FREMM multipurpose frigate explained

The FREMM (French: Frégate Européenne Multi-Mission|link=no; Italian: Fregata Europea Multi-Missione|link=no), which stands for "European multi-purpose frigate", is a Franco-Italian family of multi-purpose frigates designed by Naval Group and Fincantieri. In France, this surface combatant is known as the "Aquitaine class" (17 units planned, of which 9 were later cancelled), while in Italy it is known as the "Bergamini class" (10 units planned). The lead ship of the class,, was commissioned in November 2012 by the French Navy. Italy has ordered six general purpose and four anti-submarine variants. France, on the other hand, has ordered six anti-submarine variants and two air-defense ones.

The FREMM has also been exported to various countries. Notably, the United States Navy selected a FREMM variant for their new of 20 frigates, to be built by Fincantieri, starting with a million contract for the lead ship.

Background

Three original variants of the FREMM were proposed; an anti-submarine variant (ASW) and a general-purpose variant (GP) and a land-attack variant (AVT) to replace the existing classes of frigates within the French and Italian navies. A total of 27 FREMM were to be constructed (17 for France and 10 for Italy) with additional aims to seek exports. However, budget cuts and changing requirements saw this number drop significantly for France, while the order for Italy remained unchanged. The land-attack variant (AVT) was subsequently cancelled.

A third anti-air warfare variant of FREMM was proposed by DCNS in response to French requirements for a new air-defence frigate, the new variant became known as FREDA ("FREgates de Défense Aériennes", "Air defence frigate"). This new French requirement was due to the third and fourth s being cancelled after the first two cost €1.35B each, but this decision left French Navy still in-need of replacements for its aging air-defence frigates.[1]

As of 2009, the FREDA design features a more powerful version of the Héraklès passive electronically scanned array radar and 32 cells of SYLVER A50 vertical launch system in place of the 16 cells of A43 and 16 cells of A70. The SYLVER A50 would allow it to fire the 120km (80miles)-range Aster 30 missile. While at one point it was determined that the towed array sonar would not be fitted, this has subsequently been retained on the FREDA design.[2]

At Euronaval 2012 DCNS showed a new concept called FREMM-ER for the FREDA requirement, again based on the FREMM, but specifically mentioning the ballistic missile defense mission as well as anti-air warfare. FREMM-ER has a modified superstructure replacing Héraklès with the new Thales Sea Fire 500 radar, whose four fixed plates resemble those of the US Navy's AN/SPY-1.[3] However, unlike the Héraklès and the SPY-1 (both using passive electronically scanned array technology), the Sea Fire 500 has active electronically scanned array antennas.[4]

Italy

Initial planning assumptions for the Italian Navy are ten FREMM-IT (four ASW variants and six GP variants) at a cost of €5.9 billion. FREMM-IT will replace the and frigates in service with the Italian Navy.

In the 2013 Italian budget, the Italian government laid out the necessary financing for two more GP variants (FREMM-IT 7 & 8) and the contract was awarded in September 2013. On 15 April 2015, the Italian Parliament confirmed the deal between OCCAR and Orizzonte Sistemi Navali Spa (Fincantieri and Finmeccanica, since 2017 Leonardo) to begin building units 9 and 10, for 764 million Euros.

As of 16 April 2015, the Italian government has approved funding for all ten FREMM-IT to be delivered to the Italian Navy (four ASW variants and six GP variants).[5] FREMM-IT 9 & 10 will have undisclosed enhanced capabilities. All ten Italian FREMM-ITs have extended AAW capabilities, with SAAM-ESD CMS, Aster 30 and Aster 15 missiles for extended area defence. SAAM-ESD CMS use Leonardo MFRA, a 3D active radar (AESA), an evolved version of the Leonardo EMPAR PESA radar (previously embarked on Horizon-class destroyers and the). Since the seventh FREMM-IT, there will be updates, such as new conformal IFF antenna and much more stealth response. Since the ninth FREMM-IT, SCLAR-H was replaced with Leonardo ODLS-20. In 2017 the Italian FREMM refit started with the installation on each of two SITEP MS-424 acoustic guns.

In 2020 Italy sold its last two FREMM-class frigates in the current production line (Spartaco Schergat and Emilio Bianchi) to Egypt. Spartaco Schergat was in the final stage of her sea trials while Emilio Bianchi would follow within one year. The deal reportedly also involved other military equipment and was worth 1.2 billion USD.[6] Italy then order two additional FREMM frigates to replace those transferred to Egypt with the anticipated delivery of the replacements by 2025, with a new GP&ASW enhanced configuration, named GP-e.[7]

On 31 July 2024 Italy ordered to OCCAR, for 1,5 billion Euros, another 2 FREMM (bringing class fleet to 12 vessels), named FREMM-EVO, based on FREMM-ASW hull, with widely improvements (PPAs DBR double radar, integrated X & C band, ATBM capability with Aster 30B1NT missiles, VDS Captas-4, 2 x Lionfish 30 mm to replace 25/80 mm, ecc.)

France

The original plan was for 17 FREMM to replace the nine avisos and nine anti-submarine frigates of the and es. In November 2005 France announced a contract of €3.5 billion for development and the first eight hulls, with options for nine more costing €2.95 billion split over two tranches (totaling 17).

Following the cancellation of the third and fourth of the Horizon-class frigates in 2005 on budget grounds, requirements for an air-defence derivative of the FREMM called FREDA were placed – with DCNS coming up with several proposals.[8] Expectations were that the last two ships of the 17 FREMM planned would be built to FREDA specifications; however, by 2008 the plan was revised down to just 11 FREMM (9 ASW variants and 2 FREDA variants) at a cost of €8.75 billion (FY13, ~US$12 billion).[9] The 11 ships would cost €670 million (~US$760m) each in FY2014, or €860m (~US$980m) including development costs.

The 2013 White Paper on Defence and National Security committed France to 15 front-line frigates,[10] which was initially interpreted as 2 Horizons, 5 s and a reduction in the FREMM fleet down to 8 ships. The 2014–2019 defence plan restated a target of 11 frigates;[11] of which six ASW FREMM variants would be delivered to replace the Georges Leygues-class frigates by 2019, followed by two anti-air variants to replace the ageing Cassard-class frigates and a decision was to have been taken in 2016 on what version the remaining three would be. In 2014, the French Navy's Chief of Staff, Admiral Bernard Rogel, confirmed that 11 FREMM frigates had been ordered[12] but in 2015 the order was cut to 8 in order to allow for the introduction of five FTI mid-Size frigates from 2024.[13] The FTI will replace the La Fayette class in "first-rank" roles, with three of the La Fayettes also being fitted with active sonar and other improvements so as to extend their service life into the early 2030s.

On 16 April 2021 the French Navy received Alsace, the first of the two air defence FREMM frigates ordered. The primary role of the air defence frigates is conducting the anti-aircraft defense of critical units such as the and Mistral class landing helicopter docks. Besides being equipped with Aster 15 and Aster 30 surface-to-air missiles, the ship holds Exocet MM 40 anti-ship missiles and the MU 90 torpedo system.[14] [15] [16]

Export

United States

See main article: Constellation-class frigate.

On 10 July 2017, it was reported that the United States Congress was interested in foreign designs such as the Fincantieri FREMM for the US Navy's FFG(X) Program.[17] According to Representative Rob Wittman, chairman of the United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces, the US Congress was comfortable with models such as Fincantieri's partnership with Lockheed Martin to build the version of the littoral combat ship (LCS).[18] If the Italian FREMM design is selected, the Marinette Marine shipyard in Wisconsin, part of the Fincantieri group, would build the guided-missile frigates. Marinette Marine is best known for the US Navy Freedom-class LCS. On 16 February 2018, Fincantieri Marine was one of five companies awarded a $15 million contract for conceptual design of FFG(X), which the Navy would evaluate over 16 months ahead of a final request for proposal in 2019 and contract award in 2020.[19]

On 30 June 2017, it was announced that Leonardo and BAE Systems will collaborate to provide the US military forces with a wide range of upgraded munitions for advanced, large-calibre weapon systems such as the Leonardo Vulcano and Strales/DART guided munitions.[20]

From late May to early June 2018, the Italian Navy deployed Alpino on a good will visit to the United States along the Eastern seaboard, making port calls in Norfolk, Baltimore, New York City, and Boston.[21] She was visited by several US Navy officials who toured her as a potential FFG(X) candidate. Among the visitors was the Italian Ambassador to the United States, Armando Varrichio.[22]

On 30 April 2020, the US Navy announced that Fincantieri had been awarded a $795 million contract for the first FFG(X), to be built at Fincantieri Marinette Marine in Marinette, Wisconsin.[23] [24] The contract includes options for an additional nine ships, which, if all options were exercised, would value the contract at $5.5 billion. On 7 October 2020, US Secretary of the Navy Kenneth Braithwaite announced that first FFG(X) frigate would be named .[25] [26]

Egypt

Egypt ordered two Italian FREMM frigates in 2020 and one French FREMM frigate in 2015.[27] On 16 February 2015, the Egyptian Navy ordered one FREMM vessel to enter service before the opening of the New Suez Canal, as part of a larger deal (including 24 Dassault Rafale aircraft and a supply of missiles) worth US$5.9 billion (€5.2 billion).[28] [29] In order to keep to Egypt's deadlines, France offered to send Normandie, originally intended for the French Navy.[30] The SYLVER A70 VLS and NETTUNO-4100 jamming equipment were removed due to export limitations for such sensitive equipment.[31] The crew will be around 126 sailors compared to 108 in the French Navy.[32] The SATCOM antenna for the French Syracuse satellites was also taken down; however, Egypt will use its own military telecommunications satellite, supplied by Airbus Defence and Space and Thales Alenia Space, in conjunction with its naval vessels.[33] From March 2015, DCNS trained the Egyptian crew in the technology of the ship and DCNS and its partners accompanied the crew for a period of 15 months. On 23 June 2015, French naval shipbuilder DCNS transferred the FREMM frigate Tahya Misr (ex-Normandie) to the Egyptian Navy. A ceremony took place to transfer Normandie, renamed Tahya Misr ("Long Live Egypt") to Egypt, in the presence of General Sedki Sobhy, the Egyptian Minister of Defense, Jean-Yves Le Drian, the French Minister of Defense, Admiral Osama Rabie, Egyptian Navy Commander in Chief, Admiral Bernard Rogel, the French Chief of Navy and Hervé Guillou, Chairman & CEO of DCNS.[32] [34] [35] The initial Italian sale might be followed by the subsequent acquisition of two additional FREMM frigates by Egypt.[7] In April 2021, the second FREMM Bergamini-class frigate, ENS Bernees, joined the Egyptian Navy. The first one joined on 31 December 2020.[36]

Morocco

On 24 October 2007, it was announced that the Royal Moroccan Navy had ordered one FREMM to replace its .[37] The contract was signed on 18 April 2008 and construction of the Moroccan FREMM began in the summer 2008 with delivery expected in 2012 or 2013;[38] Mohammed VI was launched in September 2011 and handed over on 30 January 2014.[39] The Moroccan ship is similar to the French anti-submarine version, without SYLVER A70 tubes for MdCN cruise missile, and cost €470m.

Indonesia

On 10 June 2021, Indonesia signed a contract with Fincantieri for the order of six FREMM frigates and two Maestrale-class frigates and other logistical support.[40] There may be collaboration between PT-PAL Shipyard on Java and Fincantieri.[41]

Unsuccessful bids

Canada

In April 2013, the French government showcased the FREMM class in Halifax, Nova Scotia, with the hope of selling to the Royal Canadian Navy for the Single Class Surface Combatant Project.[42] [43]

In September 2017, a variant of the FREMM was offered directly to the Ministry of Defence, in an attempt to protect intellectual property. This direct bid included delivery of the first ship in 2019 if accepted within the year and a fixed price of $30 billion for all 15 ships, versus the $62 billion estimated for the government's prime-contractor ship building plan.[44] In December 2017 the offer was rejected by the Public Services and Procurement Canada, citing the unsolicited nature of the bid as undermining the fair and competitive nature of the procurement".[45] In October 2018, the Type 26 design was chosen by Canada as the winner of the program. On 8 February 2019, a contact was signed by Canada to build Type 26 vessels.[46] [47]

Australia

In April 2016, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull confirmed that the Italian FREMM class was one of three frigates shortlisted for the Royal Australian Navy's replacement.[48] In September 2016, Fincantieri signed a contract to participate in the Competitive Evaluation Process, conducted by the Department of Defence for nine Future Frigates for the Royal Australian Navy.[49] In June 2018, the contract was awarded to BAE Systems to produce nine s.

Brazil

In January 2019, the Italian government made an offer of two Bergamini-class frigates to the Brazilian Navy. The frigates Spartaco Schergat and Emilio Bianchi under construction for the Italian Navy, would be transferred to Brazil for €1.5 billion (R$6.37 billion).[50]

Greece

On 22 January 2009 the Hellenic Navy announced an order for six FREMM to replace an equal number of s.[51] After the Greek government-debt crisis this was cut down to between two and four ships equipped with SCALP Naval, with France alleged to have offered them to Greece at no cost for the first five years. Germany objected to this deal in October 2011[52] and no deal has been signed. In February 2013 though and during the formal visit of the President of France, François Hollande, in Athens, according to press reports an agreement which includes the long-term leasing of two FREMM frigates (Normandie and Provence according to initial reports) to the Hellenic Navy has been reached.[53] On 12 January 2018 the Greek daily newspaper Kathimerini reported that the Greek government was set to enter talks with France regarding the procurement of two FREMM frigates, with an option for an additional two. Contacts between Greece and France were to begin initially at a military level, starting in February 2018.[54] [55] In April 2018, Greek deputy Minister for National Defence Fotis Kouvelis stated that an agreement between France and Greece was reached for a five-year lease of two FREMM frigates, which could have been handed over as early as August 2018.[56] After a few days, on 25 April 2018 the Greek minister of Defense Panos Kammenos denied any information regarding the purchase of two frigates from France.[57] Eventually, Greece abandoned all plans for the purchase of FREMMs in 2019 and pursued with the smaller FDI Belharra multi-purpose frigates, offered by Naval Group.[58]

Country-specific equipment

Common equipment

French-specific equipment

Italian-specific equipment

Ships of the class

Name Pennant no. Builder Variant Role Laid down Launched Commissioned Homeport
Bergamini class[65]
F 590Fincantieri, Muggiano and Riva TrigosoGPGeneral purpose4 February 2008 16 July 2011[66] 29 May 2013[67] Taranto
F 591IT‑ASWAnti‑submarine warfare12 May 200931 March 2012[68] 19 December 2013[69] La Spezia
F 59221 April 201029 June 2013[70] 27 February 2014[71]
F 5936 April 201129 March 2014[72] 28 April 2015[73] Taranto
F 59423 February 201213 December 2014[74] 30 September 2016[75]
F 595 GPGeneral purpose5 March 201319 December 2015[76] 20 April 2017[77] La Spezia
F 596 5 June 2014[78] 4 March 2017[79] 24 April 2018[80] Taranto
F 597 12 July 2015[81] [82] 3 February 2018[83] 16 April 2019[84]
Spartaco SchergatF 598 GP-eGeneral purpose & ASW25 February 2021[85] 24 November 2023February 2025[86] La Spezia
Emilio Bianchi F 599 12 October 2021[87] 24 May 2024August 2025Taranto
?F FREMM-EVO [88] General purpose & ASW2025June 2029 [89]
?F 2026June 2030 [90]
Aquitaine class
D650 DCNS, LorientFR‑ASWAnti‑submarine warfare2007 29 April 201023 November 2012[91] Brest
D65120141 February 2018[92] 3 June 2020[93]
D652201018 September 201312 June 2015Toulon[94]
D653201112 July 20144 July 2017
D654 20122 September 201514 February 2018[95] [96] Brest[97]
D655201316 September 201620 February 2019[98]
D656FR‑AAWAnti‑air warfare201618 April 2019[99] 16 April 2021Toulon
D6572019[100] 13 November 2020[101] 13 November 2023[102] [103] [104] [105]
FFG-62 Fincantieri Marinette Marine, Marinette, WisconsinIT‑ASWAnti-submarine warfare12 April 2024 [106] TBCEverett[107]
FFG-63TBC
FFG-64TBC
FFG-65TBC
FFG-66TBC[108]
GalvezFFG-67TBC[109]

(ex-Normandie)[110] 		FFG-1001DCNS, LorientFR‑ASWAnti‑submarine warfare200918 October 201217 March 2016[111] Alexandria[112]

(ex-Spartaco Schergat)		FFG-1002Fincantieri, Muggiano and Riva TrigosoGPGeneral Purpose21 December 201526 January 2019[113] 23 December 2020

(ex-Emilio Bianchi)		FFG-1003January 201825 January 2020[114] 13 April 2021[115]
701DCNS, LorientFR‑ASWAnti‑submarine warfare200814 September 201130 January 2014Ksar es Seghir

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: FREMM : 11 frégates multi-missions pour la flotte française . 26 October 2008 . Mer et Marine . fr . 23 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054753/http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/imprimer-article/55295 . 21 September 2013 . live.
  2. News: Frégates : Le point sur les futures FREDA . 12 October 2009 . Mer et Marine . fr . 23 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223455/http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/imprimer-article/52591 . 6 June 2014 . live.
  3. Web site: DCNS to unveil new FREMM Frigate variant, updated BRAVE supply ship design at Euronaval 2012 . 4 October 2012 . Navy Recognition . 23 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130118072944/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=716 . 18 January 2013 . live.
  4. Web site: Extending Navy Capabilities FREMM-ER . FrontLine Defence . 4 . Nodwell . Bethan . 2013 . 24 October 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141025043717/http://www.frontline-defence.com/index_archives.php?page=2105 . 25 October 2014 . dead.
  5. Web site: Fincantieri - Bergamini Class. fincantieri.com. 11 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180629074232/https://www.fincantieri.com/en/products-and-services/naval-vessels/bergamini-class/. 29 June 2018. live.
  6. Web site: Egypt would have signed an order with Italy for the delivery of two FREMM frigates . October 2020 . navyrecognition.com . 19 June 2021 .
  7. Web site: Italian Minister Confirms Sale of Two Frigates to Egypt . Di Briganti . Giovanni . defense-aerospace.com . 30 July 2020 . 19 June 2021.
  8. News: FREMM : Supprimer des frégates, un non sens économique et stratégique? . 19 September 2007 . Mer et Marine . fr . 23 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130518021529/http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/imprimer-article/58043 . 18 May 2013 . live.
  9. Web site: Projet de loi de finances pour 2015 : Défense : équipement des forces . fr . Senate of France . 20 November 2014 . 22 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141216190220/http://www.senat.fr/rap/a14-110-8/a14-110-819.html#toc308 . 16 December 2014 . live.
  10. Web site: White Paper on Defense and National Security 2013 . 91 . 29 April 2013 . Ministère de la Défense . 24 October 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140928152628/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/english/content/download/206186/2393586/file/White%20paper%20on%20defense%20%202013.pdf . 28 September 2014 . live.
  11. Web site: Projet De Loi De programmation Militarie 2014/2019 . Ministère de la Défense . August 2013 . 24 October 2014 . fr . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034916/http://www.infosdefense.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/LPM-DT.pdf . 24 September 2015 . dead.
  12. News: Amiral Rogel : " Conserver un outil efficace et adapté aux menaces de demain " . fr . Mer et Marine . 29 October 2014 . 30 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150511130608/http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/amiral-rogel-conserver-un-outil-efficace-et-adapte-aux-menaces-de-demain . 11 May 2015 . live . subscription.
  13. Web site: Update to French Military Planning Law Means New Capabilities for Lafayette Class Frigates . Navy Recognition. 21 May 2015 . 8 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150909173640/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2747 . 9 September 2015 . live.
  14. Web site: Vavasseur. Xavier. 16 April 2021. Naval Group Delivers First Air Defense FREMM 'Alsace' to the French Navy. 22 April 2021. Naval News.
  15. Web site: Mackenzie. Christina. 16 April 2021. Naval Group delivers French frigate with bolstered capabilities. 22 April 2021. Defense News.
  16. Web site: French Navy Receives First Air Defence FREMM Frigate. 22 April 2021. defenseworld.net.
  17. Web site: Navy Steers Well Away From An LCS Frigate . Breaking Defense . Freedberg . Sydney J. . 10 July 2017 . 14 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171024200912/https://breakingdefense.com/2017/07/navy-steers-well-away-from-an-lcs-frigate/ . 24 October 2017 . live.
  18. Web site: The US Navy eyes foreign designs . Defense News . Larter . David B. . 1 September 2017 . 14 October 2017.
  19. News: Navy Picks Five Contenders for Next Generation Frigate FFG(X) Program. U.S. Naval Institute. 16 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180217001950/https://news.usni.org/2018/02/16/navy-picks-five-contenders-next-generation-frigate-ffgxprogram. 17 February 2018. live.
  20. Web site: BAE Systems and Leonardo to partner for new Vulcano precision-guided munitions . Naval Technology . 30 June 2017 . 17 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170917124150/http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsbae-systems-leonardo-collaborate-to-offer-new-vulcano-precision-guided-munitions-5857322 . 17 September 2017 . live.
  21. Web site: ITS Alpino, prototype competitor for next Navy frigate, makes landfall in Norfolk . WKTR . 25 May 2018 . 12 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180712184439/https://wtkr.com/2018/05/25/its-alpino-prototype-competitor-for-next-navy-frigate-makes-landfall-in-norfolk/ . 12 July 2018 . live.
  22. Web site: Marina Militare: nave Alpino in sosta a New York per Festa della Repubblica . . 1 June 2018. VNY La Voce di New York. it. 13 July 2023.
  23. Web site: Fincantieri Wins $795M Contract for Navy Frigate Program. 30 April 2020. USNI News. en-US. 1 May 2020.
  24. News: Frank. Peter. 30 April 2020. Navy awards $5 billion frigate contract to Fincantieri Marinette Marine, creating at least 1,000 jobs. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. 30 April 2020.
  25. News: SECNAV Braithwaite Names First FFG(X) USS Constellation . Eckstein . Megan . 7 October 2020 . USNI News . . 7 October 2020.
  26. SECNAV Names Navy's Newest Class of FFG(X) Ships . 7 October 2020 . U.S. Navy . 7 October 2020.
  27. Web site: At Least two FREMM Frigates to go to Egypt . European Security and Defence . Mergener . Uwe . 10 June 2020 . 19 June 2021 .
  28. Web site: Lert. Frédéric. Egypt officially signs for 24 Rafales, FREMM frigate, and missiles. 16 February 2015. IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. 21 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150218001612/http://www.janes.com/article/49025/egypt-officially-signs-for-24-rafales-fremm-frigate-and-missiles. 18 February 2015. live.
  29. Web site: Official French Navy Statement on the Sale of a FREMM Multi-Mission Frigate to Egypt . navyrecognition.com . 13 February 2015 . 18 February 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150218081832/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2015-news/february-2015-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/2414-official-french-navy-statement-on-the-sale-of-a-fremm-multi-mission-frigate-to-egypt.html . 18 February 2015 . live.
  30. News: FREMM pour l'Egypte: Ça se précise... . fr . Groizeleau . Vincent . Mer et Marine . 17 December 2014 . 18 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141217150823/http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/fremm-pour-legypte-ca-se-precise . 17 December 2014 . dead.
  31. Web site: DCNS the FREMM Frigate Tahya Misr to the Egyptian Navy . Navy Recognition . 12 September 2021 . 24 June 2015.
  32. Web site: DCNS Transferred the FREMM Frigate Tahya Misr to the Egyptian Navy . navyrecognition.com . 24 June 2015 . 9 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150710042611/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2015-news/june-2015-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/2836-dcns-transfered-the-fremm-frigate-tahya-misr-to-the-egyptian-navy.html . 10 July 2015 . live.
  33. News: Un satellite Airbus-Thalès vendu à l'Egypte . fr . Le Figaro . Reuters . 19 April 2016 . 12 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160422065221/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2016/04/19/97001-20160419FILWWW00002-un-satellite-airbus-thales-vendu-a-l-egypte.php . 22 April 2016 . live.
  34. DCNS Transfers the FREMM Tahya Misr to the Egyptian Navy . DCNS Group . 24 June 2015 . 24 June 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150716004614/http://en.dcnsgroup.com/news/dcns-transfers-the-fremm-tahya-misr-to-the-egyptian-navy/ . 16 July 2015 . dead.
  35. News: Egypt receives its first FREMM frigate . Lert . Frédéric . Janes.com . 25 June 2015 . 12 May 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160610015218/http://www.janes.com/article/52534/egypt-receives-its-first-fremm-frigate . 10 June 2016 . dead.
  36. Web site: White. Ryan. ENS Bernees 1003 joins Egyptian Navy . Naval Post. 15 April 2021 . 15 April 2021 .
  37. Web site: Accord conclu pour la vente d'une frégate française au Maroc . 24 October 2007 . fr . Mer et Marine . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071120072303/http://www.meretmarine.com/article.cfm?id=105848 . 20 November 2007.
  38. Web site: La construction de la FREMM marocaine débute à Lorient . fr . 9 November 2008 . Mer et Marine . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090422033917/http://www.meretmarine.com/article.cfm?id=108228&u=3951 . 22 April 2009.
  39. News: A Brest, le Maroc prend possession de sa frégate Fremm Mohammed VI . Nasser . Djama . L'Usine Nouvelle . 30 January 2014 . 24 October 2014 . fr . https://web.archive.org/web/20141025033819/http://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/a-brest-le-maroc-prend-possession-de-sa-fregate-fremm-mohammed-vi.N236729 . 25 October 2014 . live.
  40. Web site: Fincantieri Will Provide 8 Vessels to Indonesia. 10 June 2021. fincantieri.com.
  41. Web site: Manaranche. Martin. 10 June 2021. Fincantieri Signed A Contract To Provide 8 Frigates To Indonesia. 10 June 2021. Naval News.
  42. News: French pitch new warships for next Canadian navy vessels . CBC News . 20 April 2013 . 24 October 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130814223224/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2013/04/20/pol-cp-french-pitch-new-warships-to-canada.html . 14 August 2013 . live.
  43. News: Frigate replacement program kicks off with design competition . CBC News . Murray . Brewster . 26 October 2016 . 27 October 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161027173048/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/frigate-replacement-competition-1.3812705 . 27 October 2016 . live.
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  104. Web site: Final FREMM Frigate 'Lorraine' Delivered To The French Navy . Naval News . Vavasseur . Xavier . 21 November 2022 . 29 November 2022.
  105. Web site: Première cérémonie des couleurs et premier commandant pour la FREMM Lorraine . fr . Mer et Marine . 7 October 2021.
  106. Web site: U.S. Navy Commemorates Keel Laying Ceremony for Constellation-Class Guided-Missile Frigate .
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  108. Web site: Shelbourne . Mallory . 2024-05-23 . Navy Awards $1B Contract for 5th, 6th Constellation-class Frigates . 2024-05-24 . USNI News . en-US.
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  112. News: La FREMM Tahia Misr en route pour Alexandrie . rpdefense.over-blog.com . 23 July 2015 . fr . 10 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151210222940/http://rpdefense.over-blog.com/2015/07/la-fremm-tahia-misr-en-route-pour-alexandrie.html . 10 December 2015 . live.
  113. The ninth multipurpose frigate "Spartaco Schergat" launched . Fincantieri . Trieste . 26 January 2019 . 26 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190127035026/https://www.fincantieri.com/en/media/press-releases/2019/the-ninth-multipurpose-frigate-spartaco-schergat-launched/ . 27 January 2019.
  114. The tenth multipurpose frigate "Emilio Bianchi" launched . Fincantieri . Trieste . 25 January 2020 . 25 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200130155212/https://www.fincantieri.com/en/media/press-releases/2020/varata-la-decima-fregata-multiruolo-emilio-bianchi/ . 30 January 2020 . live .
  115. Web site: L'Italie livre la seconde FREMM achetée par l'Egypte . Mer et Marine . Groizeleau . Vincent . fr . 13 April 2021 . 19 June 2021 . subscription.

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