Fairmile B motor launch explained

The Fairmile B motor launch (often abbreviated to 'ML') was a very numerous class of motor launch produced in kit form by British boatbuilder Fairmile Marine, and then assembled and fitted out by numerous boatyards during the Second World War to meet the Royal Navy's coastal operation requirements.

Design

While the Type A motor launch had been designed entirely for Fairmile by architect Norman Hart, the Type B design had come from Bill Holt, head of the Admiralty's DNC Boat Section. The hard-chine hull of the Type A had exhibited seakeeping and handling limitations, but Holt's round-bilged design for the Type B was found to be a far more seaworthy form.

Like all Fairmile boats, production of the Type B was based on total prefabrication so individual components could be contracted out to small factories for production and these arranged as kits that would be delivered in stages to various boatyards for assembly & fitting out on a 'just-in-time' basis. Accordingly, the detailed design work for the Type B was taken on by Fairmile and modified to suit their kit fabrication principle - they then also handled production of component parts.

Altogether approximately 650 boats were built between 1940 and 1945. Like the Type As, the Type Bs were initially intended as submarine chasers, so the boats were fitted with ASDIC (sonar) as standard.

Their main armament initially reflected their anti-submarine focus, with 12 depth charges, a single QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss gun forward, and one set of twin 0.303-in Lewis or GO machine guns (frequently increased in number by the crew); early boats often received a Holman projector amidships. A common upgrade to gun armament by 1942-43 in many early boats was to add an aft bandstand mounting for either a 2-pdr Rolls gun or a 20mm Oerlikon cannon. The specifications given are for the original 1940 British version.

As the war moved on, the vessels were adapted to other roles and the armament was modified and upgraded such as the replacement of the 3-pounder with one or more 20 mm Oerlikon cannon and removal of the ASDIC dome for more clearance as minesweepers. Some boats were configured as motor torpedo boats.

Boats

The Fairmile B type superseded the original Fairmile A type, which had been designed by Norman Hart.

First batch (September 1939 orders)

An initial batch of 24 of these (ML 101 to ML 124) was ordered by the Admiralty on 22 September 1939 from the Fairmile Marine company, of which the first eleven (plus the prototype ML 100) were completed to the Hart design (Fairmile 'A'); the remaining thirteen (ML 112 to ML 124) were completed to the new Fairmile B design. The first Fairmile B motor launch (actually ML 113 from Tough Bros, Teddington) was completed and delivered on 12 August 1940, with a further eleven from this first production batch entering service before the end of the year (the last of the batch to be completed - ML 123 - was delayed until 1941).[1]

NameShip BuilderCompletedFate
ML 112Woodnutt & Co., St Helens, Isle of Wight22 September 1940Sold on 27 February 1946.
ML 113Tough Brothers, Teddington12 August 1940Sold in March 1946 as Pendennis.
ML 114Brooke Marine, Oulton Broad, near Lowestoft24 August 1940For disposal in 1946.
ML 115Solent Shipyard, Sareisbury Green, Hants.18 September 1940Sold in October 1946.
ML 116A. M. Dickie & Sons, Tarbert, Argyllshire14 September 1940For disposal in April 1946.
ML 117Lady Bee, Isleworth26 October 1940Sold in 1946, becoming yacht Savourna by 1959.
ML 118Sussex Shipbuilding, Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex7 October 1940Sold in 1946 as Marandis.
ML 119Alexander Robertson, Sandbank.12 September 1940Lent to South African Navy 1945; for disposal later in 1945.
ML 120Aldous Successors, The Shipyard, Brightlingsea8 October 1940Sold 1946 as Onetwenty.
ML 121James A. Silver, Rosneath, Dumbartonshire12 September 1940Sold in Egypt ca. 1947.
ML 122A. M. Dickie & Sons, Bangor, Gwynedd16 October 1940Lent to Royal Norwegian Navy from 13 December 1940 to 23 August 1941;
for disposal in October 1945.
ML 123Frank Curtis, Looe, CornwallMay 1941To Free French Navy as St Ronan from May 1941 to July 1942; sold 1946.
ML 124A. M. Dickie & Sons, Tarbert, Argyllshire13 November 1940To Ship Target Trials in 1946; for disposal in October 1947.

Second batch (January 1940 orders)

The Admiralty placed a massive order for a second batch of Fairmile Bs - 120 vessels in total - on 8 January 1940. These were numbered ML 125 to ML 244. Of these, 37 were delivered by the end of 1940 and the other 83 during the first half of 1941.

NameShip BuilderCompletedFate
ML 125J. S. Doig (Grimsby), Grimsby Docks9 November 1940Lent to Royal Norwegian Navy from 23 December 1940 to 23 August 1941;
for disposal in October 1945.
ML 126James N. Miller & Sons, East Shore, St Monance, Fife19 September 1940Sunk 27 November 1943 after torpedo attack by U-boat.
ML 127Brooke Marine, Oulton Broad, near Lowestoft7 November 1940Mined on 22 November 1940 in the Thames Estuary.
ML 128P. K. Harris & Sons, New Quay Dry Docks, Appledore, DevonOctober 1940Lent to Royal Norwegian Navy from 13 December 1940 to 23 August 1941;
for disposal in January 1946.
ML 129Mashford Brothers, Cremyll Yard, Cremyll, Plymouth, Devon14 October 1940Sunk by bombing on 22 March 1942 off Algeria.
ML 130Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall9 October 1940Sunk off Malta on 7 May 1942 by gunfire from E-boats.
ML 131Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall12 December 1941Sold in March 1947.
ML 132Itchenor Shipyard9 November 1940Became constructive total loss by bombing on 21 March 1942 at Bone (Annaba), Algeria, and interned on next day.
ML 133Lady Bee, Isleworth12 December 1940Lost on 11 May 1943 by fire off west coast of Scotland.
ML 134Solent Shipyard, Sarisbury Green29 October 1940For disposal in October 1946; became Egyptian Hamza.
ML 13510 October 1940Lent to South African Navy 1945; sold at Malta in November 1946.
ML 136Alexander Robertson, Sandbank.26 November 1940Sold in Holland in March 1947, becoming Y861.
ML 137Boat Construction Company, Falmouth, Cornwall.26 November 1940For disposal in October 1945.
ML 138Aldous Successors, The Shipyard, Brightlingsea19 November 1940Lent to Royal Netherlands Navy from 10 November 1945 until 1953, then sold.
ML 139Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall17 December 1940For disposal in October 1945.
ML 140Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall31 January 1941For disposal in October 1945.
ML 141Mashford Brothers, Cremyll Yard, Cremyll, Plymouth, Devon23 December 1940For disposal in October 1945.
ML 142Brooke Marine, Oulton Broad, near Lowestoft26 November 1940Sold 1946, becoming Tregarth.
ML 143Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall13 February 1941Lent to Royal Netherlands Navy from 10 November 1945 until 10 April 1946, then sold as Gay Tulip.
ML 144Dorset Yacht, Hamworthy12 November 1940Sunk by mine on 22 September 1941 in the Channel.
ML 145Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall25 March 1941Became ML(A)1 from July 1945, sold 1946.
ML 146Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall1 March 1941For disposal in October 1945.
ML 147Brooke Marine, Oulton Broad, near LowestoftDecember 1940Constructive tptal loss on 3 November 1944 off Portsmouth; for disposal in April 1945.
ML 148Sussex Shipbuilding, Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex10 December 1940Became ML(A)2 from July 1945, sold 1946.
ML 149Vosper & Company, Portsmouth20 February 1941Became ML(A)3 from July 1945, sold 1946.
ML 150Sheerness Dockyard6 March 1941Sold March 1948.
ML 151Sheerness Dockyard25 February 1941For disposal in October 1945.
ML 152P. K. Harris & Sons, New Quay Dry Docks, Appledore18 December 1940Became ML(A)4 from July 1945,
for disposal in June 1946.
ML 153H. J. Percival, Horning, Norfolk19 January 1941For disposal in July 1946, becoming yacht Ginasal.
ML 154James A. Silver, Rosneath, Dumbartonshire5 November 1940Became ML2154, then Squirrel in 1956,
taken to pieces in June 1958.
ML 155Woodnutt, Bembridge, Isle of Wight11 December 1940Became ML2155, sold 1961.
ML 156Wallasea Bay Yacht Yard, Rochford, Essex18 December 1940Scuttled at St Nazaire on 28 March 1942, salved and became ML2156, sold 1951.
ML 157John I. Thorneycroft & Company, Hampton, London9 October 1940Sold February 1946.
ML 158John I. Thorneycroft & Company, Hampton5 May 1941Sold 27 February 1946.
ML 159James N. Miller & Sons, East Shore, St Monance, Fife23 November 1940Sold February 1946.
ML 160Alexander Robertson, Sandbank.27 December 1940Bombed on 6 May 1942 at Brixham.
ML 161Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall10 April 1941To Royal Netherlands Navy from 4 January 1945 to 28 August 1946; sold in 1946.
ML 162A. M. Dickie & Sons, Tarbert, Argyllshire3 December 1940To Royal Netherlands Navy from 4 January 1945 to 10 April 1946; sold September 1946.
ML 163Leo Robinson, Oulton Broad, Lowestoft12 February 1941Sold in 1947, becoming Armanda.
ML 164Boat Construction Company, Falmouth, Cornwall.18 December 1940To Royal Netherlands Navy from 4 January 1945 to 10 April 1946; sold September 1946.
ML 165Kris Cruisers, Riverside Yard, Isleworth, London.10 December 1940For disposal in October 1946.
ML 166J. W. & A. Upham, Brixham1 January 1941To War Department as Hambledon in January 1945; for disposal in May 1947.
ML 167J. W. & A. Upham, BrixhamJanuary 1941To War Department as Iffley in January 1945; for disposal in May 1947.
ML 168William Weatherhead, Cockenzie23 November 1940For disposal in May 1946.
ML 169William King, Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex27 November 1940Lost by fire on 15 February 1942 at Gibraltar.
ML 170Aldous Successors, The Shipyard, BrightlingseaJanuary 1941For disposal in May 1946.
ML 171Tough Brothers, Teddington21 October 1940To War Department as Richmond in June 1945; for disposal in May 1947.
ML 172Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall16 March 1941For disposal in May 1946.
ML 173Frank Curtis, Looe, Cornwall17 January 1941For disposal in May 1946.
ML 174William Osbourne, LittlehamptonDecember 1940For disposal in May 1946.
ML 175James A. Silver, Rosneath, Dumbartonshire20 January 1941For disposal in May 1946.
ML 176Solent Shipyard, Sarisbury GreenDecember 1940For disposal in May 1946.
ML 177Wallasea Bay Yacht Yard, Rochford, EssexDecember 1940Lost at St Nazaire on 28 March 1942.

Third batch (May 1940 orders)

An order for a third batch, this time of 65 boats, was placed on 21 May 1940; these were numbered ML 245 to ML 309, and were all delivered during 1941, as were two extra units (ML 310 and ML 311) ordered on 28 June 1940 for Singapore to be assembled by the Singapore Harbour Board; this last pair were delivered to Singapore on 29 November 1941, only to be lost in February 1942 to the Japanese (who re-used ML 310 under the name Suikei 12).

NameShip BuilderCompletedFate
ML 245Sheerness Dockyard14 July 1941To Free French Navy as St Guenole from July 1941 to July 1942;
sold 11 June 1947 at Singapore.
ML 246Sheerness Dockyard21 July 1941To Free French Navy as St Ives from July 1941 to July 1942;
to Burmese RNVR in November 1945; for disposal in January 1946.
ML 247J. W. & A. Upham, Brixham19 July 1941To Free French Navy as St Alain from July 1941 to July 1942;
to Burmese RNVR in November 1945; for disposal in January 1946.

Fourth batch (August 1940 orders)

The fourth batch of 24 boats was ordered on 28 July 1940 as ML 312 to ML 335. However, these were altered to be completed instead as Motor Gunboats, re-classed as Fairmile C motor gun boats, and the prefixes to their numbers changed from "ML" to "MGB", retaining the same numbers. In their place, a new batch of 50 Fairmile Bs was ordered on 21 August, and these became ML 336 to ML 367 (the last six of these for assembly by the Singapore Harbour Board) and ML 372 to ML 389.

Six days later another six were ordered, ML 368 and ML 369 to be built in Bermuda for the Royal Canadian Navy, ML 370 and ML 371 for assembly in Jamaica for Caribbean service, and ML 390 and ML 391 intended for assembly at Singapore, although this last pair was switched to Bombay Dockyard on 22 February 1942 following the fall of Singapore.

NameShip BuilderCompletedFate
ML 336Boat Construction Company, Falmouth, Cornwall12 September 1941To Italian Navy on 3 December 1945.
ML 337A. M. Dickie & Sons, Tarbert, Argyllshire18 November 1941Later renumbered ML 2337; sold 25 September 1956.
ML 338Risdon Beazley, Clausentum Yard, Northam Bridge, Southampton28 September 1941Later renumbered ML 2338; sold 17 December 1955.

Later batches (1941 to 1942 orders)

Further batches followed, producing ML 392 onwards, many assembled in Overseas yards, with a final total of about 650 boats of this Type eventually assembly worldwide, including 60 in Canada.

All boats were essentially the same, although they could be adapted to serve in several roles by the expedient of having pre-drilled rails on their decks spaced to allow the fitting of various types of armaments. Although their armament initially reflected their main anti-submarine mission, nine of them were fitted with 210NaN0 torpedo tubes taken from ex-US Town-class destroyers; they formed the 2nd ML Flotilla tasked with anti-invasion duty, until the threat had passed.

Service

During the Siege of Malta, they were used to sweep a narrow channel ahead of heavier minesweepers which widened the channel. The heavier minesweepers were initially the remnants of the Malta trawler force, then fleet minesweepers that arrived with a convoy from Gibraltar. The launches were able to pass over the mines whereas many trawler losses had been caused by the leading ship hitting a mine.[2]

A number served in the St Nazaire Raid as assault transports, but their light construction meant that they suffered heavily; 12 B motor launches were lost in the action,[3] out of 16 deployed.[4]

During the Normandy landings a number of MLs were designated as navigation launches. These motor launches guided the landing craft onto the correct beaches. For this task the craft were fitted with splinter mats at the front for added protection. An Oerlikon 20 mm cannon was fitted amidships and a Bofors 40 mm gun was installed at the stern. Smoke canister apparatus was installed at the rear of the craft and the number of depth charges was reduced.[5] See main picture above of ML303 in this configuration.

Many were built as rescue motor launches with small sickbays aft of the engine room coaming, and classified as RML (rescue motor launch). These were numbered in the series RML492 to RML500, and RML511 to RML553.[6] Several more were converted to use as War Office ambulance launches with larger sickbays.

British Colonial or Commonwealth-built Fairmile B motor launches

Canadian built Fairmiles

See main article: Canadian Fairmile B motor launch.

Originally designed for the Royal Navy (RN) by W.J. Holt of the British Admiralty and built by British boatbuilder Fairmile Marine, during the Second World War 88 Fairmile B motor launches, with slight modifications for Canadian climatic and operational conditions, were built in Canada for service with the RCN in home waters.[7] The first thirty-six Canadian Fairmile B type were designated and painted up as CML 01-36 (coastal motor launch).[8] Eight Canadian Fairmiles (Q 392-Q 399) were built by Le Blanc for the RN and were transferred under Lend-Lease to the US Navy. The US Navy used the Canadian-built Fairmiles as submarine chasers (SC1466-1473).[9]

Other British Colonial or Commonwealth built Fairmiles

At least two (ML 368 and ML 369) were built in the Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda, home to the base, dockyard and Admiralty house of the America and West Indies Station, by what was to become Burland, Conyers & Marirea, Ltd.[10] [11]

New Zealand ordered on 4 September 1941 twelve boats for assembly from the Fairmile kits by four separate boatbuilders in Auckland, of which the first two (MTB 403 and MTB 400) were delivered in October and November 1942 respectively and the following ten (MTB 401, MTB 402, and MTB 404 to MTB 411) during 1943. These were used in New Zealand waters and around the Solomon Islands, and included HMNZS Maori and Kahu (ii). All were sold in 1947 except for MTB 411 (which became the Kahu (ii)).

In Australia 35 boats entered service from October 1942. They were employed on routine patrols, convoy escorts, running special forces in and out of Japanese-held areas, in Papua New Guinea, boom defence patrols in harbours at home and abroad, courier operations, survey work, and raiding Japanese-held coasts. Of note the surrender of Japanese forces in the South West Pacific. On 10 September 1945, Rear-Admiral S. Sato, commanding officer of Kairiru and Muschu Islands, New Guinea, surrendered the Japanese forces on the islands to Major-General H. C. H. Robertson, commander of 6th Division on board the ML 805.[12]

At least six boats (ML380-383,829 and 846) were built by South Africa and commissioned during November 1942. These were sent as the 49th Fairmile Flotilla (SANF) to Burma and deployed along the Arakan coast. The boats saw much action in support of ground forces and disrupting Japanese supply lines.

The Imperial Japanese Navy salvaged two that had been sunk and placed them in service.

A number of boats were built in Egypt by Thomas Cook & Son, who had a Cairo shipyard for constructing Nile tourist craft. Armament was fitted in Port Said. The first three to enter service in 1942 were MLs 355, 353 and 348.[13] Post war they were often taken on as pleasure boats and a number of Fairmile Bs are on the National Register of Historic Vessels.

Fourteen Fairmile B were operated by the Italian Guardia di Finanza naval service, between 1947 and the 1980s.

Surviving examples

Four currently survive in the United Kingdom, two of which are in excellent condition. One is RML497. Many others of the type are known to survive around the world, some still in commercial service as tour boats.

See also

References

External links

Notes and References

  1. https://books.google.com/books?id=VD6ImAlf7w0C&dq=Fairmile+B+motor+launch&pg=PA12 Angus Konstam, British Motor Gun Boat 1939–45
  2. A leaf upon the sea : a small ship in the Mediterranean, 1941-1943, Gordon W. Stead, University of British Columbia Press Vancouver 1988,, p.114
  3. http://www.naval-history.net/WW2BritishLossesbyDate2.htm Naval-History.net Royal Navy Vessels Lost at Sea, 1939-45 - by Date: January 1942 - December 1943 (Entry for 28 March)
  4. http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_stnazaire1.html History of War - St. Nazaire, Raid on, (Operation Chariot), Part One
  5. https://books.google.com/books?id=8IeuCAAAQBAJ Malcolm George Wright, British and Commonwealth Warship Camouflage of WWII
  6. Book: Lenton and Colledge. Warships of World War II. Ian Allan. 523–530.
  7. News: The Little Ships. Heenan, RCNR (Ret). Captain Joseph A.. 1 February 1962. The Crowsnest. 6 January 2020.
  8. Book: Lambert and Ross, John and Al. Allied Coastal Forces of World War II Vol 1: Fairmile designs and US submarine chasers. Conway Maritime Press. 1990. 0-85177-519-5. 77–78.
  9. Web site: WW2Ships.com: Fairmile Type B Motor Launch. www.ww2ships.com. 2020-01-02.
  10. Web site: HMCS ML 368 (ML 368) . . . uboat.net . Guðmundur Helgason . 2024-01-09 .
  11. Web site: HMCS ML 369 (ML 369) . . . uboat.net . Guðmundur Helgason . 2024-01-09 .
  12. Book: The Navy Contribution to Australian Maritime Operations: RAN Doctrine 2 - 2005 . Royal Australian Navy . 978-0-642-29615-3 . Patrol boats . 9 January 2024 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080926142319/http://www.navy.gov.au/Publication%3ANavy_Contribution_to_Australian_Maritime_Operations . 26 September 2008 . dmy-all .
  13. Searle, G. W. At Sea Level Book Guild 1994 pp47-8