse, pioneer in nursing education (d. 1994)^[93]
• 1900  - Hans-Georg Gadamer, German philosopher and scholar (d. 2002)^[94]
• 1900  - Jōsei Toda, Japanese educator and activist (d. 1958)^[95]

1901–present

• 1902  - Arne Jacobsen, Danish architect, designed Radisson Blu Royal Hotel (d. 1971)^[96]
• 1904  - Keith Holyoake, New Zealand farmer and politician, 26th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1983)^[97]
• 1904  - Lucile Randon, French supercentenarian^[98] (d. 2023)
• 1908  - Philip Dunne, American screenwriter (d. 1992)^[99]
• 1908  - Vivian Fuchs, English explorer (d. 1999)^[100]
• 1909  - Max Baer, American boxer and actor (d. 1959)^[101]
• 1909  - Joseph L. Mankiewicz, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1993)^[102]
• 1912  - Rudolf Firkušný, Czech-American pianist and educator (d. 1994)^[103]
• 1914  - Matt Dennis, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2002)^[104]
• 1914  - Josh White, American blues singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1969)^[105]
• 1915  - Patrick Leigh Fermor, English soldier, author, and scholar (d. 2011)^[106]
• 1915  - Richard Hamming, American mathematician and academic (d. 1998)^[107]
• 1917  - Sidney Sheldon, American author and screenwriter (d. 2007)^[108]
• 1919  - Eva Gabor, Hungarian-American actress (d. 1995)^[109]
• 1920  - Farouk of Egypt (d. 1965)^[110]
• 1920  - Daniel F. Galouye, American author (d. 1976)^[111]
• 1920  - Billy Halop, American actor (d. 1976)^[112]
• 1920  - Daniel James, Jr., American general and pilot (d. 1978)^[113]
• 1921  - Lloyd Bentsen, American politician, 69th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 2006)^[114]
• 1921  - Ottavio Missoni, Italian hurdler and fashion designer, founded Missoni (d. 2013)^[115]
• 1923  - Antony Flew, English philosopher and academic (d. 2010)^[116]
• 1924  - Budge Patty, American tennis player (d. 2021)^[117]
• 1925  - Virginia E. Johnson, American psychologist and academic (d. 2013)^[118]
• 1925  - Kim Stanley, American actress (d. 2001)^[119]
• 1926  - Paul Bocuse, French chef (d. 2018)^[120]
• 1926  - Leslie Nielsen, Canadian-American actor and producer (d. 2010)^[121]
• 1930  - Roy De Forest, American painter and academic (d. 2007).^[122]
• 1930  - Mary Quant, British fashion designer (d. 2023)^{[123] [124]}
• 1932  - Dennis Skinner, English miner and politician^[125]
• 1934  - Mel Carnahan, American lawyer and politician, 51st Governor of Missouri (d. 2000)^[126]
• 1934  - Tina Louise, American actress and singer^[127]
• 1934  - Manuel Noriega, Panamanian general and politician, Military leader of Panama (d. 2017)^[128]
• 1934  - David Taylor, English veterinarian and television host (d. 2013)^[129]
• 1935  - Gene Vincent, American singer and guitarist (d. 1971)^[130]
• 1936  - Burt Reynolds, American actor and director (d. 2018)^[131]
• 1937  - Ian Gow, British politician (d. 1990)^[132]
• 1937  - Bill Lawry, Australian cricketer and sportscaster^[133]
• 1937  - Eddie Shack, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2020)^[134]
• 1937  - Phillip Walker, American singer and guitarist (d. 2010)^[135]
• 1938  - Bevan Congdon, New Zealand cricketer (d. 2018)^[136]
• 1939  - Gerry Goffin, American songwriter (d. 2014)^[137]
• 1940  - Calvin Fowler, American basketball player (d. 2013)^[138]
• 1941  - Sérgio Mendes, Brazilian pianist and composer^[139]
• 1942  - Otis Clay, American singer-songwriter (d. 2016)^[140]
• 1943  - Joselito, Spanish singer and actor^[141]
• 1943  - Alan Rubin, American trumpet player (d. 2011)^[142]
• 1944  - Mike Oxley, American lawyer and politician (d. 2016)^[143]
• 1944  - Joy Williams, American novelist, short story writer, and essayist^[144]
• 1946  - Ian Porterfield, Scottish footballer and manager (d. 2007)^[145]
• 1947  - Yukio Hatoyama, Japanese engineer and politician and Prime Minister of Japan^[146]
• 1947  - Derek Shulman, Scottish singer-songwriter and producer^[147]
• 1949  - James Silas, American basketball player^[148]
• 1951  - Mike Leavitt, American politician, 14th Governor of Utah^[149]
• 1953  - Philip Anglim, American actor^[150]
• 1953  - Jeb Bush, American banker and politician, 43rd Governor of Florida^[151]
• 1953  - Tom Veryzer, American baseball player (d. 2014)^[152]
• 1954  - Wesley Strick, American director and screenwriter^[153]
• 1956  - Catherine Hickland, American actress^[154]
• 1956  - Didier Lockwood, French violinist (d. 2018)^[155]
• 1957  - Tina Ambani, Indian actress and chairperson^[156]
• 1959  - Roberto Moreno, Brazilian race car driver^[157]
• 1960  - Richard Mastracchio, American engineer and astronaut^[158]
• 1961  - Carey Lowell, American actress^[159]
• 1962  - Tammy Baldwin, American lawyer and politician^[160]
• 1962  - Sheryl Crow, American singer-songwriter and guitarist^[161]
• 1964  - Sarah Palin, American politician, 9th Governor of Alaska^[162]
• 1964  - Ken Shamrock, American martial artist and wrestler^[163]
• 1965  - Vicki Wilson, Australian netball player^[164]
• 1967  - Ciro Ferrara, Italian footballer and manager
• 1968  - Mo Willems, American author and illustrator^[165]
• 1969  - Jennifer Aniston, American actress and producer^[166]
• 1969  - Andreas Hilfiker, Swiss footballer^[167]
• 1969  - John Salako, Nigerian-English footballer, manager, and sportscaster^[168]
• 1971  - Damian Lewis, English actor^[169]
• 1972  - Steve McManaman, English footballer^[170]
• 1972  - Kelly Slater, American surfer^[109]
• 1973  - Varg Vikernes, Norwegian guitarist and songwriter^[171]
• 1974  - Nick Barmby, English footballer and manager^[172]
• 1974  - D'Angelo, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer^[173]
• 1974  - Alex Jones, American radio show host and conspiracy theorist^[174]
• 1974  - Isaiah Mustafa, American actor and football player^[109]
• 1974  - Jaroslav Špaček, Czech ice hockey player and coach^[175]
• 1975  - Andy Lally, American race car driver^[176]
• 1975  - Callum Thorp, Australian cricketer^[177]
• 1975  - Jacque Vaughn, American basketball player and coach^[178]
• 1976  - Tony Battie, American basketball player and sportscaster^[179]
• 1976  - Bryce Salvador, Canadian ice hockey player^[180]
• 1977  - Mike Shinoda, American musician and artist^[181]
• 1979  - Brandy Norwood, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress^[182]
• 1980  - Matthew Lawrence, American actor and singer^[159]
• 1981  - Kelly Rowland, American singer and actress^[183]
• 1982  - Daryn Colledge, American football player^[184]
• 1982  - Natalie Dormer, English actress^[185]
• 1982  - Ľubomíra Kalinová, Slovak biathlete^[186]
• 1982  - Neil Robertson, Australian snooker player^[187]
• 1983  - Rafael van der Vaart, Dutch footballer^[188]
• 1984  - Maarten Heisen, Dutch sprinter^[189]
• 1984  - Marco Marcato, Italian cyclist^[190]
• 1984  - Aubrey O'Day, American singer and reality television personality^[159]
• 1984  - Maxime Talbot, Canadian ice hockey player^[191]
• 1984  - Alando Tucker, American basketball player and coach^[192]
• 1985  - Mike Richards, Canadian ice hockey player^[193]
• 1985  - Šárka Strachová, Czech skier^[194]
• 1986  - Gabriel Boric, Chilean politician, 36th President of Chile^[195]
• 1987  - Luca Antonelli, Italian footballer^[196]
• 1987  - Juanmi Callejón, Spanish footballer^[197]
• 1987  - Brian Matusz, American baseball player^[198]
• 1987  - Jan Smeekens, Dutch speed skater^[199]
• 1987  - Ellen van Dijk, Dutch cyclist^[200]
• 1988  - Vlad Moldoveanu, Romanian basketball player^[201]
• 1990  - Javier Aquino, Mexican footballer^[202]
• 1990  - Q'orianka Kilcher, German-American actress^[159]
• 1991  - Laurent Duvernay-Tardif, Canadian football player and medical doctor^[203]
• 1991  - Nikola Mirotic, Spanish basketball player^[204]
• 1992  - Lasse Norman Hansen, Danish track and road cyclist^[205]
• 1992  - Taylor Lautner, American actor^[206]
• 1992  - Jake Matthews, American football player^[207]
• 1993  - Ben McLemore, American basketball player^[208]
• 1994  - Dansby Swanson, American baseball player^[209]
• 1995  - Milan Škriniar, Slovak footballer^[210]
• 1995  - Rick Karsdorp, Dutch footballer^[211]
• 1996  - Daniil Medvedev, Russian tennis player^[212]
• 1996  - Jonathan Tah, German footballer^[213]
• 1996  - Lucas Torreira, Uruguayan footballer^[214]
• 1997  - Damien Harris, American football player^[215]
• 1997  - Mike Hughes, American football player^[216]
• 1997  - Hubert Hurkacz, Polish tennis player^[217]
• 1997  - Rosé, New Zealand-South Korean singer and dancer^[109]
• 1997  - Zavier Simpson, American basketball player^[218]
• 1998  - Trent Frederic, American ice hockey player^[219]
• 1998  - Josh Jacobs, American football player^[220]
• 1998  - Khalid, American singer and songwriter^[221]
• 2000  - Nassir Little, American basketball player^[222]
• 2001  - Bryan Gil, Spanish footballer^[223]

Deaths

Pre-1600

• AD 55  - Britannicus, Roman son of Claudius (b. 41)^[224]
• 244  - Gordian III, Roman emperor (b. 225)^[225]
• 641  - Heraclius, Byzantine emperor (b. 575)^[226]
• 731  - Pope Gregory II (b. 669)^[227]
• 824  - Pope Paschal I^[228]
• 1141  - Hugh of Saint Victor, German philosopher and theologian (b. 1096)^[229]
• 1503  - Elizabeth of York (b. 1466)

1601–1900

• 1626  - Pietro Cataldi, Italian mathematician and astronomer (b. 1548)^[230]
• 1650  - René Descartes, French mathematician and philosopher (b. 1596)^[231]
• 1755  - Francesco Scipione, marchese di Maffei, Italian archaeologist, playwright, and critic (b. 1675)^[232]
• 1763  - William Shenstone, English poet and gardener (b. 1714)^[233]
• 1768 – George Dance the Elder, English architect, designed St Leonard's and St Botolph's Aldgate (b. 1695)^{[234] [235] [236]}
• 1795  - Carl Michael Bellman, Swedish poet and composer (b. 1740)^[237]
• 1811  - Juan Sánchez Ramírez, leader of the troops that fought against the French rule of Santo Domingo's colony between 1808 and 1809 (b. 1762)^[238]
• 1829  - Alexander Griboyedov, Russian poet, playwright, and composer (b. 1795)^[239]
• 1862  - Elizabeth Siddal, English poet and artist's model (b. 1829)^[240]
• 1868  - Léon Foucault, French physicist and academic (b. 1819)^[241]
• 1898  - Félix María Zuloaga, Mexican general and unconstitutional interim president (b. 1813)^[242]

1901–present

• 1901  - Milan I of Serbia (b. 1855)^[243]
• 1917  - Oswaldo Cruz, Brazilian physician and epidemiologist (b. 1872)^[244]
• 1918  - Alexey Kaledin, Russian general (b. 1861)^[245]
• 1931  - Charles Algernon Parsons, English-Irish engineer, invented the steam turbine (b. 1854)^[246]
• 1938  - Kalle Korhonen, Finnish politician (b. 1878)^[247]
• 1940  - John Buchan, Scottish-Canadian historian and politician, Governor General of Canada (b. 1875)^[248]
• 1940  - Ellen Day Hale, American painter and author (b. 1855)
• 1942  - Jamnalal Bajaj, Indian businessman and philanthropist (b. 1884)^[249]
• 1947  - Martin Klein, Estonian wrestler and coach (b. 1884)^[250]
• 1948  - Sergei Eisenstein, Russian director and screenwriter (b. 1898)^[251]
• 1949  - Axel Munthe, Swedish doctor (b. 1857)^[252]
• 1958  - Ernest Jones, Welsh neurologist and psychoanalyst (b. 1879)^[253]
• 1963  - John Olof Dahlgren, Swedish-American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1872)^[254]
• 1963  - Sylvia Plath, American poet, novelist, and short story writer (b. 1932)^[255]
• 1967  - A. J. Muste, Dutch-American minister and activist (b. 1885)^[256]
• 1968  - Howard Lindsay, American playwright (b. 1889)^[257]
• 1973  - J. Hans D. Jensen, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)^[258]
• 1975  - Richard Ratsimandrava, Malagasy colonel and politician, President of Madagascar (b. 1931)^[259]
• 1976  - Lee J. Cobb, American actor (b. 1911)^[260]
• 1976  - Alexander Lippisch, German pilot and engineer (b. 1894)^[261]
• 1977  - Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, Indian lawyer and politician, 5th President of India (b. 1905)^[262]
• 1977  - Louis Beel, Dutch academic and politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1902)^[263]
• 1978  - James Bryant Conant, American chemist and academic (b. 1893)^[264]
• 1978  - Harry Martinson, Swedish novelist, essayist, and poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)^[265]
• 1982  - Eleanor Powell, American actress and dancer (b. 1912)^[266]
• 1985  - Henry Hathaway, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1898)^[267]
• 1986  - Frank Herbert, American journalist and author (b. 1920)^[268]
• 1989  - George O'Hanlon, American actor and voice artist (b. 1912)^[269]
• 1993  - Robert W. Holley, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1922)^[270]
• 1994  - Neil Bonnett, American race car driver (b. 1946)^[271]
• 1994  - Sorrell Booke, American actor and director (b. 1930)^[272]
• 1994  - William Conrad, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1920)^[273]
• 1994  - Paul Feyerabend, Austrian-Swiss philosopher and academic (b. 1924)^[274]
• 1996  - Amelia Rosselli, Italian poet and author (b. 1930)^[275]
• 2000  - Lord Kitchner, Trinidadian singer (b. 1922)^[276]
• 2000  - Roger Vadim, French director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1928)^[277]
• 2002  - Frankie Crosetti, American baseball player and coach (b. 1910)^[278]
• 2002  - Barry Foster, English actor (b. 1931)^[279]
• 2004  - Tony Pope, American voice actor (b. 1947)^[280]
• 2004  - Shirley Strickland, Australian runner (b. 1925)^[281]
• 2005  - Jack L. Chalker, American author (b. 1944)^[282]
• 2006  - Peter Benchley, American author and screenwriter (b. 1940)^[283]
• 2006  - Ken Fletcher, Australian tennis player (b. 1940)^[284]
• 2006  - Jackie Pallo, English wrestler and actor (b. 1926)^[285]
• 2006  - Matilda, American chicken and stage magician, oldest known chicken (h. 1990)^[286]
• 2008  - Tom Lantos, American lawyer and politician (b. 1928)^[287]
• 2008  - Frank Piasecki, American engineer (b. 1919)^[288]
• 2009  - Estelle Bennett, American singer (b. 1941)^[289]
• 2009  - Willem Johan Kolff, Dutch-American physician and academic (b. 1911)^[290]
• 2010  - Heward Grafftey, Canadian businessman and politician (b. 1928)^[291]
• 2010  - Alexander McQueen, English fashion designer, founder of his eponymous brand (b. 1969)^[292]
• 2011  - Chuck Tanner, American baseball player and manager (b. 1928)^[293]
• 2012  - Siri Bjerke, Norwegian politician, Norwegian Minister of the Environment (b. 1958)^[294]
• 2012  - Aharon Davidi, Israeli general (b. 1927)^[295]
• 2012  - Whitney Houston, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress (b. 1963)^[296]
• 2013  - Rick Huxley, English bass player (b. 1940)^[297]
• 2014  - Alice Babs, Swedish singer and actress (b. 1924)^[298]
• 2014  - Tito Canepa, Dominican-American painter (b. 1916)^{[299] [300]}
• 2014  - Fernando González Pacheco, Colombian journalist and actor (b. 1932)^[301]
• 2015  - Roger Hanin, French actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1925)^[302]
• 2015  - Bob Simon, American journalist (b. 1941)^[303]
• 2015  - Jerry Tarkanian, American basketball player and coach (b. 1930)^[304]
• 2016  - Kevin Randleman, American mixed martial artist and wrestler (b. 1971)^[305]
• 2016  - Zeng Xuelin, Thai-Chinese footballer and manager (b. 1929)^[306]
• 2017  - Fab Melo, Brazilian basketball player (b. 1990)^[307]
• 2017  - Jaap Rijks, Dutch Olympian (b. 1919)^[308]
• 2017  - Trish Doan, Korean-Canadian musician (b. 1985)^[309]
• 2018  - Vic Damone, American singer, songwriter and actor (b. 1928)^[310]
• 2018  - Asma Jahangir, Pakistani human-rights lawyer and social activist (b. 1952)^[311]
• 2018  - Jan Maxwell, American stage and television actress (b. 1956)^[312]
• 2018  - Qazi Wajid, Pakistani drama actor, writer and artist (b. 1930)^[313]
• 2023  - Donald Spoto, American biographer (b. 1941)^[314]

Holidays and observances

• Christian feast day:
  • Blaise Eastern Orthodox liturgics^[315]
  • Cædmon, first recorded Christian poet in England, (Anglicanism)^[316]
  • Gobnait^[317]
  • Gregory II
  • Lazarus of Milan^[318]
  • February 11 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• European 112 Day (European Union)^[319]
• Armed Forces Day (Liberia)^[320]
• Evelio Javier Day (Panay Island, the Philippines)^[321]
• Feast day of Our Lady of Lourdes (Catholic Church), and its related observance
  • World Day of the Sick (Roman Catholic Church)^[322]
• Inventors' Day (United States)^[323]
• National Foundation Day (Japan)
• Youth Day (Cameroon)
• International Day of Women and Girls in Science (UN Women)^[324]

Works cited

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• Book: Lentz . Harris M. . Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 . 2014 . Routledge . 978-1-134-26490-2 . 529 . en.

External links

• BBC: On This Day
  • Historical Events on February 11

Notes and References

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2. BBC History. February 2020. Dominic Sandbrook. Nero assassinates his stepbrother. 12.
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4. Web site: History Of Science And Technology In Islam. www.history-science-technology.com.
5. Book: Haigh, Christopher. English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society Under the Tudorslocation=Oxford, UK. Oxford University Press. 1993. 9780198221623. 106–109.
6. Book: Martinic . Mateo . Mateo Martinic . 1977 . Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes . es . Santiago . Andrés Bello . 112–119.
7. Web site: Drake and the Tudor Navy: With a History of the Rise of England as a Maritime Power, Volume 2. 1965. New York, B. Franklin.
8. Book: William Henry Wilkins. A Queen of Tears: Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway and Princess of Great Britain and Ireland. 1904. Library of Alexandria. 978-1-4656-0740-9. 183.
9. Web site: U.S. Senate: On This Day: February 11, 1794 . www.senate.gov . 11 February 2020.
10. Book: Minerals Yearbook . 1976 . Bureau of Mines . 641 . en.
11. Web site: Davis . Jennifer . Elbridge Gerry and the Monstrous Gerrymander In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress . blogs.loc.gov . 23 February 2020 . 10 February 2017.
12. Web site: Flashback: Valletta stampede in 1823 killed 100 children . Times of Malta . 18 November 2015 . 23 February 2020 . en-gb.
13. Book: Andrews . Matthew . Universities in the Age of Reform, 1800–1870: Durham, London and King's College . 2018 . Springer . 978-3-319-76726-0 . 77 . en.
14. Web site: La Fille du régiment — Productions — Royal Opera House . www.roh.org.uk . 23 February 2020.
15. Book: Parker . Roger . The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas . 2007 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-972781-0 . 67 . registration . en.
16. Web site: Ethiopia - The Zagwe and Solomonic dynasties . Encyclopædia Britannica . 23 February 2020 . en.
17. Book: Premchand . Munshi . Premchand's Kazaki and Other Marvellous Tales . 2014 . Hachette India . 978-93-5009-562-1 . 107 . en.
18. Web site: Saint Bernadette of Lourdes Biography, Facts, & Feast Day . Encyclopædia Britannica . 23 February 2020 . en.
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20. Web site: Amadeus king of Spain . Encyclopædia Britannica . 11 February 2020 . en.
21. Web site: Biografía de Amadeo I de Saboya (1871-1873) - Reyes y Reinas de la España Contemporánea . 2023-06-26 . Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes . es.
22. Book: Boscaro . Adriana . Gatti . Franco . Raveri . Massimo . Rethinking Japan Vol 2: Social Sciences, Ideology and Thought . 2018 . Routledge . 978-1-135-88081-1 . 48 . en.
23. Web site: Anton Bruckner (1824-1896) . Mahler Foundation . 6 January 2015 . 24 February 2020.
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26. Web site: Lateran Treaty - Oxford Reference . www.oxfordreference.com . 24 February 2020 . en .
27. February 1933 . Red Squad-Communists Clash at City Hall . Open Forum . 1 . 10 . 8 . 0030-3429 . 4098587.
28. Web site: White . Jerry . Eighty-two years since the victory of the Flint sit-down strike . www.wsws.org . 11 February 2019 . 24 February 2020 . en.
29. Web site: Lewis . Danny . 78 Years Ago Today, BBC Aired the First Science Fiction Television Program . Smithsonian Magazine . 24 February 2020 . en.
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31. Web site: Omissions in New Revised Standard Version . 2023-10-04 . www.ministrymagazine.org . en.
32. Web site: Revised Standard Version Bible Committee . Oberlin College.
33. Web site: Morgan . David Closson and Jaelyn . Does 1 Corinthians 6:9 Really Condemn Homosexual Sex? . 2023-10-06 . www.frcblog.com . en.
34. 30 Mar 2006 . I Preface to the Revised Standard Version . Religious Education . en . 47 . 4 . 243–247 . 10.1080/0034408520470401 . 0034-4087 .
35. Book: Philipson . Ilene J. . Ethel Rosenberg: Beyond the Myths . 1993 . Rutgers University Press . 978-0-8135-1917-3 . 345 . en.
36. Book: Govrin . Yosef . Israeli-Soviet Relations, 1953-67: From Confrontation to Disruption . 1998 . Psychology Press . 978-0-7146-4872-9 . 3 . en.
37. Book: Rabi . Uzi . Yemen: Revolution, Civil War and Unification . 2014 . Bloomsbury Publishing . 978-0-85772-531-8 . 35 . en.
38. Web site: 2008-03-14 . Please Please Me . 2024-02-11 . The Beatles Bible . en-GB.
39. Web site: Ohsumi . 2020-04-05 . NASA NSSDC Master Catalog . National Space Science Data Center.
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41. Web site: Ranter. Harro. ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-275 C-FPWC Cranbrook Airport, BC (YXC). 2021-02-10. aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network.
42. Web site: 1979: Victory for Khomeini as army steps aside . BBC News . 24 February 2020 . 11 February 1979.
43. Web site: Beresford . David . From the archive, 12 February 1990: Nelson Mandela: A man whose time has come at last . The Guardian . 24 February 2020 . 6 December 2013.
44. Web site: Campbell . Paul . From the Vault: Mike Tyson is knocked out by 42–1 underdog Buster Douglas . The Guardian . 24 February 2020 . 11 February 2015.
45. Web site: Warnock . Lynda . NASA - STS-82 . www.nasa.gov . 24 February 2020 . en.
46. Book: Weintraub . David A. . Is Pluto a Planet?: A Historical Journey through the Solar System . 2014 . Princeton University Press . 978-1-4008-5297-0 . 250 . en.
47. Web site: CNN.com - Sci-Tech - Kournikova virus suspect arrested - February 14, 2001 . edition.cnn.com . 24 February 2020.
48. Book: Greener . B. K. . Fish . W. J. . Internal Security and Statebuilding: Aligning Agencies and Functions . 2014 . Routledge . 978-1-317-63133-0 . 102 . en.
49. Web site: Egypt Uprising of 2011 . Encyclopædia Britannica . 24 February 2020 . en.
50. Web site: Frail Pope Benedict to step down . BBC News . 13 February 2020 . 11 February 2013.
51. Web site: Jethro Mullen. 15 February 2013. Filipino group on Borneo claims to represent sultanate, Malaysia says. 25 February 2013. CNN.
52. Web site: One survivor as 77 killed in Algeria plane crash . The Guardian . 24 February 2020 . 12 February 2014.
53. Web site: Davidson . Helen . Rape and murder of young woman sparks mass Twitter protest in Turkey . The Guardian . 24 February 2020 . 17 February 2015.
54. Web site: Shooting at Saudi office 'kills six' . BBC News . 24 February 2020 . 11 February 2016.
55. News: North Korea fires ballistic missile, first since Trump elected in U.S.. Fifield. Anna. February 11, 2017. February 11, 2020. The Washington Post.
56. Web site: Bennetts . Marc . Russian passenger plane crashes outside Moscow, killing 71 . The Guardian . 11 February 2020 . 11 February 2018.
57. Web site: 11 February 2020. Coronavirus disease named Covid-19. 11 February 2020. BBC.
58. Web site: Finland Elects Alexander Stubb President as It Ushers in NATO Era. Erika. Solomon. Johanna. Lemola. The New York Times. 11 February 2024. 12 February 2024.
59. Web site: Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini Italian scholar . Encyclopædia Britannica . 11 February 2020 . en.
60. Web site: Henry VII and Elizabeth of York . Westminster Abbey . 3 April 2020 . en.
61. Web site: Gregory XIV pope . Encyclopædia Britannica . 11 February 2020 . en.
62. Book: Warner . Charles Dudley . A Library of the World's Best Literature - Ancient and Modern - Vol.XLIII (Forty-Five Volumes); Dictionary of Authors (K-Z) . 2008 . Cosimo, Inc. . 978-1-60520-251-8 . 539 . en.
63. Web site: William Carstares Scottish minister . Encyclopædia Britannica . 11 February 2020 . en.
64. Web site: Bernard Le Bovier, sieur de Fontenelle French author and scientist . Encyclopædia Britannica . 11 February 2020 . en.
65. Book: Boer . Bertil van . Historical Dictionary of Music of the Classical Period . 2012 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-7386-5 . 169 . en.
66. Book: Nafziger . George F. . Historical Dictionary of the Napoleonic Era . 2001 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-6617-1 . 82 . en.
67. Book: Newton . Michael . Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes] ]. 2014 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-61069-286-1 . 252 . en.
68. Web site: BBC - History - William Henry Fox Talbot . www.bbc.co.uk . 13 February 2020.
69. Web site: Lydia Maria Child American author . Encyclopædia Britannica . 13 February 2020 . en.
70. Book: Morris . Larry E. . The Fate of the Corps: What Became of the Lewis and Clark Explorers After the Expedition . 2004 . Yale University Press . 978-0-300-13024-9 . 187 . registration . en.
71. Web site: Alexander H. Stephens vice president of Confederate States of America . Encyclopædia Britannica . 13 February 2020 . en.
72. Web site: Otto Ludwig German writer . Encyclopædia Britannica . 25 February 2020 . en.
73. Web site: Auguste Mariette French archaeologist . Encyclopædia Britannica . 25 February 2020 . en.
74. Web site: Giraudet . Jean-Paul . Hans Bronsart von Schellendorf . musicalics.com . 25 February 2020 . fr . 1 March 2014.
75. Web site: Orth . John V. . Fuller, Melville Weston . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . 25 February 2020 . en . 10.1093/acref/9780195176612.001.0001 . 2005. 9780195176612 .
76. Web site: J. Willard Gibbs American scientist . Encyclopædia Britannica . 5 March 2020 . en.
77. Web site: Ahmed Tevfik Paşa Ottoman vizier . Encyclopædia Britannica . 5 March 2020 . en.
78. Web site: Thomas Edison Biography, Inventions, & Facts . Encyclopædia Britannica . 5 March 2020 . en.
79. Web site: Ellen Day Hale Smithsonian American Art Museum . americanart.si.edu . 3 April 2020.
80. Book: Hawthorne . Melanie . Rachilde and French Women's Authorship: From Decadence to Modernism . 2001 . U of Nebraska Press . 978-0-8032-2402-5 . 12 . en.
81. Web site: Fitzgerald, John Francis (1863-1950) . www.anb.org . 2000 . 5 March 2020 . en . 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600188. Burns . Constance K. . 978-0-19-860669-7 .
82. Book: Partington . James Riddick . History of Chemistry . 1964 . Macmillan International Higher Education . 978-1-349-00554-3 . 860 . en.
83. Web site: From a merchant family . krollermuller.nl . 5 March 2020 . en.
84. Web site: Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller . krollermuller.nl . 5 March 2020 . en.
85. Web site: Who was Jewish German poet and artist Else Lasker-Schüler, celebrated in today's Google Doodle? . www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com . 7 February 2020 . 5 March 2020 . en.
86. Book: Gaze . Delia . Mihajlovic . Maja . Shrimpton . Leanda . Dictionary of Women Artists: Introductory surveys; Artists, A-I . 1997 . Taylor & Francis . 978-1-884964-21-3 . 254 . en.
87. Encyclopedia: Aasa Helgesen . Ånund . Haugland . . 4 January 2024 . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . no. 16 March 2024.
88. Web site: Carrà, Carlo, 1881–1966 . artuk.org . 5 March 2020 . en.
89. Web site: John Warren Davis . West Virginia Archives and History . 2019 . West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History . February 29, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200229171815/http://www.wvculture.org/history/archives/blacks/jwdavis.html . February 29, 2020.
90. News: Anderson . Gene . Dr. John Warren Davis, adviser to five presidents . . . July 13, 1980 . 22 . March 2, 2020 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20200302233738/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46009114/dr-john-warren-davis-adviser-to-five/ . March 2, 2020.
91. Book: Shook . John R. . Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers . 2005 . A&C Black . 978-1-84371-037-0 . 1951 . en.
92. Web site: Leo Szilard American physicist . Encyclopædia Britannica . 5 March 2020 . en.
93. Web site: Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon - Ellen Broe. 2007-07-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20070708132625/http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/313/origin/170/. July 8, 2007. 2017-10-24.
94. Web site: Hans-Georg Gadamer . The Independent . 5 March 2020 . en . 26 March 2002.
95. Book: Prohl . Inken . Nelson . John K. . Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions . 2012 . BRILL . 978-90-04-23435-2 . 283–290 . en.
96. Book: Campbell . Gordon . The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts: Two-volume Set . 2006 . Oxford University Press, USA . 978-0-19-518948-3 . 509 . en.
97. Web site: Holyoake, Keith Jacka . teara.govt.nz . 6 March 2020 . en.
98. Web site: World's oldest man dies aged 113 . The Independent . 11 February 2020 . en . 30 January 2018.
99. Book: Matheson . Sue . The John Ford Encyclopedia . 2019 . Rowman & Littlefield . 978-1-5381-0382-1 . 74 . en.
100. Web site: Obituary: Sir Vivian Fuchs . The Independent . 6 March 2020 . en . 13 November 1999.
101. Book: Grasso . John . Historical Dictionary of Boxing . 2013 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-7867-9 . 51 . en.
102. Web site: Joseph L. Mankiewicz Biography, Movies, Assessment, and Facts . Encyclopædia Britannica . 6 March 2020 . en.
103. Web site: Obituary: Rudolf Firkusny . The Independent . 9 March 2020 . en . 23 July 1994.
104. Web site: Matt Dennis - Oxford Reference . www.oxfordreference.com . 9 March 2020 . en .
105. Book: Komara . Edward M. . Encyclopedia of the Blues . 2006 . Psychology Press . 978-0-415-92699-7 . 1072 . en.
106. Web site: Obituary: Sir Patrick Leigh Fermor . BBC News . 9 March 2020 . 10 June 2011.
107. Book: Henderson . Harry . A to Z of Computer Scientists . 2014 . Infobase Publishing . 978-1-4381-0918-3 . 108 . en.
108. Web site: Sidney Sheldon . The Independent . 11 February 2020 . en . 1 February 2007.
109. Web site: Famous birthdays for Feb. 11: Damian Lewis, Khalid . . 10 February 2024 . 11 February 2023.
110. Web site: Farouk I king of Egypt . Encyclopædia Britannica . 9 March 2020 . en.
111. Web site: Authors : Galouye, Daniel F : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia . www.sf-encyclopedia.com . 9 March 2020.
112. Web site: Billy Halop . https://web.archive.org/web/20190805051447/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba1600fc6 . dead . August 5, 2019 . BFI . 9 March 2020 . en.
113. Book: Finkelman . Paul . Encyclopedia of African American History: 5-Volume Set . 2009 . Oxford University Press, USA . 978-0-19-516779-5 . 15 . en.
114. Web site: Lloyd Bentsen American politician . Encyclopædia Britannica . 9 March 2020 . en.
115. Web site: Cochrane . Lauren . Ottavio Missoni obituary . The Guardian . 9 March 2020 . 9 May 2013.
116. Web site: Antony Flew English philosopher . Encyclopædia Britannica . 9 March 2020 . en.
117. Book: Grasso . John . Historical Dictionary of Tennis . 2011 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-7237-0 . 220 . en.
118. Web site: Hayman . Suzie . Virginia Johnson obituary . The Guardian . 9 March 2020 . 28 July 2013.
119. Web site: Kim Stanley American actress . Encyclopædia Britannica . 5 March 2020 . en.
120. Web site: Paul Bocuse French chef . Encyclopædia Britannica . 9 March 2020 . en.
121. Web site: Bergan . Ronald . Leslie Nielsen obituary . The Guardian . 9 March 2020 . 29 November 2010.
122. Web site: San Francisco Arts Commission . www.sfartscommission.org . 9 March 2020.
123. Web site: Mary Quant – Clothes, Miniskirt & Fashion . 3 June 2020 . 13 April 2023 . 13 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230413125132/https://www.biography.com/fashion-designer/mary-quant#synopsis . live .
124. The Mary Quant exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum in 2019–20 stated her year of birth as 1930, and that she became a student at Goldsmiths College around 1950. However, the sleeve to her own autobiography (2012) gives the year as 1934, a date that has been widely cited over the years. Obituaries in April 2023 seemed universally to have accepted that she was 93 when she died: in other words, that she was born on 11 February 1930.
125. Web site: Dennis Skinner at 80 . The Guardian . 9 March 2020 . 12 February 2012.
126. Web site: Jackson . Harold . Obituary: Mel Carnahan . The Guardian . 9 March 2020 . 19 October 2000.
127. Book: Strodder . Chris . The Encyclopedia of Sixties Cool: A Celebration of the Grooviest People, Events, and Artifacts of the 1960s . 2007 . Santa Monica Press . 978-1-59580-986-5 . 34 . en.
128. Web site: Caistor . Nick . Manuel Noriega obituary . The Guardian . 9 March 2020 . 30 May 2017.
129. Web site: David Taylor . www.bafta.org . 9 March 2020 . en . 3 April 2013.
130. Web site: Gene Vincent American singer . Encyclopædia Britannica . 9 March 2020 . en.
131. Web site: Obituary: Burt Reynolds . BBC News . 9 March 2020 . 6 September 2018.
132. Web site: Mr Ian Gow (Hansard). api.parliament.uk.
133. Book: Berkmann . Marcus . Berkmann's Cricketing Miscellany . 2019 . Little, Brown Book Group . 978-1-4087-1175-0 . 28 . en.
134. Web site: Eddie Shack The Canadian Encyclopedia . www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca . 2 April 2020.
135. Web site: Russell . Tony . Phillip Walker obituary . The Guardian . 2 April 2020 . 10 August 2010.
136. Web site: Cricket: Former New Zealand cricket captain Bevan Congdon dies . NZ Herald . 2 April 2020 . en-NZ . 10 February 2018.
137. Web site: Legendary Songwriter Gerry Goffin February 11, 1939 - June 19, 2014 Carole King . www.caroleking.com . 2 April 2020.
138. Web site: Former SFU star and Team USA Captain, Cal Fowler, dies . . 10 February 2024 . 8 March 2013.
139. Larkin 2011, p. 1995
140. Web site: Otis Clay: Singer hailed for his work in gospel and soul . The Independent . 2 April 2020 . en . 13 January 2016.
141. Web site: Joselito . https://web.archive.org/web/20190228204345/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba16e4eff . dead . February 28, 2019 . BFI . 2 April 2020 . en.
142. Web site: Alan Rubin dies at 68; Blues Brothers trumpeter . Los Angeles Times . 2 April 2020 . 11 June 2011.
143. Web site: Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress - Retro Member details . bioguideretro.congress.gov . 2 April 2020.
144. Book: Werlock . Abby H. P. . Companion to Literature: Facts on File Companion to the American Short Story . 2009 . Infobase Publishing . 978-1-4381-2743-9 . 698 . en.
145. Web site: Ian Porterfield . www.scotsman.com . 13 September 2007 . 2 April 2020 . en.
146. Web site: Hatoyama Yukio Biography & Facts . Encyclopædia Britannica . 2 April 2020 . en.
147. Larkin 2011, p. 2371
148. Web site: James Silas . . 10 February 2024.
149. Web site: Mike Leavitt - Utah History Encyclopedia . www.uen.org . 2 April 2020.
150. Web site: Philip Anglim . https://web.archive.org/web/20180620110958/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba3f85f63 . dead . June 20, 2018 . BFI . 2 April 2020 . en.
151. Book: Conley . Richard S. . The A to Z of the Reagan-Bush Era . 2009 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-7036-9 . 31 . en.
152. Web site: Tom Veryzer Stats, Fantasy & News . MLB.com . 2 April 2020 . en.
153. Book: Roberts . Jerry . Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors . 2009 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-6378-1 . 572 . en.
154. Web site: CATHERINE HICKLAND BROADWAY AND THEATRE CREDITS . Broadway World . January 14, 2022 . en . February 17, 2021.
155. Web site: Tributes pour in after French jazz violinist Didier Lockwood dies, aged 62 . RFI . 2 April 2020 . en . 19 February 2018.
156. Web site: The Ambani family tree: A journey to the life of billionaires. Pressroom TODAY . 8 August 2018 . en . 8 August 2018.
157. Web site: Roberto Moreno . ESPN UK . 2 April 2020 . en.
158. Web site: Astronaut Biography: Richard A. Mastracchio . Space.com . 20 July 2007 . 2 April 2020 . en.
159. Web site: Rose . Mike . Today's famous birthdays list for February 11, 2023 includes celebrities Sheryl Crow, Jennifer Aniston . . . 10 February 2024 . 11 February 2023.
160. Book: Ford . Lynne E. . Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics . 2010 . Infobase Publishing . 978-1-4381-1032-5 . 46 . en.
161. Larkin 2011, p. 438
162. Web site: Sarah Palin Biography & Facts . Encyclopædia Britannica . 2 April 2020 . en.
163. Book: Wall . Jeremy . UFC's Ultimate Warriors: The Top 10 . 2005 . ECW Press . 978-1-55022-691-1 . 159 . en.
164. Web site: Netball Coach Profile: Vicki WILSON - Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games . results.gc2018.com . 2 April 2020.
165. Web site: Literary Birthday – 11 February – Mo Willems . Writers Write . 2 April 2020 . 11 February 2016.
166. Book: Hart . Brian . Rinvolucri . Mario . Puchta . Herbert . Stranks . Jeff . English in Mind Starter Level Teacher's Resource Book . 2010 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-17689-7 . 25 . en.
167. Web site: Andreas Hilfiker Stats, News, Bio . ESPN . 2 April 2020 . en.
168. Web site: John Salako - Midfielder - Madejski Men Reading FC . www.readingfc.co.uk . 2 April 2020.
169. Web site: Damian Lewis British actor . Encyclopædia Britannica . 13 February 2020 . en.
170. Web site: College Days: Steve McManaman . The Guardian . 2 April 2020 . 10 December 2002.
171. Book: O'Shea . Mick . Cemetery Gates: Saints and Survivors of the Heavy Metal Scene . 2014 . Plexus Publishing . 978-0-85965-890-4 . 254 . en.
172. Web site: Nick Barmby. soccerbase.com. 8 February 2020.
173. Larkin 2011, p. 482
174. Web site: Alex Jones . . 31 January 2023.
175. Web site: Jaroslav Spacek . ESPN.com . 2 April 2020.
176. News: Andy Lally . IMSA . 2 April 2020.
177. Web site: Callum Thorp . SkySports . 2 April 2020 . en.
178. Web site: Jacque Vaughn Stats, News, Bio . ESPN . 2 April 2020 . en.
179. Web site: Tony Battie Stats, News, Bio . ESPN . 2 April 2020 . en.
180. Web site: Bryce Salvador . . 10 February 2024.
181. Web site: [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p388572|pure_url=yes}} Mike Shinoda: Biography ]. . Corey . Apar.
182. Web site: Brandy . Oxford Reference . Oxford University Press . 9 March 2020 . en . 10.1093/acref/9780195313734.001.0001 . 2009. 9780195313734 .
183. Web site: Ruff . Rivea . Birthday Slay! Kelly Rowland Is Finer Than Ever At 41 . . 31 January 2023 . 11 February 2022.
184. Web site: Daryn Colledge . . 10 February 2024.
185. Web site: Earnshaw . Jessica . Birthday girl Natalie Dormer stuns in quirky dress at BAFTA Gala... as new GoT stills emerge . . 31 January 2023 . 11 February 2016.
186. Web site: Lubomira KALINOVA - Olympic Biathlon Slovakia . International Olympic Committee . 9 March 2020 . en . 24 June 2016.
187. Web site: Aussie mettle wins it for Robertson . BBC Sport . 6 March 2020 . 4 May 2010.
188. Web site: Rafael van der Vaart. soccerbase.com. 8 February 2020.
189. Web site: European Athletics - Athlete: Maarten Heisen . european-athletics . 6 March 2020 . en.
190. Web site: Marco Marcato . www.eurosport.com . 6 March 2020.
191. Web site: Max Talbot - Profile . www.nhlpa.com . 6 March 2020.
192. Web site: Alando Tucker . . 10 February 2024.
193. Web site: Mike Richards . . 10 February 2024.
194. Web site: Šárka Strachová . www.eurosport.com . 6 March 2020.
195. Web site: Esparza. Robinson. Gabriel Boric: El magallánico que quiere desbancar a Camila Vallejo. Gabriel Boric: The man from Magallanes who wants to unseat Camila Vallejo. El Magallanews.cl, Noticias de Punta Arenas y Magallanes. 17 November 2011. 4 August 2015. es-CL.
196. Web site: Luca Antonelli Stats, News, Bio . ESPN . 6 March 2020 . en.
197. Web site: Juan Callejon . www.eurosport.com . 6 March 2020.
198. Web site: Brian Matusz Stats, Fantasy & News . MLB.com . 6 March 2020 . en.
199. Web site: Jan SMEEKENS - Olympic Speed skating Netherlands . International Olympic Committee . 5 March 2020 . en . 29 June 2018.
200. Web site: Ellen van Dijk Bio, Stats, and Results . https://web.archive.org/web/20200418112619/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/va/ellen-van-dijk-1.html . dead . 18 April 2020 . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . 5 March 2020 . en.
201. Web site: Vlad MOLDOVEANU at the FIBA Europe Cup 2018-19 . FIBA.basketball . 5 March 2020 . en.
202. Web site: Javier Aquino Stats . FBref.com . 5 March 2020 . en.
203. Web site: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif . . 10 February 2024.
204. Web site: Nikola Mirotic . NBA G League . 13 February 2020.
205. Web site: Lasse Norman Hansen Bio, Stats, and Results . https://web.archive.org/web/20200417235838/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ha/lasse-norman-hansen-1.html . dead . 17 April 2020 . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . 13 February 2020 . en.
206. Web site: VanHoose . Benjamin . Taylor Lautner's Fiancée Tay Dome Wishes Him a Happy 30th Birthday: 'You Are My Greatest Love' . . 31 January 2023 . 11 February 2022.
207. Web site: Jake Matthews . . 10 February 2024.
208. Web site: Ben McLemore Stats, News, Bio . ESPN . 11 February 2020 . en.
209. Web site: Dansby Swanson . MILB . 11 February 2020.
210. Web site: Milan Skriniar Biography . 2022-10-26 . ESPN . en.
211. Web site: Rick Karsdorp. Serie A. 11 February 2024.
212. Web site: Daniil Medvedev ATP player page. ATP. 12 February 2022.
213. Web site: Jonathan Tah - Abwehr. Bayer 04 Leverkusen. 10 February 2019.
214. Web site: Lucas Torreira. Premier League. 11 February 2024.
215. Web site: Damien Harris . . 10 February 2024.
216. Web site: Mike Hughes . . 10 February 2024.
217. Web site: Hubert Hurkacz Overview ATP Tour Tennis. ATP Tour. 17 September 2021.
218. Web site: Zavier Simpson . 12 April 2024 . National Basketball Association.
219. Web site: Trent Frederic Stats And News . 2023-10-14 . www.nhl.com . en.
220. Web site: Josh Jacobs . . 10 February 2024.
221. Web site: Ju. Shirley. Khalid Celebrates 21st Birthday With Bash at Beverly Hills Mansion. 2020-11-10. Variety. en-US. 2019-02-12.
222. Web site: Nassir Little . . 10 February 2024.
223. Web site: Bryan Gil. Premier League. 11 February 2024.
224. Book: Vagi . David . Coinage and History of the Roman Empire . 2016 . Routledge . 978-1-135-97125-0 . 133 . en.
225. Book: Mikhail . Maged . The Legacy of Demetrius of Alexandria 189-232 CE: The Form and Function of Hagiography in Late Antique and Islamic Egypt . 2016 . Taylor & Francis . 978-1-317-28060-6 . 167 . en.
226. Web site: Heraclius Byzantine emperor . Encyclopædia Britannica . 13 February 2020 . en.
227. Web site: Saint Gregory II pope . Encyclopædia Britannica . 11 February 2020 . en.
228. Web site: Saint Paschal I pope . Encyclopædia Britannica . 2 April 2020 . en.
229. Web site: Hugh of Saint-Victor French theologian . Encyclopædia Britannica . 2 April 2020 . en.
230. Book: Mollin . Richard A. . An Introduction to Cryptography . 2000 . CRC Press . 978-1-58488-127-8 . 21 . en.
231. Web site: Rene Descartes Biography, Philosophy, & Facts . Encyclopædia Britannica . 2 April 2020 . en.
232. Web site: Francesco Scipione, marchese di Maffei Italian dramatist . Encyclopædia Britannica . 3 April 2020 . en.
233. Web site: William Shenstone English connoisseur . Encyclopædia Britannica . 3 April 2020 . en.
234. Web site: George Dance the Elder, St. Botolph, Aldgate, London, c.1740s: (1-9) Plans, elevations, sections & detail of ceiling . 2023-10-06 . collections.soane.org.
235. Web site: George Dance Artist Royal Academy of Arts . 2023-10-06 . www.royalacademy.org.uk.
236. Web site: Gardens (en) . Parks and . George Dance The Elder . 2023-10-23 . Parks & Gardens . en.
237. Web site: Carl Michael Bellman Swedish poet and musician . Encyclopædia Britannica . 3 April 2020 . en.
238. News: Juan Sánchez Ramírez. Real Academia de la Historia. November 22, 2020 .
239. Web site: Aleksandr Sergeyevich Griboyedov Russian dramatist . Encyclopædia Britannica . 3 April 2020 . en.
240. Web site: Elizabeth Eleanor Siddal 1829-1862 . Tate . 3 April 2020.
241. Web site: Léon Foucault French physicist . Encyclopædia Britannica . 3 April 2020 . en.
242. Web site: FÉLIX MARÍA ZULOAGA. Presidencia de la Republica de Mexico. May 28, 2019. es. May 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190528051501/http://calderon.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/felix-maria-zuloaga/. dead.
243. Web site: Milan IV (or II) king of Serbia . Encyclopædia Britannica . 3 April 2020 . en.
244. Book: United States Naval Medical Bulletin . 1917 . U.S. Government Printing Office . 525 . en.
245. Web site: Aleksey Maksimovich Kaledin Russian military officer . Encyclopædia Britannica . 3 April 2020 . en.
246. Web site: Sir Charles Algernon Parsons British engineer . Encyclopædia Britannica . 3 April 2020 . en.
247. Web site: Kansanedustajat: Kalle Korhonen . . 20 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190318010448/https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/910788.aspx . 18 March 2019 . Helsinki, Finland . fi.
248. Web site: John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland . www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk . 3 April 2020.
249. Book: Ethics, Intigrity & Aptitude . 19 January 2021 . Prabhat Prakashan . 978-93-5266-556-3 . 343 . en.
250. Web site: Martin Klein Bio, Stats, and Results . https://web.archive.org/web/20200417215430/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/kl/martin-klein-1.html . dead . 17 April 2020 . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . 3 April 2020 . en.
251. Web site: Sergei M. Eisenstein . https://web.archive.org/web/20160204153015/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba14adda2 . dead . February 4, 2016 . BFI . 3 April 2020 . en.
252. Book: Chatwin . Bruce . Bruce Chatwin . Anatomy of Restlessness: Selected Writings 1969–1989 . August 1, 1997 . . 110150319X . Among the Ruins . registration .
253. Web site: Ernest Jones RCP Museum . history.rcplondon.ac.uk . 3 April 2020.
254. Book: Willbanks . James H. . America's Heroes: Medal of Honor Recipients from the Civil War to Afghanistan . 2011 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-59884-393-4 . 65 . en.
255. Web site: Sylvia Plath Biography, Poems, Books, & Facts . Encyclopædia Britannica . 3 April 2020 . en.
256. Book: Walters . Kerry . Jarrell . Robin . Blessed Peacemakers: 365 Extraordinary People Who Changed the World . 2013 . Wipf and Stock Publishers . 978-1-62189-535-0 . 51 . en.
257. Web site: Lindsay and Crouse American dramatists . Encyclopædia Britannica . 3 April 2020 . en.
258. Web site: J. Hans D. Jensen German physicist . Encyclopædia Britannica . 3 April 2020 . en.
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260. Book: Krampert . Peter . The Encyclopedia of the Harmonica . 2016 . Mel Bay Publications . 978-1-61911-577-4 . 37 . en.
261. Web site: Alexander M. Lippisch German-American aerodynamicist . Encyclopædia Britannica . 3 April 2020 . en.
262. Web site: Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed president of India . Encyclopædia Britannica . 3 April 2020 . en.
263. Lentz 2014, p. 578
264. Book: Urban . Wayne J. . Scholarly Leadership in Higher Education: An Intellectual History of James Bryan Conant . 2020 . Bloomsbury Academic . 978-1-350-12928-3 . 202 . en.
265. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1974 . NobelPrize.org . 3 April 2020.
266. Web site: Eleanor Powell American dancer and actress . Encyclopædia Britannica . 3 April 2020 . en.
267. Web site: Henry Hathaway . https://web.archive.org/web/20180528001813/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f44e221 . dead . May 28, 2018 . BFI . 3 April 2020 . en.
268. Web site: Authors : Herbert, Frank : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia . www.sf-encyclopedia.com . 3 April 2020.
269. Web site: George Hanlon . https://web.archive.org/web/20190426114151/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9fcd10cb . dead . April 26, 2019 . BFI . 3 April 2020 . en.
270. Web site: Robert William Holley American biochemist . Encyclopædia Britannica . 3 April 2020 . en.
271. Book: Freedman . Lew . Encyclopedia of Stock Car Racing [2 volumes] ]. 2013 . ABC-CLIO . 978-0-313-38710-4 . 69 . en.
272. Book: Ellenberger . Allan R. . Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory . 2001 . McFarland . 978-0-7864-5019-0 . 106 . en.
273. Web site: Obituary: William Conrad . The Independent . 3 April 2020 . en . 14 February 1994.
274. Book: Sarkar . Sahotra . Pfeifer . Jessica . The Philosophy of Science: A-M . 2006 . Taylor & Francis . 978-0-415-97709-8 . 304 . en.
275. Book: Moliterno . Gino . Encyclopedia of Contemporary Italian Culture . 2000 . Taylor & Francis . 978-0-415-14584-8 . 729 . en.
276. Web site: Mason . Peter . Lord Kitchener . The Guardian . 3 April 2020 . 12 February 2000.
277. Web site: Roger Vadim dies . The Guardian . 3 April 2020 . 11 February 2000.
278. Web site: Frankie Crosetti Society for American Baseball Research . sabr.org . 3 April 2020.
279. Web site: Purser . Philip . Obituary: Barry Foster . The Guardian . 3 April 2020 . 12 February 2002.
280. Web site: 2004-02-22 . Anthony J. “Tony” Pope . 2024-06-03 . News-Herald . en-US.
281. Book: Matthews . Peter . Historical Dictionary of Track and Field . 2012 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-6781-9 . 195 . en.
282. Web site: Authors : Chalker, Jack L : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia . www.sf-encyclopedia.com . 3 April 2020.
283. Web site: Peter Benchley . The Independent . 3 April 2020 . en . 14 February 2006.
284. Book: Grasso . John . Historical Dictionary of Tennis . 2011 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-7237-0 . 103 . en.
285. Web site: Jackie Pallo . The Independent . 3 April 2020 . en . 16 February 2006.
286. Web site: Famous Bessemer Chicken Dies at 16 . News Staff . WSFA 12 News . February 14, 2006 . 2008-07-15.
287. Web site: Tom Lantos: Politician and Holocaust survivor . The Independent . 3 April 2020 . en . 13 February 2008.
288. Web site: Turnill . Reginald . Obituary: Frank Piasecki . The Guardian . 3 April 2020 . 12 March 2008.
289. Web site: Obituary: Estelle Bennett . The Guardian . 3 April 2020 . en . 16 February 2009.
290. Web site: Reed . Christopher . Obituary: Willem Kolff . The Guardian . 3 April 2020 . 17 February 2009.
291. News: Heward Grafftey, 'bad boy of Montreal's blue bloods,' passes away . The Globe and Mail . 11 February 2010 . 3 April 2020. Hustak . Alan .
292. Web site: Fox . Imogen . Alexander McQueen obituary . The Guardian . 3 April 2020 . 11 February 2010.
293. Web site: Chuck Tanner Society for American Baseball Research . sabr.org . 3 April 2020.
294. Web site: Biografi: Bjerke, Siri . Stortinget . 3 April 2020 . no . 9 March 2008.
295. Web site: Aharon Davidi, retired Israeli general, dies at 84 . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . 3 April 2020 . 23 February 2012.
296. Web site: Sullivan . Caroline . Whitney Houston obituary . The Guardian . 2 April 2020 . 12 February 2012.
297. Web site: Rick Huxley: Bassist with the Dave Clark Five . The Independent . 3 April 2020 . en . 13 February 2013.
298. Web site: Alice Babs Discover music on NTS . NTS Radio . 2 April 2020 . en.
299. Web site: Tito Canepa Smithsonian American Art Museum . americanart.si.edu . 3 April 2020.
300. Web site: Obituaries CAA . College Art Association . 3 April 2020 . en.
301. Web site: Fernando González Pacheco Dies . Latin Times . 3 April 2020 . en . 11 February 2014.
302. Web site: Roger Hanin - BFI Filmography . https://web.archive.org/web/20200530162816/https://filmography.bfi.org.uk/person/233777 . dead . May 30, 2020 . filmography.bfi.org.uk . 3 April 2020.
303. Web site: Bob Simon dies in New York car crash . The Guardian . 2 April 2020 . 12 February 2015.
304. Web site: Hall of Fame UNLV coach Jerry Tarkanian dies aged 84 . The Guardian . 2 April 2020 . 11 February 2015.
305. Web site: Kurchak . Sarah . In Memoriam: The MMA Fighters Who Passed Away In 2016 . Vice . 13 February 2020 . en . 2 January 2017.
306. Web site: 前中国男足主教练曾雪麟逝世 足坛元老享年86岁. Netease. 2016-02-11. 2016-02-11. Former Chinese men's football coach Zeng Xuelin dies at 86. zh.
307. Web site: Former Syracuse, Celtics 7-footer Fab Melo, 26, dies in Brazil. Feb 13, 2017. Jeff. Goodman. ESPN.
308. Web site: Paardensportman Jaap Rijks overleden. nl. Versluis-Borsboom. NancyEquestrian sportsman Jaap Rijks passed away. February 11, 2017. Horses.nl. February 11, 2020.
309. Kaufman . Gil . 2017-02-14 . Kittie Bassist Trish Doan Dies at 31 . 2023-04-23 . Billboard . en-US.
310. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/obituaries/vic-damone-singer-dies.html Vic Damone, Who Crooned to Postwar Popularity, Dies at 89
311. News: Masood. Salman. Asma Jahangir, Fearless Pakistani Rights Activist, Dies at 66. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/11/obituaries/asma-jahangir-fearless-pakistani-rights-activist-dies-at-66.html . 2022-01-02 . limited . live. The New York Times. 11 February 2018.
312. McPhee, Ryan. "Jan Maxwell, a Five-Time Tony Award Nominee, Dies at 61" Playbill, February 11, 2018
313. News: Veteran actor Qazi Wajid passes away. The Express Tribune. 11 February 2018.
314. News: Donald Spoto, Biographer of Hitchcock and Many More, Dies at 81 . The New York Times . February 17, 2023 . July 16, 2024. Genzlinger . Neil .
315. Web site: Saint Blaise Biography, Traditions, Facts, & Feast Day . Encyclopædia Britannica . 11 February 2020 . en.
316. Cædmon (fl. c. 670), poet . 2004 . 11 February 2020 . en . 10.1093/ref:odnb/4321. Stanley . E. G. .
317. Web site: Watch: Doing the rounds at St Gobnait's well in Kerry . www.rte.ie . 11 February 2020.
318. Book: Drake . Maurice . Drake . Wilfred . Saints and their emblems . 1916 . Dalcassian Publishing Company . 74 . en.
319. Web site: 112 Day: Celebrating the EU's Single Emergency Number . Digital Single Market - European Commission . 11 February 2020 . en . 11 February 2019.
320. Book: Mehler . Andreas . Melber . Henning . Walraven . Klaas van . Africa Yearbook Volume 10: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2013 . 2014 . BRILL . 978-90-04-28264-3 . 104 . en.
321. Web site: PRC Iloilo observes Governor Evelio B. Javier Day Professional Regulation Commission . www.prc.gov.ph . 11 February 2020.
322. Web site: World Day of the Sick . The National Association of Catholic Chaplains . 11 February 2020.
323. Web site: National Inventors' Day: February 11, 2019 . The United States Census Bureau . 11 February 2020 . EN-US.
324. Web site: International Day of Women and Girls in Science United Nations . www.un.org . 11 February 2020 . en.