Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 explained

Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3), also known as dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3 and trimethylamine monooxygenase, is a flavoprotein enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FMO3 gene.^{[1] [2] [3]} This enzyme catalyzes the following chemical reaction, among others:

trimethylamine + NADPH + H⁺ + O₂

\rightleftharpoons trimethylamine N-oxide + NADP⁺ + H₂O

FMO3 is the main flavin-containing monooxygenase isoenzyme that is expressed in the liver of adult humans. The human FMO3 enzyme catalyzes several types of reactions, including: the of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines; the of nucleophilic sulfur-containing compounds; and the of the anti-cancer agent dimethylxanthenone acetic acid (DMXAA).^[4]

FMO3 is the primary enzyme in humans which catalyzes the N-oxidation of trimethylamine into trimethylamine N-oxide; FMO1 also does this, but to a much lesser extent than FMO3.^{[5] [6]} Genetic deficiencies of the FMO3 enzyme cause primary trimethylaminuria, also known as "fish odor syndrome".^[7] FMO3 is also involved in the metabolism of many xenobiotics (i.e., exogenous compounds which are not normally present in the body), such as the oxidative deamination of amphetamine.^{[8] [9] [10]}

Cancer

The FMO3 gene has been observed progressively downregulated in human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy.^[16] For this reason, FMO3 is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for progression of uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions.^[16]

See also

• Flavin-containing monooxygenase
• Trimethylaminuria

Further reading

• Cashman JR, Park SB, Berkman CE, Cashman LE . Role of hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 in drug and chemical metabolism in adult humans . Chem. Biol. Interact. . 96 . 1 . 33–46 . 1995 . 7720103 . 10.1016/0009-2797(94)03581-R . 1995CBI....96...33C .
• Cashman JR . The implications of polymorphisms in mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases in drug discovery and development . Drug Discov. Today . 9 . 13 . 574–81 . 2004 . 15203093 . 10.1016/S1359-6446(04)03136-8 .
• Zhou J, Shephard EA . Mutation, polymorphism and perspectives for the future of human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 . Mutat. Res. . 612 . 3 . 165–71 . 2006 . 16481213 . 10.1016/j.mrrev.2005.09.001 .
• Lomri N, Gu Q, Cashman JR . Molecular cloning of the flavin-containing monooxygenase (form II) cDNA from adult human liver . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 89 . 5 . 1685–9 . 1992 . 1542660 . 10.1073/pnas.89.5.1685 . 48517 . 1992PNAS...89.1685L . free .
• Humbert JA, Hammond KB, Hathaway WE . Trimethylaminuria: the fish-odour syndrome . Lancet . 2 . 7676 . 770–1 . 1970 . 4195988 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(70)90241-2 .
• Higgins T, Chaykin S, Hammond KB, Humbert JR . Trimethylamine N-oxide synthesis: a human variant . Biochemical Medicine . 6 . 4 . 392–6 . 1972 . 5048998 . 10.1016/0006-2944(72)90025-7 .
• Lomri N, Gu Q, Cashman JR . Molecular cloning of the flavin-containing monooxygenase (form II) cDNA from adult human liver . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 92 . 21 . 9910 . 1995 . 7568243 . 10.1073/pnas.92.21.9910 . 40912 . free .
• Bhamre S, Bhagwat SV, Shankar SK . Flavin-containing monooxygenase mediated metabolism of psychoactive drugs by human brain microsomes . Brain Res. . 672 . 1–2 . 276–80 . 1995 . 7749747 . 10.1016/0006-8993(94)01135-5 . 14938474 . etal.
• Cashman JR, Park SB, Yang ZC . Chemical, enzymatic, and human enantioselective S-oxygenation of cimetidine . Drug Metab. Dispos. . 21 . 4 . 587–97 . 1993 . 8104117 . etal.
• Park SB, Jacob P, Benowitz NL, Cashman JR . Stereoselective metabolism of (S)-(−)-nicotine in humans: formation of trans-(S)-(−)-nicotine N-1'-oxide . Chem. Res. Toxicol. . 6 . 6 . 880–8 . 1994 . 8117928 . 10.1021/tx00036a019 .
• Maruyama K, Sugano S . Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides . Gene . 138 . 1–2 . 171–4 . 1994 . 8125298 . 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 .
• Dolphin CT, Cullingford TE, Shephard EA . Differential developmental and tissue-specific regulation of expression of the genes encoding three members of the flavin-containing monooxygenase family of man, FMO1, FMO3 and FM04 . Eur. J. Biochem. . 235 . 3 . 683–9 . 1996 . 8654418 . 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.00683.x . etal.
• Chung WG, Cha YN . Oxidation of caffeine to theobromine and theophylline is catalyzed primarily by flavin-containing monooxygenase in liver microsomes . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. . 235 . 3 . 685–8 . 1997 . 9207220 . 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6866 .
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K . Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library . Gene . 200 . 1–2 . 149–56 . 1997 . 9373149 . 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 . etal.
• Treacy EP, Akerman BR, Chow LM . Mutations of the flavin-containing monooxygenase gene (FMO3) cause trimethylaminuria, a defect in detoxication . Hum. Mol. Genet. . 7 . 5 . 839–45 . 1998 . 9536088 . 10.1093/hmg/7.5.839 . etal. free .
• Akerman BR, Forrest S, Chow L . Two novel mutations of the FMO3 gene in a proband with trimethylaminuria . Hum. Mutat. . 13 . 5 . 376–9 . 1999 . 10338091 . 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)13:5<376::AID-HUMU5>3.0.CO;2-A . 29584757 . etal. free .

External links

• • Primary Trimethylaminuria (FMO3 Deficiency) – NCBI bookshelf GeneReviews entry

Notes and References

1. Shephard EA, Dolphin CT, Fox MF, Povey S, Smith R, Phillips IR . Localization of genes encoding three distinct flavin-containing monooxygenases to human chromosome 1q . Genomics . 16 . 1 . 85–9 . June 1993 . 8486388 . 10.1006/geno.1993.1144 .
2. Dolphin CT, Riley JH, Smith RL, Shephard EA, Phillips IR . Structural organization of the human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 gene (FMO3), the favored candidate for fish-odor syndrome, determined directly from genomic DNA . Genomics . 46 . 2 . 260–7 . February 1998 . 9417913 . 10.1006/geno.1997.5031 .
3. Web site: Entrez Gene: FMO3 flavin containing monooxygenase 3.
4. Zhou S, Kestell P, Paxton JW . 6-methylhydroxylation of the anti-cancer agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) by flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 . Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet . 27 . 3 . 179–183 . July 2002 . 12365199 . 10.1007/bf03190455. 21583717 . Only FMO3 formed 6-OH-MXAA at a similar rate to that in cDNA-expressed cytochromes P-450 (CYP)1A2. The results of this study indicate that human FMO3 has the capacity to form 6-OH-MXAA, but plays a lesser important role for this reaction than CYP1A2 that has been demonstrated to catalyse 6-OH-MXAA formation..
5. Tang WH, Hazen SL . The contributory role of gut microbiota in cardiovascular disease . J. Clin. Invest. . 124 . 10 . 4204–4211 . October 2014 . 25271725 . 4215189 . 10.1172/JCI72331 . In recent studies each of the FMO family members were cloned and expressed, to determine which possessed synthetic capacity to use TMA as a substrate to generate TMAO. FMO1, FMO2, and FMO3 were all capable of forming TMAO, though the specific activity of FMO3 was at least 10-fold higher than that the other FMOs (54). Further, FMO3 overexpression in mice significantly increased plasma TMAO levels, while silencing FMO3 decreased TMAO levels (54). In both humans and mice, hepatic FMO3 expression was observed to be reduced in males compared with females (25, 54) and could be induced by dietary bile acids through a mechanism that involves FXR (54). .
6. Bennett BJ, de Aguiar Vallim TQ, Wang Z, Shih DM, Meng Y, Gregory J, Allayee H, Lee R, Graham M, Crooke R, Edwards PA, Hazen SL, Lusis AJ . Trimethylamine-N-oxide, a metabolite associated with atherosclerosis, exhibits complex genetic and dietary regulation . Cell Metab. . 17 . 1 . 49–60 . 2013 . 23312283 . 3771112 . 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.011 . Circulating trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels are strongly associated with atherosclerosis. We now examine genetic, dietary, and hormonal factors regulating TMAO levels. We demonstrate that two flavin mono-oxygenase family members, FMO1 and FMO3, oxidize trimethylamine (TMA), derived from gut flora metabolism of choline, to TMAO. Further, we show that FMO3 exhibits 10-fold higher specific activity than FMO1..
7. Dolphin CT, Janmohamed A, Smith RL, Shephard EA, Phillips IR . Missense mutation in flavin-containing mono-oxygenase 3 gene, FMO3, underlies fish-odour syndrome . Nat. Genet. . 17 . 4 . 491–4 . 1997 . 9398858 . 10.1038/ng1297-491 . 24732203 .
8. Krueger SK, Williams DE . Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism . Pharmacol. Ther. . 106 . 3 . 357–387 . June 2005 . 15922018 . 1828602 . 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 . free . A second precaution with respect to predicting FMO enzyme substrate specificity is that factors other than size and charge must play a role, but these parameters are not well understood. An example is the high selectivity observed with human FMO3, compared to the other FMO enzymes, in the N-oxygenation of the important constitutive substrate trimethylamine (Lang et al., 1998). ... The most efficient human FMO in phenethylamine N-oxygenation is FMO3, the major FMO present in adult human liver; the Km is between 90 and 200 μM (Lin &&nbsp;Cashman, 1997b). ... Of particular significance for this review is that individuals homozygous for certain FMO3 allelic variants (e.g., null variants) also demonstrate impaired metabolism toward other FMO substrates including ranitidine, nicotine, thio-benzamide, and phenothiazine derivatives (Table 4; Cashman et al., 1995, 2000; Kang et al., 2000; Cashman, 2002; Park et al., 2002; Lattard et al., 2003a, 2003b). ... The metabolic activation of ethionamide by the bacterial FMO is the same as the mammalian FMO activation of thiobenzamide to produce hepatotoxic sulfinic and sulfinic acid metabolites. Not surprisingly, Dr. Ortiz de Montellano's laboratory and our own have found ethionamide to be a substrate for human FMO1, FMO2, and FMO3 (unpublished observations)..
   Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO
   Table 6: S-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO
   Table 7: FMO activities not involving S- or N-oxygenation
9. Book: Glennon RA . Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W . Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry . 2013 . Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . Philadelphia, USA . 978-1-60913-345-0 . 646–648 . 7th . https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd6ot9ul-bUC&q=substituted%20derivatives%20substituents%20hydroxyamphetamine%20flavin%20monooxygenase&pg=PA646 . Phenylisopropylamine stimulants: amphetamine-related agents . The simplest unsubstituted phenylisopropylamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, or amphetamine, serves as a common structural template for hallucinogens and psychostimulants. Amphetamine produces central stimulant, anorectic, and sympathomimetic actions, and it is the prototype member of this class (39). ... The phase 1 metabolism of amphetamine analogs is catalyzed by two systems: cytochrome P450 and flavin monooxygenase..
10. Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A . N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. . 288 . 3 . 1251–1260 . March 1999 . 10027866 .
11. Robinson-Cohen C, Newitt R, Shen DD, Rettie AE, Kestenbaum BR, Himmelfarb J, Yeung CK . Association of FMO3 Variants and Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentration, Disease Progression, and Mortality in CKD Patients . PLOS ONE . 11 . 8 . e0161074 . August 2016 . 27513517 . 4981377 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0161074 . 2016PLoSO..1161074R . TMAO is generated from trimethylamine (TMA) via metabolism by hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase isoform 3 (FMO3). ... FMO3 catalyzes the oxidation of catecholamine or catecholamine-releasing vasopressors, including tyramine, phenylethylamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline [32, 33].. free .
12. Hisamuddin IM, Yang VW . Genetic polymorphisms of human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3: implications for drug metabolism and clinical perspectives . Pharmacogenomics . 8 . 6 . 635–643 . June 2007 . 17559352 . 2213907 . 10.2217/14622416.8.6.635 . Other drug substrates have been used for both in vitro and in vivo analyses. ... FMO3 is the most abundantly expressed FMO in the adult human liver [12]. Its structure and function and the implications of its polymorphisms have been widely studied [8,12,13]. This enzyme has a wide substrate specificity, including the dietary-derived tertiary amines trimethylamine, tyramine and nicotine; commonly used drugs including cimetidine, ranitidine, clozapine, methimazole, itopride, ketoconazole, tamoxifen and sulindac sulfide; and agrichemicals, such as organophosphates and carbamates [14–22]..
13. Cashman JR . Human flavin-containing monooxygenase: substrate specificity and role in drug metabolism . Curr. Drug Metab. . 1 . 2 . 181–191 . September 2000 . 11465082 . 10.2174/1389200003339135. Human FMO3 N-oxygenates primary, secondary and tertiary amines whereas human FMO1 is only highly efficient at N-oxygenating tertiary amines. Both human FMO1 and FMO3 S-oxygenate a number of nucleophilic sulfur-containing substrates and in some cases, does so with great stereoselectivity. ... For amines with smaller aromatic substituents such as phenethylamines, often these compounds are efficiently N-oxygenated by human FMO3. ... (S)-Nicotine N-1'-oxide formation can also be used as a highly stereoselective probe of human FMO3 function for adult humans that smoke cigarettes. Finally, cimetidine S-oxygenation or ranitidine N-oxidation can also be used as a functional probe of human FMO3. With the recent observation of human FMO3 genetic polymorphism and poor metabolism phenotype in certain human populations, variant human FMO3 may contribute to adverse drug reactions or exaggerated clinical response to certain medications..
14. Encyclopedia: Trimethylamine monooxygenase (Homo sapiens) BRENDA . Technische Universität Braunschweig . 18 September 2016 . July 2016 . trimethylaminuria (fish-odor syndrome) is associated with defective hepatic N-oxidation of dietary-derived trimethylamine catalyzed by flavin-containing monooxygenase ... FMO3 deficiency results in trimethylaminuria or the fish-like odour syndrome ... isozyme FMO3 regulates the conversion of N,N,N-trimethylamine into its N-oxide and hence controls the release of volatile N,N,N-trimethylamine from the individual.
15. Encyclopedia: In vitro and in vivo inhibition of human flavin-containing monooxygenase form 3 (FMO3) in the presence of dietary indoles . 15 April 2024 . September 1999 . After a 3-week run-in period, 5 volunteers continued on a glucosinolate-free diet for 3 weeks (control group), and 5 others consumed 300 g of cooked Brussels sprouts per day (sprouts group). Human flavin-containing monooxygenase activity was measured by determining the levels of urinary trimethylamine and trimethylamine N-oxide. In the control group similar trimethylamine to trimethylamine N-oxide ratios were observed, while in the sprouts group the trimethylamine to trimethylamine N-oxide ratios were increased 2.6- to 3.2-fold, and thus flavin-containing monooxygenase functional activity was decreased significantly..
16. Rotondo JC, Bosi S, Bassi C, Ferracin M, Lanza G, Gafà R, Magri E, Selvatici R, Torresani S, Marci R, Garutti P, Negrini M, Tognon M, Martini F . Gene expression changes in progression of cervical neoplasia revealed by microarray analysis of cervical neoplastic keratinocytes. . J Cell Physiol . 230. 4 . 802–812 . April 2015 . 25205602 . 10.1002/jcp.24808 . 11392/2066612 . 24986454 . free .