Growth of religion explained

Growth of religion involves the spread of individual religions and the increase in the numbers of religious adherents around the world. In sociology, desecularization is the proliferation or growth of religion, most commonly after a period of previous secularization. Statistics commonly measure the absolute number of adherents, the percentage of the absolute growth per-year, and the growth of converts in the world.

Studies in the 21st century suggest that, in terms of percentage and worldwide spread, Islam is the fastest-growing major religion in the world.^[1] A comprehensive religious forecast for 2050 by the Pew Research Center predicts that the global Muslim population will grow at a faster rate than the Christian population – primarily due to the average younger age, and higher fertility rate of Muslims.^{[2] [3] [4]} Religious conversion has no net impact on the Muslim population growth.^{[5] [6]} In fact, conversion will have little impact on the size of religious groups.^[7]

It is projected that birth rate – rather than conversion – will prove the main factor in the growth of any given religion.^[8] While according to other various scholars and sources Pentecostalism – a Protestant Christian movement – is the fastest growing religion in the world,^{[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]} this growth is primarily due to religious conversion and denomination switching among Christians.^{[17] [18]}

Counting the number of converts to a religion can prove difficult. Although some national censuses ask people about their religion, they do not ask if they have converted to their presently espoused faith. Additionally, in some countries, legal and social consequences make conversion difficult. For example, individuals can receive a capital punishment if they openly leave Islam in some Muslim countries.^{[19] [20] [21] [22] [23]}

Statistical data on conversion to and from Islam are scarce. According to a study published in 2011 by Pew Research, what little information is available may suggest that religious conversion has no net impact on the Muslim population, as the number of people who convert to Islam is roughly similar to those who leave Islam.^{[24] [25]}

Some religions proselytise vigorously (Christianity and Islam, for example), while others (such as Judaism and Sikhism) do not generally encourage conversions into their ranks. Some faiths grow exponentially at first (especially, for example, along trade routes^[26] or for reasons of social prestige^[27]),only for their zeal to wane (note the flagging case of Zoroastrianism). The growth of a religion can interact with factors such as persecution, entrenched rival religions (such as established religions), and religious market saturation.^[28]

Growth of religious groups

Buddhism

See also: Silk Road transmission of Buddhism. Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha, who was born in modern day Nepal and lived and taught in India in the 5th century BC. The majority of Buddhists live in Asia; Europe and North America also have populations exceeding one million.^[29] According to scholars of religious demographics, there are between 488 million,^[30] 495 million, and 535 million^[31] Buddhists in the world.

According to Johnson and Grim, Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910–2010). More recently (2000–2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and some African countries. The Australian Bureau of Statistics, through statistical analysis, held Buddhism to be the fastest-growing spiritual tradition in Australia in terms of percentage gain, with a growth of 79.1% for the period 1996 to 2001 (200,000→358,000).

Buddhism is the majority and state religion in seven countries: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Mongolia, Thailand, Cambodia, Bhutan and Laos.^[32]

Buddhism is the majority religion in the following nine countries: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Bhutan, Mongolia, Japan and Singapore.

Special administrative areas in China are Buddhist majority areas such as Macau and Tibet.

Kalmykia is the only Buddhist majority region in Europe. It is an autonomous republic in Russia.

According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey, over the next four decades the number of Buddhists around the world is expected to decrease from 487 million in 2010 to 486  million in 2050.^[33] The decline is due to several factors such as the low fertility level among Buddhists (1.6 children per woman),^[34] and the old age (median age of 34), compared to the overall population.^[35] According to the Pew Research Center published on 2010, religious conversion may have little impact on the Buddhists population between 2010 and 2050; Buddhists are expected to lose 2.9 million adherents between 2010 and 2050.

According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, between 2010 and 2015 "an estimated 32 million babies were born to Buddhist mothers and roughly 20 million Buddhists died, meaning that the natural increase in the Buddhists population – i.e., the number of births minus the number of deaths – was 12 million over this period".^[36] According to the same study Buddhists "are projected to decline in absolute number, dropping 7% from nearly 500 million in 2015 to 462 million in 2060. Low fertility rates and aging populations in countries such as China, Thailand and Japan are the main demographic reasons for the expected shrinkage in the Buddhist population in the years ahead".^[36]

Chinese traditional religion

According to a survey of religion in China in the year 2010, the number of people practicing some form of Chinese folk religion is near to 950 million (70% of the Chinese),^[37] of which 173 million (13%) practice some form of Taoist-defined folk faith.^[37] Further in detail, 12 million people have passed some formal initiation into Taoism, or adhere to the official Chinese Taoist Association.^[37] Comparing this with other surveys, evidence suggests that nowadays three-fifths to four-fifths of the Chinese believe in folk religion. This shows a significant growth from the 300–400 million people practicing Chinese traditional religion that were estimated in the 1990s and early 2000s.^{[38] [39]}

This growth reverses the rapid decline that Chinese traditional religion faced in the 20th century. Moreover, Chinese religion has also spread throughout the world following the emigration of Chinese populations, with 672,000 adherents in Canada as of 2010.

According to scholars Miikka Ruokanen and Paulos Huang of University of Helsinki, the rebirth of traditional religion in China is faster and larger than the spread of other religions in the country, such as Buddhism and Christianity:^[40]

The number of adherents of the Chinese traditional religion is difficult to count, because of :^[41]

The Chinese folk religion is a "diffused religion" rather than "institutional".^[41] It is a meaning system of social solidarity and identity, ranging from the kinship systems to the community, the state, and the economy, that serves to integrate Chinese culture.^[41]

Christianity

See main article: Christian population growth.

See also: Spread of Christianity. According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there are 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, up from about 600 million in 1910. And according to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey, within the next four decades, Christians will remain the world's largest religion; if current trends continue, by 2050 the number of Christians will reach 3 billion (or 31.4%).^[42] According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, by 2060 Christians will remain the world's largest religion; and the number of Christians will reach 3.05 billion (or 31.8%).^[36] According to scholar Mark Juergensmeyer of University of California, Berkeley, the global Christian population increased at an average annual rate of 2.3%, while Roman Catholicism is growing by 1.3% annually, Protestantism is growing by 3.3% annually, and Evangelicalism and Pentecostalism is growing by 7% annually.^[43] According to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Christianity (growth rate, 1.38%) is one of the six fastest-growing religions in the world, with high birth rates and conversions in the global South were being cited as the major reasons of the Christian population growth.^[44]

By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion.^[45] Christians have 2.7 children per woman, which is above replacement level (2.1). The birth rate is expected to be the main factor in the growth of Christianity.^[46] According to Pew Research Center study, by 2050 the number of Christians in absolute number is expected to grow to more than double in the next few decades, from 517 million to 1.1 billion in Sub Saharan Africa, from 531 million to 665 million in Latin America and Caribbean, from 287 million to 381 million in Asia, and from 266 million to 287 million in North America.^[47] By 2050, Christianity is expected to remain the majority of population and the largest religious group in Latin America and Caribbean (89%),^[48] North America (66%),^[49] Europe (65.2%)^[50] and Sub Saharan Africa (59%).^[45]

Europe was the home for the world's largest Christian population for the past 1,000 years, since 2015 Christians in Africa and Latin America respectively surpass Europe Christian population because of the high fertility rate there.^[36] in 2018 a new data from the Gordon Theological Seminary shows that, for the first time ever, more number of Christians live in Africa than on any other single continent:^[51] "The results show Africa on top with 631 million Christian residents, Latin America in 2nd place with 601 million Christians, and Europe in 3rd place with 571 million Christians".^[52] In 2017 Christianity added nearly 50 million people due to factors such as birth rate and religious conversion.^[52] According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, between 2010 and 2015 "an estimated 223 million babies were born to Christian mothers and roughly 107 million Christians died, meaning that the natural increase in the Christian population – i.e., the number of births minus the number of deaths – was 116 million over this period".^[36]

According to Mark Jürgensmeyer of the University of California, popular Protestantism is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world.^[53] According to various scholars and sources Pentecostalism – a Protestant Christian movement – is the fastest growing religion in the world,^{[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [54] [16]} this growth is primarily due to religious conversion.^{[17] [18]} According to Pulitzer Center 35,000 people become Pentecostal or "Born again" every day.^[55] According to scholar Keith Smith of Georgia State University "many scholars claim that Pentecostalism is the fastest growing religious phenomenon in human history",^[54] and according to scholar Peter L. Berger of Boston University "the spread of Pentecostal Christianity may be the fastest growing movement in the history of religion".^[56] Changes in worldwide Protestantism over the last century have been significant.^{[57] [58] [59]} Since 1900, due primarily to conversion, Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America.^[60] That caused Protestantism to be called a primarily non-Western religion.^[58] Much of the growth has occurred after World War II, when decolonization of Africa and abolition of various restrictions against Protestants in Latin American countries occurred. According to one source, Protestants constituted respectively 2.5%, 2%, 0.5% of Latin Americans, Africans and Asians. In 2000, percentage of Protestants on mentioned continents was 17%, more than 27% and 5.5%, respectively.^[61]

The significant growth of Christianity in non-Western countries led to regional distribution changes of Christians.^[45] In 1900, Europe and the Americas were home to the vast majority of the world's Christians (93%). Besides, Christianity has grown enormously in Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.^[45] In 2010, 26% of the world's Christians lived in Europe, followed by 24.4% in Latin America and the Caribbean, 23.8% in Sub-Saharan Africa, 13.2% in Asia and the Pacific, 12.3% in North America, and 1% in the Middle East and North Africa.^[62] The study also suggested that by 2050, the global Christian population will change considerably. By 2050, 38% of the world's Christians will live in the Sub-Saharan Africa, followed by 23% in Latin America and the Caribbean, 16% in Europe, 13% in Asia and the Pacific and 10% of the world's Christians will live in North America.^[63] In mid-2005 Christianity adds about 65.1 million people annually due to factors such as birth rate and religious conversion, while losing 27.4 million people annually due to factors such as death rate and religious apostasy. Most of the net growth in the numbers of Christians is in Africa, Latin America and Asia.^[64]

Christianity is still the largest religion in Western Europe, according to a 2018 study by the Pew Research Center, 71.0% of the Western European population identified themselves as Christians, however, most of them are non-practicing and non- church-attending. According to the same study, a large majority of those who raised as Christians (83%) in Western Europe, still identified themselves as Christians today. On the other hand, Central and Eastern European countries did not experience a decline in the percentage of Christians, as the proportion of Christians in these countries have mostly been stable or even increasing.^[65] Christianity is still the largest religion in Central and Eastern Europe, according to a 2017 study by the Pew Research Center, the share of adults who identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox in Russia, Ukraine and Bulgaria has been significantly increased between 1991 and 2015.^[66] According to scholar Barry John Tolmay of University of Pretoria there are increasing signs of a Christian revival in Romania, Slovakia and Bulgaria.^[67]

According to a 2005 paper submitted to a meeting of the American Political Science Association, most of Christianity's growth has occurred in non-Western countries. The paper concludes that the Pentecostalism movement is the fastest-growing religion worldwide.^[68] Protestantism is growing primarily as a result of historic missionary activity and the recently high fertility rate in Africa,^{[69] [70]} and due primarily to conversion in China.^{[71] [72]} According to scholar Paul Freston of Wilfrid Laurier University Pentecostalism continues to grow in Latin America, "both by conversion and by high birth rates".^[73] According to scholar Francis Fukuyama of Stanford University "converts to Protestantism find their incomes, education levels, hygiene and social networks expanding".^[74] According to scholar Terence Chong, since 1980s Protestantism is expanding in Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan, and South Korea.^[75] According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, around 9% of Latin Americans were raised as Protestant, but nearly 19% now identify themselves as Protestants.^[76]

The US Department of State estimated in 2005 that Protestants in Vietnam may have grown by 600% over the previous 10 years.^[77] According to Pew Research Center, "largely through the efforts of missionaries and churches, Christianity has grown rapidly in South Korea over the past century", and has grown from 1% in 1900, to 20.7% in 1985 and to 29.3% in 2010, And the Catholic Church has increased its membership by 70% in the last ten years,^[78] according to Pew Research Center, "the growth of Catholics has occurred across all age groups, among men and women and across all education levels.^[79] In Singapore, the percentage of Christians among Singaporeans increased from 12.7%, in 1990, to 17.5%, in 2010.^[80] According to scholar Michael Nai-Chiu Poon of University of Toronto conversion to Christianity is increasing among Chinese Singaporeans.^[81]

In recent years, the number of Chinese Christians has increased significantly; Christians were 4 million before 1949 (3 million Catholics and 1 million Protestants), and are reaching 67 million today. Christianity is reportedly the fastest growing religion in China with an average annual rate of 7% as of 2015.^[82] Some reports also show that the number of the Chinese Indonesians Christians have increased,^{[83] [84]} according to scholar Gavin W. Jones of Australian National University, "there has been a rapid growth in the number of Chinese Christians" in Indonesia, and "conversion of Chinese to Christianity accelerated in the 1960s, especially in East Java, and for Indonesia as a whole the proportion of Chinese who were Catholics rose from 2 percent in 1957 to 6 percent in 1969".^[85] Professor Aris Ananta reported in 2008 that "anecdotal evidence suggests that more Buddhist Chinese have become Christians as they increased their standards of education, because Christianity, unlike Buddhism, is often associated with 'modernity' and Western education", although there are no stats to support this.^[86] According to a poll conducted by the Gallup Organization in 2006, Christianity has increased significantly in Japan, particularly among youth, and a high number of teens are becoming Christians.^{[87] [88] [89]}

In 1900, there were only 8.7 million adherents of Christianity in Africa, while in 2010 there were 390 million. It is expected that by 2025 there will be 600 million Christians in Africa. In Nigeria, the percentage of Christians has grown from 21.4%, in 1953, to 50.8%, in 2010.^[90] In South Africa, Pentecostalism has grown from 0.2%, in 1951, to 7.6%, in 2001.^[91] According to Pew Research Center the number of Catholics in Africa has increased from one million in 1901 to 329,882,000 in 2010.^[90] From 2015 to 2016, Africa saw an increase of more than 6,265,000 Catholics.^[92]

Catholic Church membership in 2013 was 1.254 billion, which is 17.7% of the world population, an increase from 437 million, in 1950^[93] and 654 million, in 1970.^[94] The main growth areas have been Asia and Africa, 39% and 32%, respectively, since 2000.Since 2010, the rate of increase was of 0.3% in the Americas and Europe.^[95] On the other hand, Eric Kaufman, of University of London, argued that the main reason for the expansion of Catholicism and conservative Protestantism along with other religions is because their religions tend to be "pro-natal" and they have more children, and not due to religious conversion.^[96]

The total Protestant population has reached 1.17 billion in 2024. ^[97] Protestantism is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world.^[53] Evangelical Christian denominations also are among the fastest-growing denominations in some Catholic Christian countries, such as Brazil and France (France going from 2% to 3% of the population).^{[98] [99] [100]} In Brazil, the total number of Protestants jumped from 16.2% in 2000^[101] to 22.2% in 2010 (for the first time, the percentage of Catholics in Brazil is less than 70%). These cases do not contribute to a growth of Christianity overall, but rather to a substitution of a brand of Christianity with another one.

According to the records of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, its membership has grown every decade since its beginning in the 1830s,^[102] it is among the top ten largest Christian denominations in the U.S.,^[103] and it was the fastest growing church in the U.S. in 2012.

The 19th century saw at least 250,000 Jews convert to Christianity according to existing records of various societies.^[104] Data from the Pew Research Center has it that, as of 2013, about 1.6 million adult American Jews identify themselves as Christians, most as Protestants.^{[105] [106] [107]} According to the same data, most of the Jews who identify themselves as some sort of Christian (1.6 million) were raised as Jews or are Jews by ancestry. According to a 2012 study, 17% of Jews in Russia identify themselves as Christians.^{[108] [109]} According to study by Pew Research Center in 2021, around 19% of American those who say they were raised Jewish or who had at least one Jewish parent now identify as Christian.^[110]

According to the historian Geoffrey Blainey from the University of Melbourne, since the 1960s there has been a substantial increase in the number of conversions from Islam to Christianity, mostly to the Evangelical and Pentecostal forms.^[111] According to Blainey, this is due to several reasons, including the lack of ties of Evangelical Christianity with colonial powers in contrast to Roman Catholic and Mainline Protestant Churches, as well as the rising of Islamism, which lead some Muslims to look towards other religions such as Christianity through evangelical activity in the visual and audio media, as well as irreligion.^[111] Many Muslims who convert to Christianity face social and governmental persecution.^[111] Khalil Bilici, while admitting that the limitations of their 2007 study database are too small, found a good number of Middle Eastern people are likely to convert to Christianity after leaving Islam.^[112]

According to the World Christian Encyclopedia^[113] estimate significantly more people have converted to Christianity from Islam in the 21st century than at any other point in Islamic history.^[114] The 2015 Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census study published by Baylor University institute for studies of religion estimates that 10.2 million Muslims converted to Christianity based on global missionary data.^[115] Countries with the largest numbers of Muslims converted to Christianity according to this study include Indonesia (6,500,000),^[116] Nigeria (600,000),^[116] Iran (500,000 versus only 500 in 1979),^[116] the United States (450,000),^[117] Ethiopia (400,000) and Algeria (380,000).^[116] Indonesia is home to the largest Christian community made up of converts from their former Islamic faith; according to various sources, since the mid and late 1960s, between two million to 2.5 million Muslims converted to Christianity.^{[118] [119] [120] [121]}

Christians of Muslim background communities can be found in Afghanistan,^{[122] [123]} Albania,^{[124] [125] [126] [127] [128] [129]} Algeria,^{[130] [131] [132] [133] [134]} Argentina,^[135] Australia,^[115] Austria,^{[136] [137]} Azerbaijan,^{[138] [139]} Bangladesh,^{[140] [141]} Belgium,^[115] Bosnia and Herzegovina,^[115] Bulgaria,^[142] Canada,^[115] Denmark,^{[143] [144]} Egypt,^[115] Ethiopia,^[115] Finland,^{[145] [146]} France,^{[115] [147]} Georgia (Abkhazia),^[148] Germany,^[149] Greece,^{[150] [151]} India (kashmir),^[152] Iran,^{[153] [154] [155] [156] [157] [158]} Iraq,^[159] Kazakhstan,^[160] Kosovo,^{[161] [162]} Kyrgyzstan,^{[163] [164]} Lebanon,^[165] Malaysia,^[166] Morocco,^{[167] [168] [169] [170] [171]} the Netherlands,^{[172] [144]} Nigeria,^[115] Russia,^[115] Saudi Arabia,^[115] Singapore,^[173] Sweden,^{[174] [175]} Syria,^[176] Tanzania,^[115] Tajikistan,^[177] Tunisia,^{[178] [179]} Turkey,^{[180] [181] [182] [183]} United Kingdom,^{[184] [185]} the United States,^[186] Uzbekistan,^[187] and other countries.^[115] According to the Council on Foreign Relations in 2007, experts estimated that thousands of Muslims in the Western world converted to Christianity annually, but were not publicized due to fear of retribution.^[188]

According to scholar Rob Scott of University of Tasmania in 2010 there were "approximately 180,000 Arab Americans and about 130,000 Iranian Americans who converted from Islam to Christianity",^[186] Scholar Dudley Woodberry form Fuller Theological Seminary estimated approximately that 20,000 Muslims converts to Christianity annually in the United States.^[189] Also according to the historian Daniel Pipes of Harvard University and University of Chicago,^[190] and a researcher specializing in criticism of Islam, "reports of widespread conversions of Muslims to Christianity come from regions as disparate as Algeria, Albania, Syria, and Kurdistan",^[124] in northern Iraq and Algeria, the conversions of Kurds and Berbers to Christianity are unusually high.^[191] According to Guinness, approximately 12.5 million more people who converted to Islam than people who converted to Christianity between 1990 and 2000.^[192] According to scholar Ladan Boroumand "Iran today is witnessing the highest rate of Christianization in the world",^[193] and according to scholar Shay Khatiri of Johns Hopkins University "Islam is the fastest shrinking religion in there [Iran], while Christianity is growing the fastest",^[194] and in 2018 "up to half a million Iranians are Christian converts from Muslim families, and most of these Christians are evangelicals",^[195] and he adds "recent estimates claim that the number might have climbed up to somewhere between 1 million and 3 million".^[196] Converting to Christianity is growing among Muslims in the Albanian diaspora,^{[197] [198]} Iranian diaspora,^[199] and Syrian diaspora,^[200] and among Muslim Maghrebis in France,^[201] and Kurds and Turks in Germany.^[202] According to scholars Felix Wilfred from the University of Madras and Chris Hann from the University of Cambridge and Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, since the fall of communism, the number of Muslim converts to Christianity in Kyrgyzstan has been increased.^{[203] [204]} Some scholars and media reports indicate that in the Middle East there been increasing numbers of conversions to Christianity among the Berbers,^{[205] [206] [191]} Kurds,^{[207] [208] [191]} Persians,^[196] and Turks,^[209] and among some religious minorities such as Alawites and Druze.^{[210] [211] [212]} Churches in Europe say that there is an increase in the number of Muslims converting to Christianity among immigrants.^{[213] [214]}

Religious conversions are projected to have a "modest impact on changes in the religious groups including Christian population" between 2010 and 2050; and may negatively affect the growth of Christian population and its share of the world's populations "slightly".^[215] According to the same study Christianity, is expected to lose a net of 66 million adherents (40 million converts versus 106 million apostate) mostly to religiously unaffiliated category between 2010 and 2050. It is also expected that Christianity may have the largest net losses in terms of religious conversion.^{[216] [217]} However, these forecasts lack reliable data on religious conversion in China, but according to media reports and expert assessments, it is possible that the rapid growth of Christianity in China may maintain, or even increase, the current numerical advantage of Christianity as the largest religion in the world. This scenario (Chinese scenario) is based primarily on sensitivity tests. Large increases in the developing world (around 23,000 per day) have been accompanied by substantial declines in the developed world, mainly in Western Europe and North America.^[218] By 2050, Christianity is expected to remain the majority religion in the United States (66.4%, down from 78.3% in 2010), and the number of Christians in absolute numbers is expected to grow from 243 million to 262 million.^[219]

According to the Pew Research Center, Christianity is declining in the United States while non-Christian faiths are growing.^{[220] [221] [222] [223] [224] [225] [226]} The 2014 Religious Landscape Study finds a large majority (87.6%) of those who were raised as Christians in the United States still identify as such, while the rest who no longer identify as Christians mostly identify as religiously unaffiliated, and the number of those leaving Christianity in the United States is greater than the number of converts; however, the number of those convert to evangelical Christianity in the United States is greater than the number of those leaving that faith.^[227] While on the other hand, in 2017, scholars Landon Schnabel and Sean Bock at Harvard University and Indiana University argued that while "Mainline Protestant" churches has declined in the United States since the late 1980s, but many of them do not leave Christianity, but rather convert to another Christian denomination, in particularly to evangelicalism. Schnabel and Bock argued also that evangelicalism and Conservative Christianity has persisted and expanded in the United States.^[228] And according to Eric Kaufmann from Harvard University and University of London, Christian fundamentalism is expanding in the United States.^[229] According to study published by the missionary statistician^[230] and professor David B. Barrett of Columbia University,^{[231] [232]} and professor of global Christianity, historian George Thomas Kurian,^[233] and both are work on World Christian Encyclopedia, approximately 2.7 million converting to Christianity annually from another religion, World Christian Encyclopedia also cited that Christianity ranks at first place in net gains through religious conversion.^[234] On the other hand, demographer Conrad Hackett of Pew Research Center stated that the World Christian Encyclopedia gives a higher estimate for percent Christian when compared to other cross-national data sets.^[235] While according to the book The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion, which written by professor of the Christian mission, Charles E. Farhadian, and professor of psychology, Lewis Rambo, in mid-2005 approximately 15.5 million converted to Christianity from another religion, while approximately 11.7 million left Christianity, most of them becoming irreligious, resulting in a net gain of 3.8 million.^[64]

According to scholar Philip Jenkins Christianity is growing rapidly in China and some other Asian countries and sub-Saharan Africa.^[236] According to a study by a scholar Fenggang Yang from Purdue University, Christianity is "spreading among the Chinese of South-East Asia", and "Evangelical and Pentecostal Christianity is growing more quickly in China",^[237] also according to him, more than half of them have university degrees.^[237] According to a report by the Singapore Management University, more people in Southeast Asia are converting to Christianity, and these new converts are mostly Chinese business managers.^[238] According to scholar Juliette Koning and Heidi Dahles of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam there is a "rapid expansion of charismatic Christianity from the 1980s onwards. Singapore, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Malaysia are said to have the fastest-growing Christian communities and the majority of the new believers are "upwardly mobile, urban, middle-class Chinese". Asia has the second largest Pentecostal-charismatic Christians of any continent, with the number growing from 10 million to 135 million between 1970 and 2000".^[238] According to the Council on Foreign Relations the "number of Chinese Protestants has grown by an average of 10 percent annually since 1979".^[239] According to scholar Todd Hartch of Eastern Kentucky University, by 2005, around 6 million Africans converted to Christianity annually.^[240] While the exact number of Dalit converts to Christianity in India is not available, scholar William R. Burrow of Colorado State University estimated that about 8% of Dalit have converted to Christianity.^[241] According to a 2021 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity in India gained an increase from conversion, most of the Christian converts in India are former Hindus.^[242]

It has been reported also that increasing numbers of young people or educated people are becoming Christians in several countries such as China,^{[243] [244]} Hong Kong,^[245] Indonesia,^[246] Iran,^{[247] [248]} Japan,^[87] Singapore,^{[249] [250] [251]} and South Korea.^[252] It has also been reported that conversion into Christianity is significantly increasing among Korean,^[253] Chinese,^[254] and Japanese in the United States.^[255] By 2012 percentage of Christians on mentioned communities was 71%, more than 30% and 37%,^[256] respectively. According to the World Christian Encyclopedia, between 1965 and 1985 about 2.5 million Indonesians converted from Islam to Christianity.^[113] Many people who convert to Christianity face persecution.^[257]

Deism

The 2001 American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) survey estimated that between 1990 and 2001 the number of self-identifying deists grew from 6,000 to 49,000, representing about 0.02% of the US population at the time.^[258]

Druze

Druze is a major religion in the Levant region. Druzites or Al-Muwaḥḥidūn are an Arabic-speaking esoteric ethnoreligious group; the number of Druzites worldwide is between 800,000 and one million, with the vast majority residing in the Levant.^{[259] [260]} Even though the faith originally developed out of Ismaili Islam, Druze do not identify as a branch of Islam and view themselves as a separate religion.^{[261] [262]} The Druze faith do not accept converts to their faith, nor practice proselytism.^[263] Over the centuries a number of the Druze embraced Christianity,^{[212] [211] [264] [265]} Islam and other religions.

The Druzites reside primarily in Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan. Syria is home to the largest Druzite community in the world, according to a study published by Columbia University, the number of Syrian Druze increased from 684,000 in 2010 to 730,000 in mid of 2018.^[266] The Lebanese Druze have the lowest fertility among all age groups after the Lebanese Christians.

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics in 2017, the Israeli Druze population growth rate of 1.4%, which is lower than the Muslim population growth rate (2.5%) and the total population growth (1.7%), but higher than the Arab Christian population growth rate (1.0%). At the end of 2017, the average age of the Israeli Druze was 27.9. About 26.3% of the Israeli Druze population are under 14 years old and about 6.1% of the Israeli Druze are 65 years and over. Since the year 2000, the Israeli Druze community has witnessed a significant decrease in fertility-rate and a significant increase in life expectancy. The fertility rate for Israeli Druze in 2017 is 2.1 children per woman, while the fertility rate among Jewish women (3.2) and Muslim women (3.4) and the fertility rate among Israeli Christian women (1.9).

Hinduism

Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world.^[267] Hindus made up about 17% of the world's population in 2010.^[268] According to Pew Research Center 99% of Hindus lived in the Indo-Pacific region in 2010. According to Pew Forum, Hindus are anticipated to continue to be concentrated primarily in the Indo-Pacific region in 2050. Hinduism is the largest religion in the countries of India, Nepal, Mauritius and Guyana. Approximately 90% of the world's Hindus live in India.^[269] 79.8% of India's population is Hindu, accounting for about 90% of Hindus worldwide. Hinduism's 10-year growth rate is estimated at 15% (based on the period 1991 to 2001), corresponding to a yearly growth close to 2%.^{[270] [271]} According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, between 2010 and 2015 "an estimated 109 million babies were born to Hindu mothers and roughly 42 million Hindus died, meaning that the natural increase in the Hindus population – i.e., the number of births minus the number of deaths – was 67 million over this period".^[36] According to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Hinduism (1.52%) is one of the six fastest-growing religions in the world, with high birth rates in India being cited as the major reasons of the Hindu population growth.^[272]

Hinduism is a growing religion in countries such as Ghana,^[273] Russia,^[274] and the United States.^{[275] [276]} According to 2011 census, Hinduism has become the fastest-growing religion in Australia since 2006,^[277] due to migration from India and Fiji.^[278]

Generally, the term "conversion" is not applicable to Hindu traditions. According to Arvind Sharma, Hinduism "is typically quite comfortable with multiple religious participation, multiple religious affiliations, and even with multiple religious identities."^[279] However, some Hindu groups are known for running religious conversion which has been termed as Ghar Wapsi.^[280] According to proponents of Hindutva, such as Sangh Parivar, the process is called "reconversion" of Christians and Muslims who were previously converted.

Islam

See main article: Muslim population growth.

Modern growth

Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world. In 1990, 1.1 billion people were Muslims, while in 2010, 1.6 billion people were Muslims.^{[281] [282]} According to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, as of 2007 estimated that the fastest-growing religion of the world to be Islam (1.84%), high birth rates as the reason for the growths.^[283] According to the BBC, a comprehensive American study concluded in 2009 that the number of Muslims worldwide stood at about 23% of the world's population with 60% of the world's Muslims living in Asia.

^[284] According to the same study "globally, Muslims have the highest fertility rate, an average of 3.1 children per woman – well above replacement level (2.1)", and "in all major regions where there is a sizable Muslim population, Muslim fertility exceeds non-Muslim fertility".^[285] From 1990 to 2010, the global Muslim population increased at an average annual rate of 2.2%. By 2030 Muslims are projected to represent about 26.4% of the global population (out of a total of 7.9 billion people). According to a 2019 study by the Pew Research Center; "around the globe, Muslims have higher fertility rates than Christians on average. Muslim women's low educational attainment is a likely factor; demographers find that higher educational attainment among women is tied to lower fertility rates".^[286]

On the other hand, in 2010, the Pew Forum found "that statistical data for Muslim conversions is scarce and as per their little available information, there is no substantial net gain or loss of Muslims due to religious conversion. It also stated that "the number of people who embrace Islam and the number of those who leave Islam are roughly equal. Thus, this report excludes religious conversion as a direct factor from the projection of Muslim population growth."^[287] People switching their religions will likely have no effect on the growth of the Muslim population, as the number of people who convert to Islam is roughly similar to those who leave Islam. Another study found that the number of people who will leave Islam is 9,400,000 and the number of converts to Islam is 12,620,000 so the net gain to Islam through conversion should be 3 million between 2010 and 2050, mostly from Sub-Saharan Africa (2.9 million). The growth of Islam from 2010 to 2020 has been estimated at 1.70% due to high birthrates in Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. The report also shows that the fall in the birth rate of Muslims slowed down the growth rate from 1990 to 2010. It is due to the fall of the fertility rate in many Muslim majority countries. Despite the decline, Muslims still have the highest birth rate among the world's major religious groups.^{[288] [289]} According to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the World Christian Database as of 2007 has Islam as the fastest-growing religion in the world.^[290] A 2007 Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) report argued that some Muslim population projections are overestimated, as they assume that all descendants of Muslims will become Muslims even in cases of mixed parenthood.^[291]

According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, between 2010 and 2015 "an estimated 213 million babies were born to Muslim mothers and roughly 61 million Muslims died, meaning that the natural increase in the Muslim population – i.e., the number of births minus the number of deaths – was 152 million over this period", and it added small net gains through religious conversion into Islam (420,000). According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, by 2060 Muslims will remain the second world's largest religion; and if current trends continue, the number of Muslims will reach 2.9 billion (or 31.1%).

It was reported in 2013 that around 5,000 British people convert to Islam every year, with most of them being women.^[292] According to an earlier 2001 census, surveys found that there was an increase of 60,000 conversions to Islam in the United Kingdom.^[293] Many converts to Islam said that they suffered from hostility from their families after converting. According to a report by CNN, "Islam has drawn converts from all walks of life, most notably African-Americans".^[294] Studies estimated about 30,000 converting to Islam annually in the United States.^[295] According to The New York Times, an estimated 25% of American Muslims are converts,^[296] these converts are mostly African American.^[297] According to The Huffington Post, "observers estimate that as many as 20,000 Americans convert to Islam annually.", most of them are women and African-Americans.^[298] Experts say that conversions to Islam have doubled in the past 25 years in France, among the six million Muslims in France, about 100,000 are converts.^[299] On the other hand, according to Pew Research, the number of American converts to Islam is roughly equal to the number of American Muslims who leave Islam and this is unlike other religions in the United States where the number of those who leave these religions is greater than the number of those who convert to it,^[300] and most people who leave Islam become unaffiliated, according to same study ex-Muslims were more likely to be Christians compare to ex-Hindus or ex-Jews.

Resurgent Islam is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world. The Vatican's 2008 yearbook of statistics revealed that for the first time, Islam has outnumbered the Roman Catholics globally. It stated that, "Islam has overtaken Roman Catholicism as the biggest single religious denomination in the world",^{[301] [302]} and stated that, "It is true that while Muslim families, as is well known, continue to make a lot of children, Christian ones on the contrary tend to have fewer and fewer".^[303] According to Foreign Policy, high birth rates were cited as the reason for the Muslim population growth.^[304] With 3.1 children per woman, Muslims have higher fertility levels than the world's overall population between 2010 and 2015. High fertility is a major driver of projected Muslim population growth around the world and in particular regions.^[305] Between 2010 and 2015, with exception of the Middle East and North Africa, Muslim fertility of any other region in the world was higher than the rate for the region as a whole. While Muslim birth rates are expected to experience a decline, it will remain above replacement level and higher fertility than the world's overall by 2050.^[306] As per U.N.'s global population forecasts, as well as thePew Research projections, over time fertility rates generally converge toward thereplacement level. Globally, Muslims were younger (median age of 23) than the overall population (median age of 28) as of 2010.^[307] While decline of Muslim birth rates in coming years have also been well documented.^{[308] [309]} According to David Ignatius, there is major decline in Muslim fertility rates as pointed out by Nicholas Eberstadt. Based on the data from 49 Muslim-majority countries and territories, he found that Muslims' birth rate has significantly dropped for 41% between 1975 and 1980 to 2005–10 while the global population decline was 33% during that period. It also stated that over a 50% decline was found in 22 Muslim countries and over a 60% decline in Iran, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Bangladesh, Tunisia, Libya, Albania, Qatar and Kuwait.^[310]

According to the religious forecast for 2050 by Pew Research Center, between 2010 and 2050 modest net gains through religious conversion are expected for Muslims (3 million)^[311] and most of the net gains through religious conversion for Muslims found in Sub Saharan Africa (2.9 million). The study also reveals that, due to young age & relatively high fertility rate among Muslims by 2050 there will be near parity between Muslims (2.8 billion, or 30% of the population) and Christians (2.9 billion, or 31%), possibly for the first time in history.^[312] While both religions will grow but Muslim population will exceed the Christian population and by 2100, Muslim population (35%) will be 1% more than the Christian population (34%).^[313] By the end of 2100 Muslims are expected to outnumber Christians.^[314] According to the same study, Muslims population growth is twice of world's overall population growth due to young age and relatively high fertility rate and as a result Muslims are projected to rise to 30% (2050) of the world's population from 23% (2010).^[315]

While the total Fertility Rate of Muslims in North America is 2.7 children per woman in the 2010 to 2015 period, well above the regional average (2.0) and the replacement level (2.1).^[316] Europe's Muslim population also has higher fertility (2.1) than other religious groups in the region, well above the regional average (1.6). A new study of Population Reference Bureau by demographers Charles Westoff and Tomas Frejka suggests that the fertility gap between Muslims and non-Muslims is shrinking and although the Muslim immigrants do have more children than other Europeans their fertility tends to decline over time, often faster than among non-Muslims.^[317]

Generally, there are few reports about how many people leave Islam in Muslim majority countries. The main reason for this is the social and legal repercussions associated with leaving Islam in many Muslim majority countries, up to and including the death penalty for apostasy.^[318] On the other hand, the increasingly large ex-Muslim communities in the Western world that adhere to no religion have been well documented.^[319] A 2007 Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) report argued that some Muslim population projections are overestimated, as they assume that all descendants of Muslims will become Muslims even in cases of mixed parenthood.^[320] Equally, Darren E. Sherkat questioned in Foreign Affairs whether some of the Muslim growth projections are accurate as they do not take into account the increasing number of non-religious Muslims. Quantitative research is lacking, but he believes the European trend mirrors the American: data from the General Social Survey in the United States show that 32 percent of those raised Muslim no longer embrace Islam in adulthood, and 18 percent hold no religious identification. Many Muslims who leave Islam face social rejection or imprisonment and sometimes murder or other penalties. According to Harvard University professor Robert D. Putnam, there is increasing numbers of Americans who are leaving their faith and becoming unaffiliated and the average Iranian American is slightly less religious than the average American. According to Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans, the number of Iranian Americans Muslims decreased from 42% in 2008 to 31% in 2012 according to a telephone survey around the Los Angeles region. A June 2020 online survey found a much smaller percentage of Iranians stating they believe in Islam, with half of those surveyed indicating they had lost their religious faith.^[321] The poll, conducted by the Netherlands-based GAMAAN (Group for Analyzing and Measuring Attitudes in Iran), using online polling to provide greater anonymity for respondents, surveyed 50,000 Iranians and found 32% identified as Shia, 5% as Sunni and 3% as Sufi Muslim.^[322] A survey conducted by Pew Research Center in 2017 found that conversion has a negative impact on the growth of the Muslim population in Europe, with roughly 160,000 more people leaving Islam than converting into Islam between 2010 and 2016.

By 2010 an estimated 44 million Muslims were living in Europe (6%), up from 4.1% in 1990. By 2030, Muslims are expected to make up 8% of Europe's population including an estimated 19 million in the EU (3.8%),^[323] including 13 million foreign-born Muslim immigrants.^[324] Islam is widely considered as the fastest growing religion in Europe due primarily to immigration and above average birth rates.^{[325] [326]} Between 2010 and 2015 the Muslim fertility rate in Europe was (2.1). On the other hand, the fertility rate in Europe as a whole was (1.6). Pew study also reveals that Muslims are younger than other Europeans. In 2010, the median age of Muslims throughout Europe was (32), eight years younger than the median for all Europeans (40). According to a religious forecast for 2050 by Pew Research Center conversion does not add significantly to the growth of the Muslim population in Europe,^[327] according to the same study the net loss is (−60,000) due to religious switching.^[328]

The Pew Research Center notes that "the data that we have isn't pointing in the direction of 'Eurabia' at all",^[329] and predicts that the percentage of Muslims is estimated to rise to 8% in 2030, due to immigration and above-average birth rates. And only two western European countries – France and Belgium – will become around 10 percent Muslim, by 2030. According to Justin Vaïsse the fertility rate of Muslim immigrants declines with integration.^[330] He further points out that Muslims are not a monolithic or cohesive group,^[331] Most academics who have analysed the demographics dismiss the predictions that the EU will have Muslim majorities.^[332] It is completely reasonable to assume that the overall Muslim population in Europe will increase, and Muslim citizens have and will have a significant impact on European life.^[333] The prospect of a homogeneous Muslim community per se, or a Muslim majority in Europe is however out of the question.^[334] Eric Kaufman of University of London denied the claims of Eurabia. According to him, Muslims will be a significant minority rather than majority in Europe and as per their projections for 2050 in the Western Europe, there will be 10–15 per cent Muslim population in high immigration countries such as Germany, France and the UK.^[335] Eric Kaufman also argue that the main reason why Islam is expanding along with other religions, is not because of conversion to Islam, but primarily to the nature of the religion, as he calls it "pro-natal", where Muslims tend to have more children. Doug Saunders states that by 2030 Muslims and Non-Muslims birth rates will be equal in Germany, Greece, Spain and Denmark without taking account of the Muslims immigration to these countries. He also states that Muslims & Non-Muslims fertility rate difference will decrease from 0.7 to 0.4 and this different will continue to shrink as a result of which Muslims and non-Muslims fertility rate will be identical by 2050.^[336]

It is often reported from various sources, including the German domestic intelligence service (Bundesnachrichtendienst), that Salafism is the fastest-growing Islamic movement in the world.^{[337] [338] [339] [340] [341]} In 2010 Asia was home for (62%) of the world's Muslims, and about (20%) of the world's Muslims lived in the Middle East and North Africa, (16%) in Sub Saharan Africa, and 2% in Europe.^[342] By 2050 Asia will be home to (52.8%) of the world's Muslims, and about (24.3%) of the world's Muslims will live in Sub Saharan Africa, (20%) the Middle East and North Africa, and 2% in Europe. As per the Pew Research study, Muslim populations will grow in absolute number in all regions of the world between 2010 and 2050. The Muslim population in the Asia-Pacific region is expected to reach nearly 1.5 billion by 2050, up from roughly 1 billion in 2010. The growth of Muslims is also expected in the Middle East-North Africa region, It is projected to increase from about 300 million in 2010 to more than 550 million in 2050. Besides, the Muslim population in sub-Saharan Africa is forecast to grow from about 250 million in 2010 to nearly 670 million in 2050 which is more than double. The absolute number of Muslims is also expected to increase in regions with smaller Muslim populations such as Europe and North America,^[343] due to young age & relatively high fertility rate. In Europe Muslim population will be nearly double (from 5.9% to 10.2%). In North America, it will grow 1% to 2%. In Asia Pacific region, Muslims will surpass the Hindus by the time. In Latin America and Caribbean Muslim population will stay 0.1% by 2050.^[344]

In 2010 Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nigeria was home for (47.8%) of the world's Muslims.

Historical growth within the Middle East

There exist different views among scholars about the spread of Islam. Islam began in Arabia and from 633 AD until the late 10th century it was spread through conquests, far-reaching trade and missionary activity.^{[345] [346]}

According to Rodney Stark, Islam was spread after military conquests after Arab armies began overtaking Christian regions from Syria to North Africa and Spain,^[347] as well as Zoroastrian, Buddhist and Hindu regions in Central Asia, parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia via military invasions,^{[348] [349] [350]} traders and Sufi missionaries.^{[351] [352] [353]} According to some scholars, the Jizya (poll tax) was the most important factor in the mass conversion to Islam, the tax paid by all non-Muslims (Dhimmis – which translated means "protected persons") in Islamic empires^{[354] [355] [356] [357]} While other scholars oppose this belief, because the jizya was not of great value, and those who could not pay it were exempt from it.^{[358] [359] [360]} (such as Christians under the Ottoman Empire's authority,^{[361] [362]} Hindus and Buddhists under regime of Muslim invaders, Coptic Christians under administration of the Muslim Arabs, Zoroastrians living under Islamic rule in ancient Persia,^[363] and also with Jewish communities in the medieval Arab world) while some scholars indicate that some Muslim rulers in India did not consistently collect the jizya (poll tax) from Dhimmis. Under Islamic law, Muslims are required to pay Zakat, one of the five pillars of Islam. Muslims take 2.5% out of their salaries and use the funds give to the needy.^[364] Since non-Muslims are not required to pay Zakat nor entitled to benefit from it, they had to support their own poor and in addition they had to pay Jizya if they wanted the same protections the Muslims received.^[365] In India, Islam was brought by various traders and rulers from Afghanistan and other places.According to other scholars, many converted for a whole host of reasons, the main statement of which was evangelization by Muslims, though there were several instances where some were pressured to convert owing to internal violence and friction between the Christian and Muslim communities, according to historian Philip Jenkins.^[366] However John L. Esposito, a scholar on the subject of Islam in The Oxford History of Islam states that the spread of Islam "was often peaceful and sometimes even received favorably by Christians".^[367] In a 2008 conference on religion at Yale University's The MacMillan Center Initiative on Religion, Politics, and Society which hosted a speech from Hugh Kennedy, he stated forced conversions played little part in the history of the spread of the faith.^[368] However, the poll tax known as Jizyah may have played a part in converting people over to Islam but as Britannica notes "The rate of taxation and methods of collection varied greatly from province to province and were greatly influenced by local pre-Islamic customs" and there were even cases when Muslims had the tax levied against them, on top of Zakat.^[369] Hugh Kennedy has also discussed the Jizyah issue and stated that Muslim governments discouraged conversion but were unable to prevent it.^[370]

Judaism

Today, the majority of the world's Jewish population is concentrated in two countries, the United States and Israel,^[371] in 2013, the United States and Israel were collectively home to more than 80 percent of the global Jewish population, each country having approximately 41 percent of the world's Jews.^[372] Israel is the only country with a Jewish population that is consistently growing through natural population growth and extensive immigration, although the Jewish populations of other countries, in Europe and North America, have recently increased through immigration. In the Diaspora, in almost every country the Jewish population in general is either declining or steady, but Orthodox and Haredi Jewish communities, whose members often shun birth control for religious reasons, have experienced rapid population growth.^[373]

Orthodox and Conservative Judaism discourage proselytism to non-Jews,^[374] but many Jewish groups have tried to reach out to the assimilated Jewish communities of the Diaspora in order for them to reconnect to their Jewish roots.^[375] Additionally, while in principle Reform Judaism favors seeking new members for the faith, this position has not translated into active proselytism, instead of taking the form of an effort to reach out to non-Jewish spouses of intermarried couples.^[376] Studies have shown that Haredi Jews population is rising rapidly due to the young age and very high fertility-rate,^[377] especially in Israel.^[378]

The overall growth rate of Jews in Israel is 1.7% annually.^[379] The diaspora countries, by contrast, have low Jewish birth rates, an increasingly elderly age composition, and a negative balance of people leaving Judaism versus those joining.

There is also a trend of Orthodox movements reaching out to secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity so there is less chance of intermarriage.^[375] As a result of the efforts by these and other Jewish groups over the past 25 years, there has been a trend (known as the Baal teshuva movement) for secular Jews to become more religiously observant, though the demographic implications of the trend are unknown.^[380] Additionally, there is also a growing rate of conversion to Jews by Choice of gentiles who make the decision to head in the direction of becoming Jews.^[381] Rates of interreligious marriage vary widely: In the United States, it is just under 50 percent,^[382] in the United Kingdom, around 53 percent; in France; around 30 percent,^[383] and in Australia and Mexico, as low as 10 percent.^{[384] [385]} In the United States, only about a third of children from intermarriages affiliate with Jewish religious practice.^[386] The result is that most countries in the Diaspora have steady or slightly declining religiously Jewish populations as Jews continue to assimilate into the countries in which they live.^[387]

In 1939, the core Jewish population reached its historical peak of 17 million (0.8% of the global population). Because of the Holocaust, the number had been reduced to 11 million by the end of 1945.^[388] The population grew again to around 13 million by the 1970s, but has since recorded near-zero growth until around 2005 due to low fertility rates and to assimilation.^[389] Since 2005, the world's Jewish population has been growing modestly at a rate of around 0.78% (in 2013). This increase primarily reflects the rapid growth of Haredi and some Orthodox sectors, who are becoming a growing proportion of Jews.

According to the Pew Research Center published on 2010, religious conversion may have little impact on the Jewish population between 2010 and 2050; Jews are expected to lose 0.3 million adherents, between 2010 and 2050. According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, over the next four decades the number of Jews around the world is expected to increase from 14.2 million in 2015 to 16.3 million in 2060.^[36]

Baháʼí Faith

See main article: Baháʼí Faith by country.

As of around 2020, there were about 8 million Bahá'ís in the world.^[390] In 2013, two scholars of demography wrote that, "The Baha'i Faith is the only religion to have grown faster in every United Nations region over the past 100 years than the general population; Bahaʼi [sic] was thus the fastest-growing religion between 1910 and 2010, growing at least twice as fast as the population of almost every UN region."

The largest proportions of the total world Bahá'í population were found in sub-Saharan Africa (29.9%) and South Asia (26.8%), followed by Southeast Asia (12.7%) and Latin America (12.2%). Lesser populations are found in North America (7.6%) and the Middle East/North Africa (6.2%), while the smallest populations in Europe (2.0%), Australasia (1.6%), and Northeast Asia (0.9%). In 2015, the internationally recognized religion was the second-largest international religion in Iran,^[391] Panama,^[392] Belize,^[393] Bolivia,^[394] Zambia,^[395] and Papua New Guinea;^[396] and the third-largest in Chad,^[397] and Kenya.^[398]

From the Bahá'í Faith's origins in the 19th century until the 1950s, the vast majority of Baháʼís were found in Iran; converts from outside Iran were mostly found in India and the Western world. From having roughly 200,000 Baháʼís in 1950, the religion grew to having over 4 million by the late 1980s, with a widespread international distribution.^[399] Most of the growth in the late 20th century was seeded out of North America by means of the planned migration of individuals.^[400] Yet, rather than being a cultural spread from either Iran or North America, in 2001, sociologist David Barrett wrote that the Baháʼí Faith is, "A world religion with no racial or national focus". However, the growth has not been even. From the late 1920s to the late 1980s the religion was harassed and banned in the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc,^{[401] [402] [403]} and then again from the 1970s into the 1990s across some countries in sub-Saharan Africa.^[404] The most intense opposition has been in Iran and neighboring Shia-majority countries,^[405] considered by some scholars and watch agencies as a case of attempted genocide.^{[406] [407] [408]} Meanwhile in other times or places the religion has experienced surges in growth. Before it was banned in certain countries, the religion "hugely increased" in sub-Saharan Africa.^[409] In 1989 the Universal House of Justice named Bolivia, Bangladesh, Haiti, India, Liberia, Peru, the Philippines, and Taiwan as countries where growth in the religion had been notable in the previous decades.^[410] Bahá'í sources state "more than five million" Bahá'ís in 1991-2. However, since around 2001 the Universal House of Justice has prioritized statistics of the community by their levels of activity rather than simply their population of avowed adherents or numbers of local assemblies.

Because Bahá'ís do not represent the majority of the population in any country, and most often represent only a tiny fraction of countries' total populations, there are problems of under-reporting. In addition, there are examples where the adherents have their highest density among minorities in societies who face their own challenges.^[411]

Nonreligious

See also: Demographics of atheism. In terms of absolute numbers, irreligion appears to be increasing (along with secularization generally).^[412] (See the geographic distribution of atheism.)According to Pew Research Center survey in 2012, religiously unaffiliated (include agnostic and atheist) make up about 18.2% of Europe's population,^[413] and they make up the majority of the population in only two European countries: Czech Republic (76%) and Estonia (60%).^[413] According to a 2017 Pew Research Center survey, between 2010 and 2015 "an estimated 68 million babies were born to religiously unaffiliated mothers and roughly 42 million religiously unaffiliated died, meaning that the natural increase in the religiously unaffiliated population – i.e., the number of births minus the number of deaths – was 26 million over this period".^[36] As for religious conversion, the religiously unaffiliated is expected to have the largest net gains through religious conversion between 2010 and 2050, notably on Europe and Americas. However, religiously unaffiliated is expected to grow slightly due to a decrease in the fertility rate among the religiously unaffiliated population.^[414]

The American Religious Identification Survey gave nonreligious groups the largest gain in terms of absolute numbers: 14.3 million (8.4% of the population) to 29.4 million (14.1% of the population) for the period 1990–2001 in the U.S.^[415] A 2012 study by the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life reports, "The number of Americans who do not identify with any religion continues to grow at a rapid pace. One-fifth of the U.S. public – and a third of adults under 30 – are religiously unaffiliated today, the highest percentages ever in Pew Research Center polling."^[416]

A similar pattern has been found in other countries such as Australia, Canada, and Mexico. According to statistics in Canada, the number of "Nones" increased by about 60% between 1985 and 2004.^[417] In Australia, census data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics give "no religion" the largest gains in absolute numbers over the 15 years from 1991 to 2006, from 2,948,888 (18.2% of the population that answered the question) to 3,706,555 (21.0% of the population that answered the question).^[418] According to INEGI, in Mexico, the number of atheists grows annually by 5.2%, while the number of Catholics grows by 1.7%.^{[419] [420]} In New Zealand, 39% of the population are irreligious, making it the country with the largest irreligious population percentage in the Oceania region.^[421]

According to a religious forecast for 2050 by Pew Research Center, the percentage of the world's population that is unaffiliated or nonreligious is expected to drop, from 16% of the world's total population in 2010 to 13% in 2050.^[422] The decline is largely due to the advanced age (median age of 34) and low fertility among unaffiliated or Nonreligious (1.7 children per woman in the 2010–2015 period). Sociologist Phil Zuckerman's global studies on atheism have indicated that global atheism may be in decline due to irreligious countries having the lowest birth rates in the world and religious countries having higher birth rates in general.^[423]

According to Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, by 2050 unaffiliated or nonreligious are expected to account for 27% of North America total population (up from 17.1% as in 2010), and 23% of Europe total population (up from 18% as in 2010).^[424] The religiously unaffiliated are stationed largely in the Asia-Pacific region, where 76% resided in that region in 2010, and is expected to be 68% by 2050. The share of the global unaffiliated population living in Europe is projected to grow from 12% in 2010 to 13% in 2050. The proportion of the global religiously unaffiliated living in North America will rise from 5% in 2010, to 9% in 2050.^[424] According to the Pew Research Center, religious conversion may have a modest impact on religiously unaffiliated population between 2010 and 2050; religiously unaffiliated are expected to gain 61 million adherents. The largest net movement is expected to be into the religiously unaffiliated category between 2010 and 2050.^[414]

Sikhism

Sikhism was founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century.^[425] The religion began in the region of Punjab in eastern Pakistan and Northwest India. Today, India is home to the largest Sikh population with 1.7% of its population, or about 20 million people identifying as Sikh. Within India, a majority of Sikhs live in the state of Punjab.^[426] Outside of India, the largest Sikh communities are in the core Anglosphere, with around 771,790 in Canada (2.1% Sikh),^{[427] [428]} 524,529 in the United Kingdom (0.8% Sikh),^{[429] [430] [431]} 280,000 in the United States (0.08% Sikh), 210,400 in Australia (0.8% Sikh),^{[432] [433]} and 40,908 in New Zealand (0.9% Sikh).^[434]

Primarily for socio-economic reasons (Sikhs being the wealthiest and most educated of India's four major religious groups),^[435] Indian Sikhs have the lowest adjusted growth rate of any major religious group in India, at 8.4% per decade (from 2001 to 2011), compared to the national rate of 17.7% per decade.^{[436] [437]} Sikhs have the lowest fertility rate amongst India's four major religious groups, at 1.6 children per woman in 2019-20.^[438] The Sikh population has the lowest gender balance in India, with only 903 women per 1,000 men according to the 2011 Indian census,^[439] although the sex ratio at birth for Indian Sikhs has rapidly improved from 130 male births per 100 female births in 2001 to 110 male births per 100 female births in 2019-21, now only slightly above the average for India as a whole (108 male births per female births).^[440] In contrast to the religion's slowing growth in India, Sikhism is the fastest growing religion in Canada, Australia and New Zealand.^{[441] [427] [442] [443]}

Johnson and Barrett (2004) estimate that the global Sikh population increases annually by 392,633 (1.7% per year, based on 2004 figures); this percentage includes births, deaths, and conversions. The estimated world's Sikh population was over 30 million in 2020, and it will reach 42 million by 2050. It is expected to increase up to 62 million by 2100, given that the anticipated growth rate of 1.7% per year and adding at least 400,000 followers annually.^{[444] [437]} By 2050, according to Pew research center based on growth rate of current Sikh population between (2001–2011), India will have 27,129,086 Sikhs by half-century which will be more than that of any country including the Western world.^[445]

Wicca

The American Religious Identification Survey gives Wicca an average annual growth of 143% for the period 1990 to 2001 (from 8,000 to 134,000 – U.S. data / similar for Canada & Australia).^[415] According to Anne Elizabeth Wynn of The Statesman, "The two most recent American Religious Identification Surveys declare Wicca, one form of paganism, as the fastest growing spiritual identification in America".^{[446] [447]} Mary Jones says Wicca is one of the fastest-growing religions in the United States as well.^[448] Wicca, which is largely a "Pagan" religion primarily attracts followers of nature-based religions in, as an example, the Southeast Valley region of the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area.^[449]

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism was founded during the early Persian Empire in the 6th century BCE by Zarathustra.^[450] It served as the state religion of the ancient Iranian empires for more than a millennium, from around 600 BCE to 650 CE, but declined from the 7th century onwards following the Muslim conquest of Persia of 633–654. Zoroastrianism declined as forced conversion increased with the rise of Islam.^[451] From the 10th century onwards,^[452] Zoroastrians emigrated to Gujarat, India where they found asylum from unjust persecutions and since then are called Parsi, since Indians called Persia Faras and hence named them Parsi.^[453] Recent estimates place the current number of Zoroastrians at around 110,000–120,000,^[454] at most with the majority living in India, Iran, and North America; their number has been thought to be declining.^[455]

India has the world's largest Zoroastrian population who are called Parsis. According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 57,264 Parsis in India.^{[456] [457]} According to the National Commission for Minorities, there are a "variety of causes that are responsible for this steady decline in the population of the community", the most significant of which were childlessness and migration- Demographic trends project that by the year 2020 the Parsis will number only 23,000. The Parsis will then cease to be called a community and will be labeled a 'tribe'. One-fifth of the decrease in population is attributed to migration. A slower birthrate than deathrate accounts for the rest: as of 2001, Parsis over the age of 60 make up for 31% of the community. Only 4.7% of the Parsi community are under 6 years of age, which translates to 7 births per year per 1,000 individuals. Concerns have been raised in recent years over the rapidly declining population of the Parsi community in India.^[458]

There has been recent conversions of Kurds from Islam to Zoroastrianism in Kurdistan for different reasons, including a sense of national and/or ethnic identity or for recent conflicts with radical Muslims, which had been enthusiastically received by Zoroastrians worldwide.^{[459] [460] [461]}

The number of Kurdish Zoroastrians, along with those of non-ethnic converts, has been estimated differently.^[462] The Zoroastrian Representative of the Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq has said that as many as 14,000 people in Iraqi Kurdistan have converted to Zoroastrianism recently, with community leaders repeating this and speculating that even more Zoroastrians in the region are practicing their faith secretly.^{[463] [464] [465]} However, this has not been confirmed by independent sources.^[466]

Overall statistics

Data collection

Statistics on religious adherence are difficult to gather and often contradictory; statistics for the change of religious adherence are even more so, requiring multiple surveys separated by many years using the same data gathering rules. This has only been achieved in rare cases, and then only for particular countries, such as the American Religious Identification Survey^[467] in the United States, or census data from Australia (which has included a voluntary religious question since 1911).^[468]

Historical growth

The World Religion Database^[469] (WRD) is a peer-reviewed database of international religious statistics based on research conducted at the Institute on Culture, Religion & World Affairs at Boston University. It is published by Brill and is the most comprehensive database of religious demographics available to scholars, providing data for all of the world's countries.^[470] Adherence data is largely compiled from census and surveys.^[471] The database groups adherents into 18 broadly-defined categories: Agnostics, Atheists, Baháʼís, Buddhists, Chinese folk-religionists, Christians, Confucianists, Daoists, Ethnoreligionists, Hindus, Jains, Jews, Muslims, New Religionists, Shintoists, Sikhs, Spiritists, and Zoroastrians. The WRD is edited by demographers Todd M. Johnson^[472] and Brian J. Grim.^[473]

Religion! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"

1900	1910		1970		2000		2010		Annual growth rate*
Adherents	%	Adherents	%	Adherents	%	Adherents	%	Adherents	%	1910–2010	2000–2010
Christians	558,345,962	34.47	611,810,000	34.8	1,229,308,840	33.22	1,988,966,546	32.37	2,260,440,000	32.8	1.32	1.31
Muslims	200,301,122	12.37	221,749,000	12.6	570,566,719	15.42	1,291,279,826	21.01	1,553,773,000	22.5	1.97	1.86
Hindus	202,976,290	12.53	223,383,000	12.7	462,981,539	12.51	822,396,657	13.38	948,575,000	13.8	1.46	1.41
Agnostics	3,028,450	0.19	3,369,000	0.2	544,299,664	14.71	656,409,731	10.68	676,944,000	9.8	5.45	0.32
Buddhists	126,946,371	7.84	138,064,000	7.9	234,956,867	6.35	452,301,190	7.36	494,881,000	7.2	1.28	0.99
Chinese folk	379,974,110	23.46	390,504,000	22.2	238,026,581	6.43	431,243,766	7.02	436,258,000	6.3	0.11	0.16
Ethnic religion	117,312,635	7.24	135,074,000	7.7	169,417,360	4.58	224,054,933	3.65	242,516,000	3.5	0.59	1.06
Atheists	226,220	0.01	243,000	0	165,156,380	4.46	141,022,510	2.29	136,652,000	2.0	6.54	0.05
New religion	5,985,985	0.37	6,865,000	0.4	39,557,298	1.07	62,942,743	1.02	63,004,000	0.9	2.24	0.29
Sikhs	2,962,000	0.18	3,232,000	0.2	10,668,200	0.29	19,973,000	0.33	23,927,000	0.3	2.02	1.54
Spiritists	268,540	0.02	324,000	0	4,657,760	0.13	12,544,478	0.20	13,700,000	0.2	3.82	0.94
Jews	11,725,410	0.72	13,193,000	0.8	13,901,778	0.38	12,880,910	0.21	17,064,000	0.2	0.11	1.02
Daoists	375,000	0.02	437,000	0	1,734,000	0.05	7,132,555	0.12	8,429,000	0.1	3.00	1.73
Confucianists	840,000	0.05	760,000	0	5,759,150	0.16	7,995,470	0.13	6,449,000	0.1	2.16	0.36
Baháʼí Faith	204,535	0.01	225,000	0	2,657,336	0.07	6,051,749	0.10	7,306,000	0.1	3.54	1.72
Jains	1,323,780	0.08	1,446,000	0.1	2,628,510	0.07	4,792,953	0.08	5,316,000	0.1	1.31	1.53
Shinto	6,720,000	0.41	7,613,000	0.4	4,175,000	0.11	2,831,486	0.05	2,761,000	0.0	−1.01	-0.09
Zoroastrians	108,590	0.01	98,000	0	124,669	0.00	186,492	0.00	192,000	0.0	0.51	0.74
Total Population
Rate = average annual growth rate, percent per year indicated Source: Todd M. Johnson and Brian J. Grim 2013

Future change

Projections of future religious adherence are based on assumptions that trends, total fertility rates, life expectancy, political climate, conversion rates, secularization, etc. will continue. Such forecasts cannot be validated empirically and are contentious, but are useful for comparison.^[474]

Future change by conversion

According to the Pew Research Center published in 2010, religious conversion may have little impact on religious demographics between 2010 and 2050. Christianity is expected to lose a net of 66 million adherents mostly to religiously unaffiliated, while religiously unaffiliated are expected to gain 61 million adherents. Islam is expected to gain 3.2 million followers, while Buddhists and Jews are expected to lose 2.9 million and 0.3 million adherents, respectively.^[414]

Net change of religions due to religious conversion by Pew Research Center between 2010 and 2050

Religion	Switching in	Switching out	Net change
Religiously Unaffiliated	97,080,000	35,590,000	+61,490,000
Islam	12,620,000	9,400,000	+3,220,000
Folk religions	5,460,000	2,850,000	+2,610,000
Other religions	3,040,000	1,160,000	+1,880,000
Hinduism	260,000	250,000	+10,000
Judaism	320,000	630,000	–310,000
Buddhism	3,370,000	6,210,000	–2,850,000
Christianity	40,060,000	106,110,000	–66,050,000

The largest net gains for the religiously unaffiliated between 2010 and 2050 are expected in North America (+26 million), Europe (+24 million), Latin America (+6 million), and the Asia-Pacific region (4 million). Islam is projected to have a net gain of followers in Sub-Saharan Africa (+2.9 million) and Asia-Pacific (+0.95 million), but net loss of followers in North America (-0.58 million) and Europe (-0.06 million). Christianity is expected to have the largest net loss of followers between 2010 and 2050 in North America (-28 million), Europe (-24 million), Latin America and the Caribbean (-9.5 million), sub-Saharan Africa (-3 million), and Asia-Pacific (2.4 million).^[414]

Only in recent decades have surveys begun to measure changes in religious identity among individuals.^[414] Religious switching is a sensitive topic in India,^{[475] [19]} and carries social and legal repercussions including the death penalty for apostasy in Muslim-majority countries.^[19] In China it is difficult to project rates at which Christianity, Islam and Buddhism are gaining converts, nor what are the retention rates among converts.^[19]

These forecasts lack reliable data on religious conversion in China, but according to media reports and expert assessments, it is possible that the rapid growth of Christianity in China may maintain, or even increase, the current numerical advantage of Christianity as the largest religion in the world and may negatively affect the growth of the Religiously Unaffiliated. This scenario (Chinese scenario) is based primarily on sensitivity tests.^[414]

See also

• History of religion
• List of religious populations
• Major religious groups
  • Trends in adherence

References

• Affolter . Friedrich W. . January 2005 . The Specter of Ideological Genocide: The Baháʼís of Iran . War Crimes, Genocide, & Crimes Against Humanity . 1 . 1 . 75–114 . 31 May 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120722083412/http://www.altoona.psu.edu/journals/war-crimes/articles/V1/v1n1a3.pdf . 22 July 2012.
• Web site: Association of Religion Data Archives . 2010 . Most Baha'i Nations (2010) . https://web.archive.org/web/20220427001103/https://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp . April 27, 2022 . 14 August 2022.
• Encyclopedia: Barrett . David B. . Kurian . George T. . Johnson . Todd M. . 2001 . World Summary . World Christian Encyclopedia

  A comparative survey of churches and religions in the modern world

  . 2nd . Oxford University Press . New York . .
• Book: Boyce . Mary . Zoroastrians : their religious beliefs and practices . 2001 . Routledge . London . 978-0415239028.
• Hackett . Conrad . Grim . Brian J. . The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 . 53–56 . Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life . Boston College . Dec 2012 . Aug 16, 2022 . .
• Book: Hassall, Graham . 2022 . Ch. 48: Oceania . 591–602 . The World of the Bahá'í Faith . . Oxfordshire, UK . 978-1-138-36772-2 . Stockman . Robert H. . Robert Stockman . 10.4324/9780429027772-55 . 244697166.
  • • Book: Johnson . Todd M. . Grim . Brian J. . 26 March 2013 . The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography . John Wiley & Sons . 10.1002/9781118555767.ch1 . 9781118555767.
• Katju . Manjari . . 50 . 3 January 2015 . The Politics of "Ghar Wapsi" . 1 . 24481234 . 21–24.
• Book: Park . Ken . 2004 . World Almanac and Book of Facts . World Almanac Books . New York . 0-88687-910-8.
• News: Rabbani . Ahang . Department of Statistics at the Baháʼí World Centre . July 1987 . Achievements of the Seven Year Plan . Baháʼí News . Baháʼí World Center, Haifa . Baháʼí International Community . Aug 19, 2022 . 676 . 2–7.
  • Smith . Peter . Peter Smith (historian) . 2016 . Babi–Baha'i Expansion and "Geo-Cultural Breakthroughs" . 40 . 2 . Journal of Religious History . 225–236 . 10.1111/1467-9809.12280.
• Book: Smith, Peter . Peter Smith (historian) . 2022 . Ch. 41: The History of the Bábí and Bahá'í Faiths . 501–512 . The World of the Bahá'í Faith . . Oxfordshire, UK . 978-1-138-36772-2 . Stockman . Robert H. . Robert Stockman. .
• Book: Smith, Peter . Peter Smith (historian) . 2022 . Ch. 50: Southeast Asia . 614–621 . The World of the Bahá'í Faith . . Oxfordshire, UK . 978-1-138-36772-2 . Stockman . Robert H. . Robert Stockman. .
• Book: Stockman, Robert . Robert Stockman . 2022 . Ch. 45: Latin America and the Caribbean. 557–568 . The World of the Bahá'í Faith . . Oxfordshire, UK . 978-1-138-36772-2 . Stockman . Robert H. . Robert Stockman. .
• Book: Stockman, Robert . Robert Stockman . 2022 . Ch. 46: North America. 569–580 . The World of the Bahá'í Faith . . Oxfordshire, UK . 978-1-138-36772-2 . Stockman . Robert H. . Robert Stockman. .
• Smith . Peter . Peter Smith (historian) . Momen . Moojan . Moojan Momen . 1989 . The Baha'i Faith 1957–1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments . 19 . 1 . Religion . 63–91 . 10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8.
  • News: Baháʼí World News Service . How many Baháʼís are there? . Baháʼí International Community . 1992 . The Baháʼís . 14 . 17 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150717184758/https://bahai.com/thebahais/pg14.htm.
• Carolyn Chen, Russell Jeung. Sustaining Faith Traditions: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion among the Latino and Asian American Second Generation. NYU Press, 2012. .
• Miikka Ruokanen, Paulos Zhanzhu Huang. Christianity and Chinese Culture. William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2011. .
• Religion on the Move!: New Dynamics of Religious Expansion in a Globalizing World, BRILL, 21 November 2012, Afe Adogame, Shobana Shankar, 2012.
• The report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global religious landscape, revealing the size and distribution of major religious groups as of 2023.

External links

• Think religion is in decline? Look at who is 'going forth and multiplying', Vancouver Sun, 2014
• Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?: Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century by Eric Kaufmann, Belfer Center, Harvard University/Birkbeck College, University of London (PDF)
• FAQ from Adherents.com describing why it is difficult to measure the fastest-growing religion
• Religious Projections for the Next 200 Years from World Network of Religious Futurists

Notes and References

1. http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx "The Future of Global Muslim Population: Projections from 2010 to 2013"
2. Web site: The Future of World Religions p.70. https://web.archive.org/web/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015.
3. News: A Religious Forecast For 2050: Atheism Is Down, Islam Is Rising . NPR . 25 December 2015 . This growth has to do with the relatively young age of the Muslim population as well as high fertility rates.. Whitehead . Nadia .
4. Web site: Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group . . 23 April 2015 . 5 May 2016. The main reasons for Islam's growth ultimately involve simple demographics. To begin with, Muslims have more children than members of the seven other major religious groups analyzed in the study. Muslim women have an average of 2.9 children, significantly above the next-highest group (Christians at 2.6) and the average of all non-Muslims (2.2). In all major regions where there is a sizable Muslim population, Muslim fertility exceeds non-Muslim fertility..
5. Web site: The Future of World Religions. https://web.archive.org/web/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015.
6. Web site: The Future of the Global Muslim Population. 27 January 2011. there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith.
7. Web site: The Future of World Religions. https://web.archive.org/web/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015.
8. The Future of the Global Muslim Population . 27 January 2011. Pew Research Center. 27 December 2017.
9. Book: Spirit and Power: The Growth and Global Impact of Pentecostalism. 9 September 2013. Oxford University Press Scholarship. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199920570.001.0001. 978-0-19-934563-2. Pentecostalism is the fastest-growing religious movement in the world. Miller. Donald E. Kimon H. Sargeant. Richard. Flory.
10. Book: Studying Global Pentecostalism: Theories and Methods. 9 May 2012. University of California Press Scholarship. 10.1525/california/9780520266612.001.0001. With its remarkable ability to adapt to different cultures, Pentecostalism has become the world's fastest growing religious movement.. Anderson. Allan. Bergunder. Michael. Droogers. Andre. 9780520266612.
11. Web site: Pentecostalism—the fastest growing religion on earth. 30 May 2021. ABC.
12. Web site: Pentecostalism: Massive Global Growth Under the Radar. 9 March 2015. Pulitzer Center. Today, one quarter of the two billion Christians in the world are Pentecostal or Charismatic. Pentecostalism is the fastest growing religion in the world..
13. Web site: More Religion, but Not the Old-Time Kind. 3 August 2005. The New York Times. The world's fastest-growing religion is not any type of fundamentalism, but the Pentecostal wing of Christianity..
14. News: Witnessing The New Reach Of Pentecostalism. 3 August 2002. The Washington Post. Pentecostalism is widely recognized by religious scholars as the fastest-growing Christian movement in the world, reaching into many different denominations..
15. Web site: Canadian Pentecostalism. 9 February 2009. McGill–Queen's University Press. One of the most significant transformations in twentieth-century Christianity is the emergence and development of Pentecostalism. With over five hundred million followers, it is the fastest-growing movement in the world. An incredibly diverse movement, it has influenced many sectors of Christianity, flourishing in Africa, Latin America, and Asia and having an equally significant effect on Canada..
16. Book: A. Elwell, Walter . Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. 2017. 9781493410774. Baker Academic. Pentecostalism arguably has been the fastest growing religious movement in the contemporary world.
17. Web site: Protestantism: The fastest growing religion in the developing world. 18 November 2017. The Manila Times. At the heart of this religious resurgence are Islam and Pentecostalism, a branch of Protestant Christianity. Islam grew at an annual average of 1.9 percent between 2000 and 2017, mainly as the result of a high birth rate. Pentecostalism grew at 2.2 percent each year, mainly by conversion. Half of developing-world Christians are Pentecostal, evangelical or charismatic (all branches of the faith emphasize the authority of the Bible and the need for a spiritual rebirth). Why are people so attracted to it?..
18. Why is Protestantism flourishing in the developing world?. 18 November 2017. The Economists. Pentecostalism grew at 2.2 percent each year, mainly by conversion. Half of developing-world Christians are Pentecostal, evangelical or charismatic..
19. Web site: The Future of World Religions p.182. https://web.archive.org/web/20180210101646/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. This analysis of religious switching draws on surveys in 19 countries where Muslims constitute a majority of the population. Generally, however, there are few reports of people disaffiliating from Islam in these countries. One reason for this may be the social and legal repercussions associated with disaffiliation in many Muslim-majority countries, up to and including the death penalty for apostasy. It is possible that in the future, these societies could allow for greater freedom to religiously disaffiliate. The demographic projections in this report do not seek to predict the likelihood of such changes in political and social dynamics, or to model what the consequences might be.. 10 February 2018.
20. Web site: The Future of the Global Muslim Population . 27 January 2011 . There are a number of reasons why reliable data on conversions are hard to come by. Some national censuses ask people about their religion, but they do not directly ask whether people have converted to their present faith. A few cross-national surveys do contain questions about religious switching, but even in those surveys, it is difficult to assess whether more people leave Islam than enter the faith. In some countries, legal and social consequences make conversion difficult, and survey respondents may be reluctant to speak honestly about the topic. Additionally, for many Muslims, Islam is not just a religion but an ethnic or cultural identity that does not depend on whether a person actively practices the faith. This means that even nonpracticing or secular Muslims may still consider themselves, and be viewed by their neighbors, as Muslims..
21. https://www.loc.gov/law/help/apostasy/apostasy.pdf Laws Criminalizing Apostasy
22. http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e174 Apostasy
23. Web site: The countries where apostasy is punishable by death. 7 May 2017. indy100 . en. 23 April 2020.
24. Web site: The Future of the Global Muslim Population. 27 January 2011. there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith.
25. Web site: 2017-04-05. The Changing Global Religious Landscape. 2021-07-12 . Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. en-US.
26. Book: Wick . Peter . Rabens . Volker . Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West . Dynamics in the History of Religions . 28 November 2013 . Leiden . BRILL . 2013 . xi . 9789004255302 . 12 November 2021 . Trade is a prominent generator of intercultural contact and is thus one of the most important triggers of religious contact. Through trade-based interactions, not only is merchandise traded but sooner or later religious goods are also 'traded' and interchanged..
27. Book: Kong . Lily . Lily Kong . Nair . Seeta . Rambo . Lewis R. . Farhadian . Charles E. . Geographies of Religious Conversion . The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion . Oxford Handbooks . 6 March 2014 . Oxford . Oxford University Press . 2014 . 75 . 9780199713547 . 12 November 2021 . Some of the positive aspects of conversion include upward mobility in social circumstances, increased economic opportunities, and access to religious-affiliated institutional and social services (such as education, health care, and charity relief). For example, Christianity in India was mostly adopted by members of lower castes and tribal peoples for whom religious conversion offered a way out of their low social status and lack of economic opportunities..
28. Book: Young . William W. . Listening, Religion, and Democracy in Contemporary Boston: God's Ears . Ethnographies of Religion . Lanham, Maryland . Rowman & Littlefield . 2018 . 119 . 9781498576093 . [...] smaller churches such as Emmanuel face the sharp and troubling question of what they are for—why this church is needed in this particular place and time, when there is virtually market saturation for religious consumers..
29. Web site: The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 . 18 December 2012 . Buddhists . Pew Research Center . Washington, D.C. . 5 September 2013.
30. Web site: The Global Religious Landscape: Buddhists . 18 December 2012 . Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project . Pew Research Center . Washington, D.C. . 5 September 2013.
31. Book: Harvey, Peter . An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices . 2013 . Cambridge University Press . Cambridge, UK . 2nd . 9780521676748 . 5.
32. Web site: Buddhists . 18 December 2012 .
33. http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf Buddhists
34. http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf Buddhists
35. http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf Buddhists
36. Web site: The Changing Global Religious Landscape. Pew Research Center. 5 April 2017.
37. 2010 Chinese Jesus Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011 . Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29–54, .
38. Adherents.com: Chinese traditional religion.
39. [Pew Research Center]
40. Ruokanen, Huang. 2011. p. 171
41. Chen, Jeung. 2012. p. 200
42. http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions p.8 Table: Size and Projected Growth of Major Religious Groups
43. Book: Juergensmeyer, Mark . Encyclopedia of Global Religion. 2012. 9780761927297. 252 . SAGE. Christians still form the largest group, constituting one third of the world's population. Christianity is growing on average by 2.3% a year.
44. News: The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions . . 14 May 2007 . 11 February 2020 . 29 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150234/https://foreignpolicy.com/2007/05/14/the-list-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religions/ . live . Behind the trend: High birthrates and conversions in the global South..
45. Web site: The Future of World Religions p.59. 4 May 2016. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. dead.
46. Web site: The Future of World Religions p.26. 4 May 2016. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. dead.
47. Web site: The Future of World Religions . . 13 January 2013 . https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf . 29 April 2015 . dead .
48. Web site: The Future of World Religions p.151. 4 May 2016. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. dead.
49. Web site: The Future of World Religions p.158. 4 May 2016. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. dead.
50. Web site: The Future of World Religions p.147. 4 May 2016. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. dead.
51. Johnson . Todd M. . Zurlo . Gina A. . Hickman . Albert W. . Crossing . Peter F. . Christianity 2018: More African Christians and Counting Martyrs . International Bulletin of Mission Research . November 2017 . 42 . 1 . 20–28 . 10.1177/2396939317739833 . 165905763 . 24 September 2019.
52. Web site: Mauro . J.-P. . Africa overtakes Latin America for the highest Christian population . Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture . 24 September 2019 . en . 24 July 2018.
53. Book: Juergensmeyer, Mark. Religion in Global Civil Society. 3 November 2005. Oxford University Press. Google Books. 9780198040699.
54. Web site: Max Weber and Pentecostals in Latin America: The Protestant Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital. 9 May 2016. Georgia State University. Many scholars claim that Pentecostalism is the fastest growing religious phenomenon in human history..
55. Web site: Pentecostalism: Massive Global Growth Under the Radar. 9 March 2015. Pulitzer Center. Massive Growth Under the Radar: Each day, 35,000 people are born again through baptism with the Holy Spirit..
56. Web site: Max Weber and Pentecostals in Latin America: The Protestant Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital. 9 May 2016. Georgia State University. The spread of Pentecostal Christianity may be the fastest growing movement in the history of religion (Berger 2009)..
57. Hillerbrand, Hans J., "Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set", p. 1815, "Observers carefully comparing all these figures in the total context will have observed the even more startling finding that for the first itime ever in the history of Protestantism, Wider Protestants will by 2050 have become almost exactly as numerous as Roman Catholics – each with just over 1.5 billion followers, or 17 percent of the world, with Protestants growing considerably faster than Catholics each year."
58. Book: Noll, Mark A.. Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction. 25 August 2011. OUP Oxford. Google Books. 9780191620133.
59. Book: The Teachings of Modern Protestantism on Law, Politics, and Human Nature. John. Witte. Frank S.. Alexander. 1 January 2007. Columbia University Press. Google Books. 9780231142632.
60. Book: Melton, J. Gordon. Encyclopedia of Protestantism. 1 January 2005. Infobase Publishing. Google Books. 9780816069835.
61. Jay Diamond, Larry. Plattner, Marc F. and Costopoulos, Philip J. World Religions and Democracy. 2005, page 119. link (saying "Not only do Protestants presently constitute 13 percent of the world's population—about 800 million people—but since 1900 Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.")
62. http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf The Global Religious Landscape: Christians
63. Web site: The Future of World Religions; Regional Change p.60. 4 May 2016. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. dead.
64. Book: 2014 . Lewis Ray Rambo . Charles E. Farhadian . The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion p.59. Oxford University Press. 9780195338522 .
65. Web site: Eastern and Western Europeans Differ on Importance of Religion, Views of Minorities, and Key Social Issues. Pew Research Center. 29 October 2018.
66. Web site: Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe. 30 May 2017. Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center's predecessor organization did ask about religion when it surveyed several countries in the region in 1991, during the waning months of the USSR. In Russia, Ukraine, and Bulgaria, far more people said they were religiously unaffiliated in 1991 than describe themselves that way in the new survey. In all three countries, the share of the population that identifies with Orthodox Christianity is up significantly since the collapse of the Soviet Union..
67. Turning point in Christianity: Eastern Europe in the late 20th Century. Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae. 30 April 2018. 44. 3. 1–15. University of Pretoria. Tolmay. Barry John.
68. Web site: 2005 . Barker . Isabelle V. . 2, 8 and footnote 14 on page 8 . Engendering Charismatic Economies: Pentecostalism, Global Political Economy, and the Crisis of Social Reproduction . . 25 March 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131217004703/http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/3/9/8/7/pages39879/p39879-1.php . 17 December 2013 .
69. News: Study: Christianity growth soars in Africa . USA Today. 14 February 2015. 20 December 2011.
70. The Battle for Latin America's Soul. 24 June 2001. Time. 14 February 2015. Richard N.. Ostling. 26 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180926044305/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,156277,00.html. dead.
71. News: China on course to become 'world's most Christian nation' within 15 years. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10776023/China-on-course-to-become-worlds-most-Christian-nation-within-15-years.html . 12 January 2022 . subscription . live. 19 April 2014. Phillips. Tom.
72. Miller, 2006. pp. 185–186
73. Web site: Max Weber and Pentecostals in Latin America: The Protestant Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital. 9 May 2016. Georgia State University. P.14: As a result of such growth, Paul Freston writes that "Latin America is now the global heartland of Pentecostalism." Moreover, Pentecostalism in Latin America is now overwhelmingly indigenous. Catholicism is no longer seen as an essential part of Latin American identity, and Pentecostalism continues to grow, both by conversion and by high birth rates (Freston 2013, p. 104)..
74. Web site: Max Weber and Pentecostals in Latin America: The Protestant Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital Ethic, Social Capital and Spiritual Capital. 9 May 2016. Georgia State University. P.27.
75. Web site: The State Of Pentecostalism In Southeast Asia: Ethnicity, Class And Leadership – Analysis. 28 September 2015. Eurasia Review.
76. Web site: Religion in Latin America, Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region. 13 November 2014. Pew Research Center. March 4, 2015. Just one-in-ten Latin Americans (9%) were raised in Protestant churches, but nearly one-in-five (19%) now describe themselves as Protestants..
77. Web site: Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2005 – Vietnam . U.S. Department of State . 30 June 2005 . 2007-03-11 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061020211314/http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rsd/rsddocview.html?tbl=RSDCOI&id=437c9cdd2&count=0 . 20 October 2006 .
78. News: http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=262&aid=0000000521 . ko:한국 가톨릭 태두 정진석 추기경 :: 네이버 뉴스 . ko . News.naver.com . 25 July 2007 . 10 February 2012.
79. Web site: 6 facts about South Korea's growing Christian population. 12 August 2014. Pew Research Center.
80. Web site: Better-educated S'pore residents look to religion. asiaone.com.
81. Book: Nai-Chiu Poon, Michael . Christian Movements in Southeast Asia: A Theological Exploration. 2010. 9789814305150. 60–61 . Trinity Theological College (Singapore). The social influence of Christianity, however, extends far beyond its membership especially in the sphere of education, giving Christianity a middle-class identity... Conversion is increasing among Chinese in Singapore, both into Christianity and into Buddhism..
82. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/17/china-accused-emasculate-christianity-secret-conference-communist-party China accused of trying to 'co-opt and emasculate' Christianity
83. Web site: AFP: In Indonesia, Lunar New Year an old practice for young Christians. 10 February 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080210204454/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gZ68H857ADsOp81TePJQmLhShESw. 10 February 2008.
84. News: In Indonesia, the Chinese go to church. The New York Times. 27 April 2006. Brazier. Roderick.
85. Web site: Religion and Education in Indonesia. 30 January 2017. Gavin W. Jones. P.25: Finally, during this century there has been a rapid growth in the number of Chinese Christians. Very few Chinese were Christians at the turn of the century. Today Christians constitute approximately 10 or 15 percent of the Chinese population in Indonesia, and probably a higher proportion among the young. Conversion of Chinese to Christianity accelerated in the 1960s, especially in East Java, and for Indonesia as a whole the proportion of Chinese who were Catholics rose from 2 percent in 1957 to 6 percent in 1969. The growth of Christianity has been greatest among the peranakan (local-born) Chinese. This growth appears to represent both a response to intense missionary efforts and a search for acceptance and identification in the Indonesian community through espousal of a more acceptable, less "Chinese" religion which at the same time removes the suspicion of communist sympathies..
86. News: . 7 February 2008 . In Indonesia, Lunar New Year an old practice for young Christians . 15 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080210204454/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gZ68H857ADsOp81TePJQmLhShESw . 10 February 2008 . dead.
87. Book: W. Robinson, David . International Handbook of Protestant Education. 2012. 9789400723870. 521 . Springer Science & Business Media. A 2006 Gallup survey, however, is the largest to date and puts the number at 6%, which is much higher than its previous surveys. It notes a major increase among Japanese youth professing Christ..
88. Web site: After fatalism, Japan opens to faith. mercatornet. 17 October 2007. The 2006 Gallup poll, however, disclosed that an astounding 12 per cent of Japanese who claim a religion are now Christian, making six per cent of the entire nation Christian.. 15 July 2021. 20 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210720225309/https://mercatornet.com/after_fatalism_japan_opens_to_faith/6222/. dead.
89. Book: R. McDermott, Gerald . Handbook of Religion: A Christian Engagement with Traditions, Teachings, and Practices. 2014. 9781441246004. Baker Academic.
90. Web site: 19 December 2011 . Global Christianity: Regional Distribution of Christians . Pew Research Center . 11 August 2013.
91. Web site: Religious Demographic Profiles – Pew Forum. https://web.archive.org/web/20100421200729/http://pewforum.org/world-affairs/countries/?countryID=150. dead. 21 April 2010.
92. Web site: VATICAN - CATHOLIC CHURCH STATISTICS 2018 - Agenzia Fides. Fides. Agenzia. fides.org. 2019-02-08.
93. Froehle, pp. 4–5
94. News: Bazar. Emily. Immigrants Make Pilgrimage to Pope. USA Today. 16 April 2008. 3 May 2008.
95. Web site: World's Catholic population steady. Catholic Culture.org. 13 May 2013. 13 May 2013.
96. Web site: Think religion is in decline? Look at who is 'going forth and multiplying'. 12 October 2014.
97. Web site: Status of Global Christianity, 2024, in the Context of 1900–2050 . Center for the Study of Global Christianity, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary . 23 May 2024. Protestants: 625,606,000; Independents: 421,689,000; Unaffiliated Christians: 123,508,000.
98. "Five Centuries After Reformation, Catholic-Protestant Divide in Western Europe Has Faded," Pew Research Center, 31 August 2017, 5/11
99. Web site: Kumar. Anugrah. 1 Million Evangelical Christians March for Jesus in Brazil. The Christian Post, Inc.. 1 January 2015. Washington, DC, USA. 15 July 2012.
100. Web site: Conger. George. French Evangelicals through an American lens. GetReligion.org. 1 January 2015. 17 July 2012.
101. Web site: Nordi. Danielle. Número de brasileiros católicos cai abaixo dos 70% pela 1ª vez (Percent of Brazilian Catholics is below 70% for the first time). Delas Comportamento. Internet Group do Brasil (iG). 1 January 2015. São Paulo, Brazil. pt. 23 August 2011.
102. Stark . Rodney . Rodney Stark . The Rise of a New World Faith . Latter-day Saint Social Life: Social Research on the LDS Church and Its Members . 1–8 . 1998 . 30 December 2013 .
103. News: Growth stalls, falls for largest U.S. churches . Richard . Yeakley . 15 February 2011 . . (Religion News Service) .
104. .
105. Web site: How many Jews are there in the United States?. Pew Research Center. 2 October 2013 .
106. Web site: A PORTRAIT OF JEWISH AMERICANS: Chapter 1: Population Estimates. Pew Research Center. October 2013.
107. News: American-Jewish Population Rises to 6.8 Million. haaretz.
108. http://sreda.org/en/arena Arena – Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia
109. http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Survey Maps
110. Web site: Jewish Americans in 2020 . Pew Research Center. May 2021.
111. Book: Blainey, Geoffrey . A Short History of Christianity. 2011. 9781742534169. Penguin Random House Australia. Since the 1960s, there has been a substantial increase in the number of Muslims who have converted to Christianity.
112. Khalil. Mohammad Hassan. Bilici. Mucahit. January 2007. Conversion Out of Islam: A Study of Conversion Narratives of Former Muslims. The Muslim World. 97. 111–124. 10.1111/j.1478-1913.2007.00161.x. 2027.42/72141. deepblue.lib.umich.edu. free.
113. Book: 15 February 2001 . David B. Barrett . George Thomas Kurian . Todd M. Johnson . World Christian Encyclopedia p.374. Oxford University Press USA . 978-0195079630 .
114. Garrison, David; 2014; "A Wind in the House of Islam: How God Is Drawing Muslims Around The World To Faith in Jesus Christ"; WIGTake Resources
115. Johnstone. Patrick. Miller. Duane Alexander. Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 2015. 11. 8. 30 October 2015.
116. Web site: The Perilous Path from Muslim to Christian. 12 June 2021. The National Interest. Reports of widespread conversions of Muslims to Christianity come from regions as disparate as Algeria, Albania, Syria, and Kurdistan. Countries with the largest indigenous numbers include Algeria, 380,000; Ethiopia, 400,000; Iran, 500,000 (versus only 500 in 1979); Nigeria, 600,000; and Indonesia, an astounding 6,500,000..
117. Web site: The Perilous Path from Muslim to Christian. 12 June 2021. The National Interest. MBBs also live in the West, with the United States hosting by far the most (450,000) and Bulgaria the most in Europe (45,000)..
118. Book: Bresnan, John . Indonesia: The Great Transition. 2005. 9780742540118. 107. Rowman & Littlefield. etween 1966 and 1976, almost 2 million ethnic Javanese, most from nominally Islamic backgrounds, converted to Christianity. Another 250,000 to 400,000 became Hindu..
119. Book: P. Daniels, Timothy. Sharia Dynamics: Islamic Law and Sociopolitical Processes. 2017. 9783319456928. 102. Springer. almost two million nominal Muslims to convert to Christianity .
120. Book: Madan, T. N. . Sociological Traditions: Methods and Perspectives in the Sociology of India. 2011. 9788132107699. 53. SAGE Publications India. Simultaneously, a considerable number of muslims (about 2 million) converted to Christianity and Hinduism, a most unique event..
121. Book: L. Berger, Peter. The Limits Of Social Cohesion: Conflict And Mediation In Pluralist Societies. 2018. 9780429975950. 53. Routledge. Some 2 million nominally Islamic Javanese reacted against the violence of their Muslim brethren by converting to Christianity.
122. Book: A El Shafie, Majed . Freedom Fighter: One Man's Fight for One Free World. 2012. 9780768487732. Destiny Image Publishers. It estimated the Afghan Christian community ranges from 500 to 8,000 people. For all practical purposes, there are no native Afghan Christians; they are all converts from Islam who worship in secret to avoid being killed for apostasy...
123. Book: The 2011 International Religious Freedom Report. 2018. 9780160905346. 86. University of California Press. all indigenous Christians (whose numbers are impossible to determine but have been estimated by the State Department at 500-8,000) are converts from Islam .
124. Web site: The Perilous Path from Muslim to Christian. 12 June 2021. The National Interest. Reports of widespread conversions of Muslims to Christianity come from regions as disparate as Algeria, Albania, Syria, and Kurdistan..
125. Web site: GOD IN THE "LAND OF THE MERCEDES" THE RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES IN ALBANIA SINCE 1990. 22 November 2007. Nathalie CLAYER. P.19: A part of the Muslims in emigration are directly or indirectly induced to convert to Catholicism or Orthodoxy.
126. Book: Blumi. Isa. Krasniqi. Gëzim. Albanians' Islam. 480–482. Cesari. Jocelyne. The Oxford Handbook of European Islam. 2014. Oxford. Oxford University Press. 9780191026409. https://books.google.com/books?id=82PDBAAAQBAJ&q=bektashi+census+2011+disputed&pg=PA480.
127. Book: De Rapper, Gilles. Better than Muslims, Not as Good as Greeks: Emigration as Experienced and Imagined by the Albanian Christians of Lunxhëri. 210. King. Russell. Mai. Nicola. Schwandner-Sievers. Stephanie. The New Albanian Migration. 2005. Brighton-Portland. Sussex Academic. 9781903900789. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00165725/document.
128. Book: Kokkali, Ifigeneia. Albanian Immigrants in the Greek City: Spatial 'Invisibility' and Identity Management as a Strategy of Adaptation. 129, 134–135. Vermeulen. Hans. Baldwin-Edwards. Martin. Van Boeschoten. Riki. Migration in the Southern Balkans. From Ottoman Territory to Globalized Nation States. 2015. Cham. Springer Open. 9783319137193. https://www.academia.edu/12755084.
129. Book: P. Chall, Leo. Sociological Abstracts. 1998. 3844. Michigan University Press. In 1990, as the situation began to worsen, many Muslim Albanians contemplated a mass conversion to Catholicism .
130. Web site: Kabylia: Christian Churches Closed by Algerian Authorities . 28 May 2019. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Since 2000, thousands of Algerian Muslims have put their faith in Christ. Algerian officials estimate the number of Christians at 50,000, but others say it could be twice that number..
131. Web site: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 30 June 2015. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. there is an estimated 20,000 to 100,000 evangelical Christians in Algeria, who practice their faith in mainly unregistered churches in the Kabyle region. 15 July 2021. 15 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210715132018/https://www.justice.gov/eoir/file/826846/download. dead.
132. Book: P S Rowe, Paul . Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East. 2018. 9781317233794. 133. Routledge.
133. Web site: U.S. Report on Religious Freedom in Middle East. 30 May 2013. Wilson Center. some Algerian Muslims who converted to Christianity kept a low profile due to concern for their personal safety and potential legal and social problem.
134. Book: Chapman, Colin . Christians in the Middle East – Past, Present and Future. 2012. 9781608991167. 5. Sage Publications, Inc.. many as 20,000 to 40,000 Algerians, mostly Berbers, who have become Christian.
135. Book: Newman, Barbara . Lightning Out of Lebanon: Hezbollah Terrorists on American Soil. 2005. 9780345481856. Random House Publishing Group. Many of the minority of Muslims who came in this wave married Argentinean women and converted to Catholicism.
136. Web site: The Catholic and Protestant churches are working together to draw up guidelines for conversions. 19 April 2016. The Tablet.
137. News: European churches say growing flock of Muslim refugees are converting. 19 April 2016. The Guardian. The Austrian Catholic church logged 300 applications for adult baptism in the first three months of 2016, with the Austrian pastoral institute estimating 70% of those converting are refugees..
138. Book: Aras, Bülent . Oil and Geopolitics in the Caspian Sea Region. 1999. 9780275963958. 166. Greenwood Publishing Group. According to Iranian sources in Baku, Western "religious front associations" have converted some 5,000 Azerbaijanis to various Christian evangelical denominations since 1991 .
139. Book: Monnier, F. le . Rivista di studi politici internazionali. 2009. 9780275963958. 69. Facoltà di scienze politiche "Cesare Alfieri. the 1990s these front organizations succeeded in converting some 5,000 Azeris to various Christian evangelical .
140. Web site: The treatment of Christians in Bangladesh. 23 November 2006. Refugee Review Tribunal: Australia. In the last thirty years, there has been an increase in the number of Muslims converting to Christianity. According to one estimate, in the period between 1971 and 1991, the number of Christian converts in Bangladesh has risen from two hundred thousand to four hundred thousand...
141. Web site: Country Policy and Information Note - Bangladesh: Religious minorities and atheists. 23 October 2018. Home Office. it is estimated that as many as 91,000 Muslims across Bangladesh have converted to Christianity in the last six years.. 15 July 2021. 15 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210715132009/https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1101896/download. dead.
142. Web site: Urban culture, religious conversion, and crossing ethnic fluidity among the Bulgarian Muslims ("Pomaks"). 5 March 2015. New Bulgarian University. Numerous cases of conversion from Islam to Orthodox Christianity are just one of the ways to express the changes in the fluid identity of Bulgarian Muslims ("Pomaks") in Bulgaria after 1990.
143. Web site: Islam in Denmark – an historical overview. 4 April 2019. Nordic.info. Conversion to Christianity also surfaced, not least among the group of refugees arriving from the early 1980s from different areas in the Muslim world hit by civil wars or inter-state conflicts..
144. News: Why Are So Many Muslim Refugees in Europe Suddenly Finding Jesus?. 25 May 2016. The Daily Beast. In the Netherlands and Denmark, as well, many are converting from Islam to Christianity, and the trend appears to be growing. Indeed, converts are filling up some European churches largely forsaken by their old Christian flocks.. Visser. Nadette De.
145. Web site: Hundreds of asylum seekers in Finland converting from Islam to Christianity. 23 October 2017. yle.f.
146. Evaluating faith after conversion. 19 November 2019. Approaching Religion . 1–2 . 10.30664/ar.80355. In 2017, the Finnish Immigration Service received approximately 1,000 asylum applications and appeals based on conversion from Islam to Christianity.. Hartikainen. Elina. 9. 10138/306535. 208071018. free.
147. Book: The Encyclopedia of Christianity: J-O. 9780802824158. Fahlbusch. Erwin. Bromiley. Geoffrey William. Lochman. Jan Milic. Mbiti. John. Pelikan. Jaroslav. Vischer. Lukas. Barrett. David B.. 2003. Wm. B. Eerdmans .
148. Book: A. West, Barbara. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. 2010. 3 . 9781438119137. Infobase Publishing. more than 20,000 Abkhazian Muslims converted to Christianity.
149. Web site: German churches see rise in baptisms for refugees. 6 May 2015. Deutsche Welle. Thousands of refugees in Germany are converting from Islam to Christianity, although it could carry a huge personal risk for them. Independent churches are especially seeing many new converts..
150. Web site: Griechenlands verborgene Albaner. Wiener Zeitung. 2013-07-16. Armand Feka. 2016-03-02. Er lächelt und antwortet in einwandfreiem Griechisch: ‚Ich bin eigentlich auch ein Albaner.' .
151. Kretsi. Georgina. Shkëlzen ou Giannis? Changement de prénom et stratégies identitaires, entre culture d'origine et migration [Shkëlzen or Giannis? Change of Name and Identity strategies, between Culture of Origin and Migration]. Balkanologie. 1. 2. 2005. para.1-63
152. Web site: Over 20,000 converted to Christianity since 1990 in Kashmir. 19 January 2012. Kashmir Watch. Over 20,000 Kashmiri Muslims are reported to have converted to Christianity since the inception of militancy in 1990.. 19 July 2021. 19 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210719120252/https://kashmirwatch.com/over-20000-converted-to-christianity-since-1990-in-kashmir/. dead.
153. Web site: Report: Iran: Christian converts and house churches (1) –prevalence and conditions for religious practice Translation provided by the Office of the Commissioner-General for Refugees and Stateless Persons, Belgium. 22 February 2009. Office of the Commissioner-General for Refugees and Stateless Persons, Belgium. In his research article, Miller (2015, p. 71) points to an anonymous, but the well-informed source that estimated that in 2010, there were about 100,000 converts in Iran... estimated the number of Christian ethnic Persians to be about 175,000. these were claimed to be converts of Shiite Muslim background. .
154. Web site: Iranians Turn Away from the Islamic Republic. 22 January 2020. Journal of Democracy.
155. Web site: Iran: Christians and Christian converts - Department of Justice. 20 February 2020. Home Office. Open Doors, interviewed by the UK Home Office on 8 August 2017, stated that many converts do not publicly report their faith due to persecution, so it is difficult to record the exact numbers of Iranian Christian converts. Open Doors believes the number to be 800,000, although this is a conservative estimate. Other estimates put the number between 400,000-500,000 right up to 3 million... A March 2019 US Congressional Research Service report on Iran put the 300,000. 15 July 2021. 1 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201101033507/https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1253351/download. dead.
156. Web site: 'Our second mother': Iran's converted Christians find sanctuary in Germany. 12 May 2014. The Guardian. The underground nature of the Christian conversion movement has made numbers impossible to determine accurately. Estimates range from 300,000 to 500,000 by various sources..
157. Web site: 2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Iran. 12 May 2019. United States Department of State. estimates citing figures lower than 10,000, and others, such as Open Doors USA, citing numbers above 800,000, Many Protestants and converts to Christianity from Islam reportedly practice in secret..
158. Web site: Are Iran's Christian converts at greater risk after Soleimani's demise?. 7 February 2018. The Jerusalem Post. Conservative estimates place the number of Christians in Iran between 500,000 to 800,000 believers, but others claim there are more than one million. Traditionally, Christian families amount to around 250,000, while the remainder consists of converts from Islam. Most converts from Islam belong to the underground Protestant house-church movement, which Iran considers to be illegal. Meanwhile, according to Islamic and Iranian law, conversion from Islam is a capital offense..
159. Web site: The Iraqi Muslims who convert to Christianity. 22 February 2009. Dailymotion.
160. Book: Radford, David . Religious Identity and Social Change: Explaining Christian conversion in a Muslim world. 2015. 9781317691716. Routledge. Today it is possible to speak of thousand of Kyrgyz and Kazakhs converted to Protestantism. This new phenomenon has clashed with the common belief that all native people must be Muslim .
161. Web site: Out of hiding, some Kosovars embrace Christianity. 29 September 2008. Reuters.
162. News: Muslim Kosovars rediscover their long-forgotten Roman Catholic roots. 6 May 2015. Washington post.
163. Book: Akçalı, Pınar . Politics, Identity and Education in Central Asia: Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan. 2013. 9781135627676. Routledge.
164. Web site: Religion and the Secular State in Kyrgyzstan. 20 June 2020. The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies. P.25: By the early 2000s, some scholars estimated the total number of Kyrgyz converts to Christianity to about 25,000.
165. News: The Muslim refugees converting to Christianity 'to find safety'. 30 January 2017. The Telegraph. Ensor. Josie.
166. Book: RChinyong Liow, Joseph . Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia. 2016. 9781107167728. 142. Cambridge University Press. Harussani Zakaria, publicly fulminated that up to 260,000 Muslims in Malaysia had left the faith and converted to Christianity.
167. Book: Carnes, Nat . Al-Maghred, the Barbary Lion: A Look at Islam. 2012. 9781475903423. 253. University of Cambridge Press. . In all an estimated 40,000 Moroccans have converted to Christianity.
168. Web site: 'House-Churches' and Silent Masses —The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret – VICE News. 23 March 2015. Converted Moroccans — most of them secret worshippers, of whom there are estimated to be anywhere between 5,000 and 40,000 —.
169. Web site: Morocco's 'hidden' Christians to push for religious freedom. 30 January 2017. AfricanNews. There are no official statistics, but leaders say there are about 50,000 Moroccan Christians, most of them from the Protestant Evangelical tradition..
170. Web site: MOROCCO2019INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT. 30 January 2019. RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT. the Moroccan Association of Human Rights estimates there are 25,000 Christian citizens. One media source reportedthat while most Christians in the country are foreigners, there are an estimated 8,000 Christian citizens and that "several thousand" citizens have converted, mostly to Protestant churches...
171. Web site: Morocco's Christian converts emerge from the shadows. 30 April 2017. Time of Israel. Converts to Christianity form a tiny minority of Moroccans. While no official statistics exist, the US State Department estimates their numbers at between 2,000 and 6,000..
172. Web site: Iranian refugees turn to Christianity in the Netherlands. 25 August 2017. BBC. In the Netherlands, thousands of Iranian Muslim migrants and refugees are converting to Christianity, despite conversion from Islam being considered apostasy in Iran and punishable by death..
173. Book: Mutalib, Hussin . Singapore Malays: Being Ethnic Minority and Muslim in a Global City-State. 2012. 9781136307324. 163. Routledge. Given the sensitivity of religious conversion in Singapore, reliable data about religious conversions of ethnic groups is almost non-existent. Some Muslim organizations that deal with conversion and problems of Muslim converts, however, estimated that about 100 Malays converted to Christianity within the last decade or so..
174. Svenska Dagbladet (SvD), Fler kristna väljer att bli muslimer , November 19, 2007 (Accessed November 19, 2007)
175. Web site: Christian convert from Iran converting Muslims in Sweden. 17 January 2018. FoxNews.
176. Web site: Christianity grows in Syrian town once besieged by Islamic State. 16 April 2019. Reuters. A community of Syrians who converted to Christianity from Islam is growing in Kobani.
177. Book: Abdullaev, Kamoludin . Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan. 2018. 370 . 9781538102527. Rowman & Littlefield. In 2016, the government estimated the number of Christian converts at up to 3,000 persons..
178. https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90222.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Tunisia
179. Book: M. Shaw Ph.D, Jeffrey. Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. 2019. 9781440839337. 200. ABC-CLIO.
180. Web site: Fearing a new holy empire: Just when Turks are worried about Christians, here comes the Pope. 4 December 2006. Maclean's. More tangibly, figures published in January 2004 in Turkey's mainstream Milliyet newspaper claimed that 35,000 Muslims, the vast majority of them in Istanbul, had converted to Christianity in 2003. While impossible to confirm (the Turkish government does not release these figures), the rate of conversion, according to Christian leaders in Turkey, is on the rise.. 19 July 2021. 19 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210719121102/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/2006/12/4/fearing-a-new-holy-empire. dead.
181. Book: report, MRG international. A Quest for Equality: Minorities in Turkey. 2007. 9781904584636. 13. Minority Rights Group International. The estimated number of Protestants in Turkey is 4,000–6,000, most of whom live in Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir. Protestantism has been a part of Turkey's history for 200 years, first spreading among the non-Muslim minorities. Conversion from Islam to Protestantism was very rare until the 1960s, but Muslim converts currently constitute the majority of Protestants...
182. Book: White, Jenny . Muslim Nationalism and the New Turks: Updated Edition. 2014. 9781400851256. 82. Princeton University Press. a number that vastly exceeds the size of present-day Turkish-speaking Protestant churches, of whose 3,000 members are converts from Islam.
183. Web site: Christian Converts Live In Fear in Intolerant Turkey. 23 April 2007. Der Spiegel. The liberal newspaper Radikal estimates that there are about 10,000 converts in Turkey, expressing surprise that they could be seen as a "threat" in a country of 73 million people, 99 percent of whom are Muslim..
184. Book: Mostafavi Mobasher, Mohsen . The Iranian Diaspora: Challenges, Negotiations, and Transformations. 2018. 9781477316672. 82. University of Texas Press. There is no space to elaborate here, but the research carried out by Spellman (2004b) and Miller (2014) sheds light on the growth of Iranian Muslim conversion to born-again Christianity in England and Scotland.
185. Web site: Iranian Christians in Leeds: xperiences of Church Membership. 17 September 2018. University of Leeds. P.9: Iranian Christian converts in Britain form three distinguishable groups depending on where they've converted: 1. Those who converted in Iran 2. Those who converted in transit (mostly Turkey) 3. Those who converted in Britain.
186. Book: Scott, Rob. Mount Taylor. 2017. 9781387230914. University of Tasmania Press. Although approximately 20,000 Muslims convert to Christianity annually, ... In 2010 were approximately 180,000 and about 130,000 Iranian Americans who converted from Islam to Christianity..
187. Book: Mvan Gorder, Christian . Muslim-Christian Relations in Central Asia. 2018. 9781135971694. 17. Routledge.
188. Web site: Religious Conversion and Sharia Law. 6 June 2007. Council on Foreign Relations. In the West, experts estimate thousands of Muslims switch to Christianity every year but keep their conversions secret for fear of retribution. "Converts from Islam, especially those who become involved in Christian ministries, often use assumed names, or only their first names, in order to protect themselves and their families," writes Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, a Washington-based terrorism analyst in Commentary..
189. Web site: Why Are Millions of Muslims Becoming Christian?. NCR. 19 May 2016 .
190. News: Janet. Tassel. Militant about "Islamism". Harvard Magazine. May 26, 2016. January–February 2005.
191. Web site: The Perilous Path from Muslim to Christian. 12 June 2021. Such accusations are particularly common in locales like northern Iraq and Algeria, where conversions of Kurds and Berbers are unusually high..
192. Book: 2014-12-22. Guinness World Records 2003 - Google Books. 9780553586367. 2021-02-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20141222102236/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2ZSHm9rYq38C&q=converted. 2014-12-22. Folkard. Claire. Bantam Books .
193. Web site: Iranians Turn Away from the Islamic Republic. 20 January 2020. Journal of Democracy.
194. Web site: Iran's Christian Boom. 29 June 2021. JewishPress. Shay Khatiri of Johns Hopkins University wrote last year about Iran that "Islam is the fastest shrinking religion there, while Christianity is growing the fastest.".
195. Web site: America Must Focus on Religious Persecution against Iranian Christian Converts. 3 August 2020. providence. Speaking of faith and Iran, most people think of Islam. Yet Islam is the fastest shrinking religion there, while Christianity is growing the fastest. According to a report by the Department of State from 2018, up to half a million Iranians are Christian converts from Muslim families, and most of these Christians are evangelicals. Recent estimates say that the number might have climbed up to somewhere between one million and three million. This is up from 100,000 in 1994, and a majority of these converts are reportedly women. A recent documentary, Sheep among Wolves, documents the lives of these converts and shows how Iran is the "fastest-growing church" in the world. .
196. Web site: America Must Focus on Religious Persecution against Iranian Christian Converts. 3 August 2020. providence. Recent estimates claim that the number might have climbed up to somewhere between one million and three million..
197. Web site: GOD IN THE "LAND OF THE MERCEDES" THE RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES IN ALBANIA SINCE 1990. 22 November 2007. Nathalie CLAYER. P.19: A part of the Muslims in emigration are directly or indirectly induced to convert to Catholicism or Orthodoxy.
198. Book: Blumi. Isa. Krasniqi. Gëzim. Albanians' Islam. 480–482. Cesari. Jocelyne. The Oxford Handbook of European Islam. 2014. Oxford. Oxford University Press. 9780191026409. https://books.google.com/books?id=82PDBAAAQBAJ&q=bektashi+census+2011+disputed&pg=PA480.
199. Miller. Duane Alexander. Iranian Diaspora Christians in the American Midwest & Scotland: Historical Background, Present Realities, & Future Challenges. Global Missiology. January 2012. 9. 2. 1–9. 16 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20140110003543/http://ojs.globalmissiology.org/index.php/english/article/view/720/1772. 10 January 2014. live.
200. Web site: The Muslim refugees converting to Christianity 'to find safety'. 30 January 2017. Telegraph.
201. Book: M. Davis, Stephen. Rise of French Laicite: French Secularism from the Reformation to the Twenty-first Century. 2020. 9781725264090. 199 . Wipf and Stock Publishers. Richard Kronk has extensively researched Muslim conversion in France. He provides examples of the challenges faced by Muslim converts to Christianity. His research primarily deals with Christians of Maghrebi background (CMB) From Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia..
202. Book: Özyürek, Esra. Convert Alert: German Muslims and Turkish Christians as Threats to Security in the New Europe. 2008. 9781725264090. 76. Cambridge University Press. gained through ethnographic research with Turkish and Kurdish converts to Christianity in both Turkey and German..
203. Book: Hann, Chris . The Postsocialist Religious Question: Faith and Power in Central Asia and East-Central Europe. 2006. 9783825899042. LIT Verlag Münster.
204. Book: Wilfred, Felix . The Oxford Handbook of Christianity in Asia. 2014. 9780199329069. Oxford University Press.
205. Book: Nisan, Mordechai. Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression, 2d ed.. 2015. 9780786451333. 75 . Armenian Research Center collection. In Kabylia people at the turn of the twenty-first century were reportedly converting to Christianity; new churches sprouted up. The deteriorating image of Islam, as violent and socially confining, had apparently persuaded some Berbers to consider an alternative faith..
206. Book: A. Shoup, John . Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. 2011. 9781598843620. 56 . ABC-CLIO.
207. Web site: The Untold Story of Syrian Kurdish Christians. 12 October 2020. providence. In war-torn Syria, it is the only place where people are free to worship without hindrance. In fact, it is the only place in the region where people can proselytize and legally change their religion. Because of these conditions, the Kurdish Christian community has continued to grow.
208. Web site: Sunni extremists threaten to kill Christian converts in north. 21 May 2007. t=The New Humanitarian.
209. Book: Tyndall, Andrea . The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery. 2012. 9783643902689. 82 . Verlag Münster. The Catholic and Protestant Turkish populations have grown, convert Protestants have also increased in number from a few hundred in 1992 to 3,000-3,500 Evangelical Christians, whilst other denominations have remained stable..
210. Granli . Elisabet . Religious conversion in Syria : Alawite and Druze believers . . 2011 .
211. Book: A. Kayyali, Randa. The Arab Americans. 2006. 9780313332197. 21 . Greenwood Publishing Group. Many of the Druze have chosen to deemphasize their ethnic identity, and some have officially converted to Christianity..
212. Book: A. Kayyali, Randa. The Arab Americans. 2006. 9780313332197. 21 . Greenwood Publishing Group. some Christians (mostly from the Orthodox faith), as well as Druze, converted to Protestantism....
213. Web site: European churches say growing flock of Muslim refugees are converting. 5 June 2016. The Guardian.
214. Web site: Muslim refugees are converting to Christianity in Germany. 10 December 2016. The Independent.
215. Web site: The Future of World Religions p.57. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015.
216. Web site: Christians are leaving the faith in droves and the trend isn't slowing down. Business Insider.
217. Web site: Projected Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.44. dead. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. 4 May 2016.
218. Werner Ustorf. "A missiological postscript", in McLeod and Ustorf (eds), The Decline of Christendom in (Western) Europe, 1750–2000, (Cambridge University Press, 2003) pp. 219–20.
219. Web site: p.62. 4 May 2016. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. dead.
220. News: Bailey. Sarah Pulliam. Christianity faces sharp decline as Americans are becoming even less affiliated with religion. 4 May 2016. The Washington Post. 12 May 2015.
221. News: America's Changing Religious Landscape. 4 May 2016. Pew Research Center.
222. News: Speiser. Matthew. Christians are leaving the faith in droves and the trend isn't slowing down. 4 May 2016. Business Insider. 28 April 2015.
223. News: Leaving the Faith Because of the Faithful. HuffPost.
224. News: Christian faith plus Chinese productivity. BBC News. 26 August 2010.
225. Web site: Public Opinion Survey of Iranian Americans. PAAIA. December 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20081221105629/http://paaia.org/galleries/new-gallery/Survey_of_Iranian_Americans_Final_Report_Dec_10%202008.pdf. 21 December 2008.
226. Web site: Losing Our Religion: The Growth of The 'Nones' . . 13 January 2013 .
227. Web site: 2015-05-12. America's Changing Religious Landscape. 2021-01-26. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. en-US.
228. Schnabel . Landon . Bock . Sean . The Persistent and Exceptional Intensity of American Religion: A Response to Recent Research . Sociological Science . 2017 . 4 . 686–700 . 10.15195/v4.a28 . 13 March 2019. free .
229. Web site: Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?: Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century.
230. Web site: Barrett, David B. (1927-2011): Missionary Statistician and Sociologist of Religion. 20 January 2017. School of Theology - Boston University.
231. Web site: Barrett, David B. (1927-2011): Missionary Statistician and Sociologist of Religion. 20 January 2017. School of Theology - Boston University.
232. Web site: Barrett, David B. (1927-2011) History of Missiology. 2021-01-29. www.bu.edu.
233. Web site: Dr. Todd M. Johnson Institute on Culture, Religion & World Affairs: CURA. 2021-01-29. www.bu.edu.
234. Book: 15 February 2001 . David B. Barrett . George Thomas Kurian . Todd M. Johnson . World Christian Encyclopedia p.360. Oxford University Press USA . 978-0195079630 .
235. Hsu . Becky . Amy Reynolds . Conrad Hackett . James Gibbon . 2008 . Estimating the Religious Composition of All Nations: An Empirical Assessment of the World Christian Database . . 47 . 4 . 691–692 . 2012-01-27 . 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00435.x.
236. The Next Christendom: The Rise of Global Christianity. New York: Oxford University Press. 2002. 270 pp.
237. Chinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity: The Importance of Social and Cultural Contexts. 20 January 2017. Oxford University Press. 3711910. Yang. Fenggang. Sociology of Religion. 59. 3. 237–257. 10.2307/3711910.
238. Web site: Understanding the rapid rise of Charismatic Christianity in Southeast Asia. 27 October 2017. Singapore Management University.
239. Web site: Christianity in China. Council on Foreign Relations.
240. Book: Hartch, Todd. The Rebirth of Latin American Christianity. 2014. 9780199365142. 1 . Oxford University Press.
241. Book: R. Burrow, William . Redemption And Dialogue. 2009. 9781608991167. 201 . Wipf and Stock Publishers.
242. Web site: Indians say it is important to respect all religions, but major religious groups see little in common and want to live separately. 29 June 2021. Pew Research Center. For Christians, however, there are some net gains from conversion.
243. Web site: Why the Chinese government is targeting young Christians in its latest crackdown. 14 May 2018. America magazine. A study of the religious lives of university students in Beijing published in a mainland Chinese academic journal Science and Atheism in 2013 showed Christianity to be the religion that interested students most and the most active on campuses. It concluded there was a "religious fever" in society and "religious forces were infiltrating colleges." With the support of "overseas religious forces," it said, there was a rapid growth in Christianity among university students. It said Christian fellowships on campus mostly refused to succumb to the leadership of the state-backed churches and thus posed "a problem" in the government's administration of religious affairs..
244. Web site: Conversions to Christianity Among Highly Educated Chinese. 14 May 2018. Training leaders .
245. Book: Tan, Chee-beng . After Migration And Religious Affiliation: Religions, Chinese Identities And Transnational Networks. 2014. 9789814590013. XXV. World Scientific. They also point out that more educated migrants and those from Hong Kong are more likely to become Christians than those from mainland China..
246. Web site: Religion and Education in Indonesia. 30 January 2017. Gavin W. Jones. Finally, during this century there has been a rapid growth in the number of Chinese Christians. Very few Chinese were Christians at the turn of the century. Today Christians constitute approximately 10 or 15 percent of the Chinese population in Indonesia, and probably a higher percentage among the young. Conversion of Chinese to Christianity accelerated in the 1960s, especially in East Java, and for Indonesia as a whole the proportion of Chinese who were Catholics rose from 2 percent in 1957 to 6 percent in 19..
247. Book: Taher, Amir . The Persian Night: Iran Under the Khomeinist Revolution. 2020. 9781594034794. 343 . Encounter Books. The reason is that a growing number of Iranians, especially the young, are converting to Zoroastrianism or Christianity..
248. Web site: Report: Iran: Christian converts and house churches (1) –prevalence and conditions for religious practice Translation provided by the Office of the Commissioner-General for Refugees and Stateless Persons, Belgium. 22 February 2009. Office of the Commissioner-General for Refugees and Stateless Persons, Belgium. P.15: Chiaramonte (2016), that it is young people in particular who convert to Christianity in today's Iran.
249. Book: S. Chin, Clive. The Perception of Christianity as a Rational Religion in Singapore: A Missiological Analysis of Christian Conversione. 2017. 9781498298094. 166 . Routledge. This socio-demographic characterizes Christian converts as mostly .. (2) well-educated, (3) belonging in higher-income brackets, (4) switching their religion between ten and twenty-nine years of age.
250. Web site: Religious Revival Among Chinese in Singapore. 14 May 2018. SSA1201 Assignment. Converts to Christianity tend to come from the young, educated, English-speaking Chinese generation .
251. State and Social Christianity in Post-colonial Singapore. 21 April 2010. Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 41308136. Christianity has flourished in post-colonial Singapore, especially attracting conversions from among young, urbanized and English- educated.. Goh. Daniel P. S.. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 25. 1. 54–89. 10.1355/SJ25-1C. 144235936.
252. Sukman . Jang . 2004 . Historical Currents and Characteristics of Korean Protestantism after Liberation . Korea Journal . 44 . 4. 133–156 .
253. Book: Yoo, David. Ruth H. Chung . Religion and spirituality in Korean America. University of Illinois Press. 2008. 978-0-252-07474-5.
254. Web site: Leave China, Study in America, Find Jesus. Han. Zhang. 12 January 2024 .
255. Book: Brian Niiya. Japanese American History: An A-To-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present. 1993. VNR AG. 28. 9780816026807.
256. Web site: Japanese Americans – Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 17 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064956/http://projects.pewforum.org/2012/07/18/religious-affiliation-of-asian-americans-2/asianamericans_affiliation-9-2/. 4 March 2016. dead.
257. Web site: Dying for Christianity: millions at risk amid rise in persecution across the globe. Harriet. Sherwood. 27 July 2015. The Guardian.
258. https://commons.trincoll.edu/aris/files/2013/11/ARIS-2001-report-complete.pdf
259. News: Druze set to visit Syria . 8 September 2006 . BBC News . The worldwide population of Druze is put at up to one million, with most living in mountainous regions in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel. . 30 August 2004.
260. Book: Chatty, Dawn . Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-81792-9. 2010-03-15.
261. Book: James Lewis. The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. 13 May 2015. 2002. Prometheus Books.
262. Book: De McLaurin, Ronald. The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East. 1979. 9780030525964. 114 . Michigan University Press. Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...
263. Book: Swayd, Samy . The Druzes: An Annotated Bibliography . ISES Publications. Kirkland, WA, USA. 1998. 978-0-9662932-0-3.
264. Book: Hobby, Jeneen. Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. 2011. 9781414448916. 232 . University of Philadelphia Press. US Druze settled in small towns and kept a low profile, joining Protestant churches (usually Presbyterian or Methodist) and often Americanizing their names...
265. Granli . Elisabet . Religious conversion in Syria : Alawite and Druze believers . . 2011 .
266. https://web.archive.org/web/20190621185322/http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Syria_Ethnic_Shift_2010-2018_lg.png "Syria Religious Composition 2018". Columbia University - School of International and Public Affairs
267. Web site: Fast Facts. Library. C. N. N.. 7 November 2013. CNN. 2019-04-05.
268. Web site: Hindu Religion Information Data and Statistics PEW-GRF. www.globalreligiousfutures.org. 2020-01-30.
269. Web site: By 2050, India to have world's largest populations of Hindus and Muslims. Pew Research Center. 21 April 2015 . 2020-01-26.
270. Web site: Indian Census and Muslim population growth. 2004.
271. Book: The Radical Humanist – Volume 68 . Manabendra Nath Roy. Maniben Kara. 2004.
272. News: The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions . . 14 May 2007 . 11 February 2020 . 29 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150234/https://foreignpolicy.com/2007/05/14/the-list-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religions/ . live . Behind the trend: Surprise! High birthrates in India..
273. Book: Religion on the Move!: New Dynamics of Religious Expansion in a Globalizing World. BRILL. Afe Adogame . Shobana Shankar . 2012. 135. 978-9004242289.
274. News: Russians embrace Hinduism. A. D.. Rangarajan. 20 October 2014. The Hindu.
275. News: Fueled by immigration, Hinduism becomes fourth-largest faith in US. 21 May 2017. The Times of India.
276. Book: The Blackwell Companion to Religion in America. Wiley. 559. Khyati Y. Joshi . Philip Goff . 9781444324099. 2010-03-25.
277. Australian Bureau of Statistics (21 June 2012). 2011 Census reveals Hinduism as the fastest growing religion in Australia
278. News: Mercer. Phil. Immigrants Change Australia's Cultural Identity. 19 May 2014. Voice of America. 23 June 2012.
279. Sharma. Arvind. 2014-04-03. Hinduism and Conversion. The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion. 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195338522.013.018. 9780195338522.
280. Rajeswar. Yashasvini. Amore. Roy C.. 2019. Coming Home (Ghar Wapsi) and Going Away: Politics and the Mass Conversion Controversy in India. Religions. 10. 5. 313–. 10.3390/rel10050313. free.
281. 27 January 2011. 3.6 Billion: World's Muslim Population Doubles. Time. 16 April 2014.
282. Web site: 27 January 2011. The Future of the Global Muslim Population. 16 April 2014. Pew Research.
283. News: The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions . . 14 May 2007 . 11 February 2020 . 29 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150234/https://foreignpolicy.com/2007/05/14/the-list-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religions/ . live . Behind the trend: High birthrates in Asia, the Middle East, and Europe..
284. News: 8 October 2009. One in four is Muslim, study says. BBC News Website.
285. Web site: p.10. dead. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. 4 May 2016.
286. Web site: Religion and Living Arrangements Around the World. Pew Research Center. P.80: Around the globe, Muslims have higher fertility rates than Christians on average. Muslim women's low educational attainment is a likely factor; demographers find that higher educational attainment among women is tied to lower fertility rates..
287. http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors-conversion.aspx "The Future of the Global Muslim Population, Related Factors: Conversion"
288. http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/ The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050/
289. News: Muslim birth rate falls, slower population growth. Reuters. 8 May 2016.
290. News: . May 2007. The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions. Foreign Policy. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
291. Esther Pan, Europe: Integrating Islam, Council on Foreign Relations, 2005-07-13
292. News: Mistiaen. Veronique. 11 October 2013. Converting to Islam: British women on prayer, peace and prejudice. The Guardian. 6 May 2016.
293. News: 2011-01-04. Converting to Islam - the white Britons becoming Muslims. en-GB. BBC News. 2020-12-09.
294. News: Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world. CNN. 6 May 2016.
295. Web site: Why do Western Women Convert?. 8 May 2016. Standpoint. 26 April 2010. 6 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion. dead.
296. News: Elliott. Andrea. 2005-04-30. Muslim Converts Face Discrimination (Published 2005). en-US. The New York Times. 2020-11-26. 0362-4331.
297. Web site: Bagby. Ihsan. Perl. Paul M.. Froehle. Bryan T.. April 26, 2001. The Mosque in America: A National Portrait. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20161006214638/http://www.cair.com/images/pdf/The-American-mosque-2001.pdf. October 6, 2016. February 19, 2017. Council on American-Islamic Relations. 21.
298. Web site: 2011-08-24. Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity. 2020-11-26. HuffPost. en.
299. News: Baume. Maïa de la. 2013-02-04. More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself (Published 2013). en-US. The New York Times. 2020-12-09. 0362-4331.
300. Web site: May 12, 2015. America's Changing Religious Landscape. Pew Research Center

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301. News: 31 March 2008. Muslims outnumber Catholics, Vatican says. The Daily Telegraph. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1583422/Muslims-outnumber-Catholics-Vatican-says.html . 12 January 2022 . subscription . live. 8 May 2016.
302. News: 30 March 2008. Muslims more numerous than Catholics: Vatican. Reuters. 8 May 2016.
303. News: 30 March 2008. Vatican: Islam Surpasses Roman Catholicism as World's Largest Religion | Europe News. Fox News Channel. 2010-04-01.
304. News: . May 2007. The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions. Foreign Policy.
305. Web site: p.75. dead. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. 4 May 2016.
306. Web site: p.26. dead. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. 4 May 2016.
307. Web site: p.77. dead. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. 4 May 2016.
308. News: The Myth of the Muslim Population Bomb. Tehelka. 8. dead. 8 May 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160604122248/http://www.tehelka.com/2015/02/the-myth-of-the-muslim-population-bomb/. 4 June 2016.
309. News: Relax Sangh Parivar, there is no evidence of a Muslim population bomb. Firstpost. 8 May 2016.
310. News: Ignatius. David. 8 February 2013. David Ignatius: A demographic shift in the Muslim world. The Washington Post. 8 May 2016.
311. Web site: Projected Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.11. dead. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. 4 May 2016.
312. Web site: Islam Growing Fastest, p.07. dead. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. 4 May 2016.
313. http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf Long-Term Projections of Christian and Muslim Shares of World's Population
314. News: Goodstein. Laurie. 2 April 2015. Muslims Projected to Outnumber Christians by 2100. The New York Times. 5 May 2016.
315. Web site: The Future of World Religions p.70. dead. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. 4 May 2016.
316. Web site: p.160. dead. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. 4 May 2016.
317. Web site: Do Muslims Have More Children Than Other Women in Western Europe?. 8 May 2016. Population Reference Bureau. 7 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180307220320/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2008/muslimsineurope.aspx. dead.
318. Web site: p.182. dead. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. 4 May 2016.
319. News: Losing their religion: the hidden crisis of faith among Britain's young Muslims. The Guardian. 6 May 2016.
320. Darren E. Sherkat. 22 June 2015. Losing Their Religion: When Muslim Immigrants Leave Islam. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20181129125250/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/2015-06-22/losing-their-religion. 2018-11-29. 2016-09-18. Foreign Affairs.
321. News: 25 Aug 2020. Iranians have lost their faith according to survey. Iran International. 29 August 2020.
322. Web site: 2020-08-23. گزارش نظرسنجی درباره نگرش ایرانیان به دین. 2020-08-29. گَمان - گروه مطالعات افکارسنجی ایرانیان. fa-IR. 8 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201008163002/https://gamaan.org/2020/08/23/gamaaan-religiosity-survey/. dead.
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324. Web site: 5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe. 29 November 2017 .
325. News: 23 December 2005. Muslims in Europe: Country guide. BBC News. 2010-04-01.
326. Web site: The Future of World Religions p.149. dead. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. 4 May 2016.
327. http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf The Future of World Religions p.159
328. Web site: The Future of World Religions p.43. dead. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf. 29 April 2015. 4 May 2016.
329. Brian Grim quoted in Richard Greene, World Muslim population doubling, report projects, CNN, 2011-01-27
330. France, its Muslims, and the Future, 2004-04-13, Doug Saunders, "The 'Eurabia' myth deserves a debunking ", The Globe and Mail, 2008-09-20, Fewer differences between foreign-born and Swedish born childbearing women, Statistics Sweden, 2008-11-03, Mary Mederios Kent, Do Muslims have more children than other women in western Europe? , Population Reference Bureau, prb.org, February 2008; for fertility of Muslims outside Europe, see the sentence "The dramatic decline in Iran's fertility provides a recent example of how strict Islamic practices can coexist with widespread use of family planning.", and (the articles) Farzaneh Roudi-Fahimi and Mary Mederios Kent, Fertility Declining in the Middle East and North Africa , prb.org, April 2008, especially the figure 2, Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi, Recent changes and the future of fertility in Iran, especially the figure 1; by quoting Yoram Ettinger, 2 Demographic implosion in Muslim societies", The Jerusalem Post, 2008-10-28; -->
331. See also "Merely speaking of a 'Muslim community in France' can be misleading and inaccurate: like every immigrant population, Muslims in France exhibit strong cleavages based on the country of their origin, their social background, political orientation and ideology, and the branch or sect of Islam that they practice (when they do)." in Justin Vaisse, Unrest in France, November 2005 , 2006-01-12
332. Web site: Simon Kuper. Simon Kuper. 19 August 2007. Head count belies vision of 'Eurabia'. 12 August 2011. Financial Times.
333. Kaufmann, Eric (20 March 2010). "Europe's Muslim Future", Prospect, Issue 169.
334. Book: Grim. Brian J.. The Future of the Global Muslim Population (Projections for 2010–2030). Karim. Mehtab S.. Cooperman. Alan. Hackett. Conrad. Connor. Phillip. Chaudhry. Sahar. Hidajat. Mira. Hsu. Becky. Andrew J. Gully. January 2011. Pew Research Center. Stencel. Sandra. Washington, D.C.. 12 May 2012. Rosen. Anne Farris. Yoo. Diana. Miller. Tracy. Ramp. Hilary. https://web.archive.org/web/20120310020322/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/FutureGlobalMuslimPopulation-WebPDF-Feb10.pdf. 10 March 2012. dead. Elizabeth A. Lawton. Noble Kuriakose. Elizabeth Podrebarac. Summary about Europe0 . Retrieved 18 September 2012.
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