Family resemblance (anthropology) explained

Family resemblance refers to physical similarities shared between close relatives, especially between parents and children and between siblings.[1] In psychology, the similarities of personality are also observed.

Genetics

Heritability, defined as a measure of family resemblance, causes traits to be genetically passed from parents to offspring (heredity), allowing evolutionarily advantageous traits to persist through generations.[2] [3] [4] [5] Despite sharing parents, siblings do not inherit identical genes, making studies on identical twins (who have identical DNA) especially effective at analyzing the role genetics play in phenotypic similarity.[6] Studies have found that generational resemblance of many phenotypic traits results from the inheritance of multiples genes that collectively influence a trait (additive genetic variance).[7] There is evidence of heritability in personality traits. For example, one study found that approximately half of personality differences in high-school aged fraternal and identical twins were due to genetic variation - and another study suggests that no one personality trait is more heritable than another.[6] [8]

Environment

Family resemblance is also shaped by environmental factors, temperature, light, nutrition, exposure to drugs, the time that different family members spend in shared and non-shared environments, are examples of factors found to influence phenotype.[9] [10] [11] Phenotypes found to be largely environmentally determined in humans include personality, height, and weight.[12] [13] [14] Twin studies have shown that more than half of the variation in a few major aspects of personality are environmentally determined, and that environmental factors even affect traits like immune response and how children handle stress.[15] [16] Additionally, anomalous findings, such as second-degree relatives of alcoholics, showing surprising similarities to them have led some researchers’ attempts in generating better models that account for the environmental impacts on influences like cultural inheritance, family structure and head of household, which have been shown to influence family resemblance.[17]

See also

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. http://www.abroadintheyard.com/dna-family-resemblance-across-generations/ Who Do You Look Like? DNA and Family Resemblance Across Generations
  2. Dolinska B . Resemblance and investment in children . fr . International Journal of Psychology . 48 . 3 . 285–90 . June 2013 . 22385106 . 10.1080/00207594.2011.645482 .
  3. Tremblay BL, Guénard F, Lamarche B, Pérusse L, Vohl MC . Familial resemblances in human whole blood transcriptome . BMC Genomics . 19 . 1 . 300 . April 2018 . 29703154 . 5921553 . 10.1186/s12864-018-4698-6 . free .
  4. Book: Bochud M . Estimating Heritability from Nuclear Family and Pedigree Data . Statistical Human Genetics . Methods in Molecular Biology . 850 . 171–86 . 2012 . 22307699 . 10.1007/978-1-61779-555-8_10 . 978-1-61779-554-1 .
  5. Book: Brodie, Edmond . The Princeton Guide to Evolution. vanc . Princeton University Press . 2014 . 221–229.
  6. Plomin R, Daniels D . Why are children in the same family so different from one another? . International Journal of Epidemiology . 40 . 3 . 563–82 . June 2011 . 21807642 . 3147063 . 10.1093/ije/dyq148 .
  7. Polderman TJ, Benyamin B, de Leeuw CA, Sullivan PF, van Bochoven A, Visscher PM, Posthuma D . Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies . En . Nature Genetics . 47 . 7 . 702–9 . July 2015 . 25985137 . 10.1038/ng.3285 . 205349969 .
  8. Ahern. Frank M.. Johnson. Ronald C.. Wilson. James R.. McClearn. Gerald E.. Vandenberg. Steven G. . vanc . May 1982 . Family resemblances in personality . Behavior Genetics. en. 12. 3. 261–280. 10.1007/bf01067847. 6889860. 37381242. 0001-8244.
  9. Web site: Environmental Influences on Gene Expression Learn Science at Scitable. www.nature.com. en. 2018-08-09.
  10. Plomin R, Daniels D . Why are children in the same family so different from one another? . International Journal of Epidemiology . 40 . 3 . 563–82 . June 2011 . 21807642 . 10.1093/ije/dyq148 . 3147063 .
  11. Book: Sulikowski, Danielle . Evolutionary Theory: Fringe or Central to Psychological Science. vanc . 2016-08-08. Frontiers Media SA. 9782889199204.
  12. Eysenck. H. J.. March 1990 . Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Individual Differences: The Three Major Dimensions of Personality . Journal of Personality . 58. 1. 245–261. 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00915.x . 23750379.
  13. News: Why are we getting taller as a species?. Scientific American. 2018-08-09. en.
  14. Human Height. Our World in Data. 8 October 2013. 2018-08-09. Roser. Max. Appel. Cameron. Ritchie. Hannah.
  15. Sirota M, Willemsen G, Sundar P, Pitts SJ, Potluri S, Prifti E, Kennedy S, Ehrlich SD, Neuteboom J, Kluft C, Malone KE, Cox DR, de Geus EJ, Boomsma DI . Effect of genome and environment on metabolic and inflammatory profiles . PLOS ONE . 10 . 4 . e0120898 . April 2015 . 25853885 . 4390246 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0120898 . 2015PLoSO..1020898S . free .
  16. Schreiber JE, Shirtcliff E, Van Hulle C, Lemery-Chalfant K, Klein MH, Kalin NH, Essex MJ, Goldsmith HH . Environmental influences on family similarity in afternoon cortisol levels: twin and parent-offspring designs . Psychoneuroendocrinology . 31 . 9 . 1131–7 . October 2006 . 16997489 . 2754130 . 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.07.005 .
  17. Cloninger CR, Rice J, Reich T . Multifactorial inheritance with cultural transmission and assortative mating. III. Family structure and the analysis of separation experiments . American Journal of Human Genetics . 31 . 3 . 366–88 . May 1979 . 572636 . 1685778 .

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