The family with sequence similarity 43 member A (FAM43A) gene, also known as; GCO3P195887, GC03P194406, GC03P191784,[1] and NM_153690.3,[2] codes for a 423 bp protein that is conserved in primates, and orthologs have been found in vertebrate and invertebrate species.[3] Three transcripts have been identified, two protein coding isoforms (aAug10, bAug10), and a non-coding transcript (cAug10).[4] Molecular weight of 45.8 kdal in the unphosphorylated state and isoelectric point of 6.1.[5]
Located on the long arm of Chromosome 3 at 3q29, FAM43A consists of 2,493 bases; and the translated protein contains a phosphotyrosine interaction domain, putative phosphoinositide binding site and putative peptide binding sites.[6]
The FAM43A gene has been identified in cDNA screening as a possible cancer development and progression candidate gene.[7] Unpublished data from Zhang et al. indicates that FAM43A could possess tumor suppressor function[8] however the direct interaction is unknown. As well as playing a role in cancer development, FAM43A has been identified as a possible autism spectrum disorder (ASD) candidate gene, with mutations within the upstream single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs789859 correlating with the presentation of ASD and learning disorder; suggesting that this SNP is the promoter region for the downstream FAM43A gene.[9] The 2014 study completed by Baron-Cohen et al. involved the screening of 906 K SNPs within the genome to identify possible candidate genes, with FAM43A being the closest gene to the polymorphism.
FAM43A and paralog FAM43B comprise a specific gene family, and share structural homology with the low-density lipoprotein receptor adaptor protein (LDLrP).[10] [11] Orthologs were identified in Mammalia, Aves, Actinopterygii, Reptilia, Hemichordata, Cephalochardata, Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Nematoda, and Arthropoda. No orthologs were identified beyond invertebrate species.[12]
FAM43A and paralog FAM43B comprise a specific gene family who share structural homology with the low-density lipoprotein receptor adaptor protein (LDLrP).[13]
| Scientific Name | Name | Accession | Sequence Similarity % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gorilla gorilla | gorilla | XP_004038285.1 | 99 | |
| Orcinus orca | killer whale | XP_004278817.1 | 94 | |
| Gallus gallus | chicken | XP_426700.2 | 74 | |
| Danio rerio | zebrafish | NP_999870.1 | 71 | |
| Python bivittatus | python | XP_007440325.1 | 51 | |
| Branchiostoma belcheri | lancelet | XP_0196466582.1 | 49 | |
| Limulus polyphpemus | horseshoe crab | XP_013779827.1 | 38 | |
| Caenorhabditis elegans | nematode | NP_509937.1 | 35 |
FAM43A protein is highly expressed in the mouth, vascular system, spleen and ear. Significant expression noted in the adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and bone, with highest expression in the infant developmental stage.[14]
Expression is upregulated in head and neck tumor and bladder carcinoma, suggesting an oncogenic function.[15] FAM43A expression is upregulated in Early T-cell precursor (ETP) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (GDS4299) and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines Hs578T (GDS4092).[16] FAM43A expression map of Mus musculus brain indicated differential expression in the cortex, corpus callosum, and hypothalamus.[17] The primary function of the corpus callosum is to innervate and connect the two hemispheres of the brain. The corpus callosum integrates motor, sensory, and cognitive performance between the cortical region in one hemisphere with its target in the other hemisphere.[18] The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system through the pituitary gland.
3q29 microdeletion syndrome (monosomy 3q29) is caused by interstitial deletions of 3q29, mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination between low-copy repeats resulting in a common deletion.[19] 3q29 microdeletion syndrome is marked by the loss of 1.6 million base pairs, including 5 known genes and 17 unknown transcripts. Genes phosphate and cytidyltransferase 1, choline alpha (PYT1A), P21 (RAC1) activated kinase 2 (PAK2), melanotransferrin (MFI2), discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 1 (DLG1), and 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1 (BDH1) have been confirmed and another 7 genes have been implicated with incomplete cDNAs, and the remaining hypothetical genes are yet to be confirmed experimentally.[20] Presentation of 3q29 microdeletion syndrome has shown increased risk for schizophrenia. Gene neighbors PAK2 and DLG1 have been implicated due to interaction with neuroligin and the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1.[21] In 2015, Guida et al. identified a novel mutation proximal to the 3q29 microdeletion region that correlated with presentation of oculo auriculo vertebral spectrum (OAVS).[22] Research of Robertson et al. revealed the presence of FAM43A mRNA in the fetal cochlea and association with development of normal hearing function.[23] These findings indicate that variation in FAM43A could be responsible for the development of OAVS.
Transcription factor binding can be seen below within the FAM43A promoter region,[24] searches were completed on the 500 bp preceding the start codon.
| ZICF | ZIC-family, zinc finger of the cerebellum | 1912 | -|0.931||-|NEUR|NeuroD, Beta2, HLH domain|1912|+ | 0.985 | ||
| PLAG | Pleomorphic adenoma gene | 1919 | -|0.931||-|EGRF|EGR/nerve growth factor induced protein C & related factors|1896|- | 0.919 | ||
| KLFS | kruppel like transcription factors | 1796 | -|0.941||-|GCMF|Chorion-specific transcription factors with a GCM DNA binding domain|1742|-|0.919||-|SORY|SOX/SORY sex/testes determining and related HMG box factors|1741|+|0.953||-|EBOX|E-box binding factors|1674|+ | 0.921 | ||
| E2FF | E2F-myc activator/cell cycle regulator | 1549 | +|0.905||-|MTF1|Metal induced transcription factor|1635|+|0.900||-|ETSF|Human and murine ETS1 factors|1565|- | 0.934 | ||
| FKHD | Forkhead domain factors | 1541 | -|0.986||-|INSN|Insulinoma associated factors|1462|+ | 0.926 |
MicroRNA binding sites were identified[25] and then compared to species conservation of FAM43A to determine likely 3' untranslated region (UTR) stem loop structures as depicted to the right.
FAM43 is predicted to be a nuclear protein, to identify function, structure and function for LDL receptor adaptor protein (LDLrP) was completed.[26] Conserved residues Y52 and S93 are highlighted in the structure of LDLrP to the right. Three phosphorylation sites were identified with conservation between human and mouse genotypes[27] at T112-p, S114-p, and T-379-p. The translated protein contains a primary and secondary nuclear localization signal and has a predicted GPI-linkage site at D407,[28] and a Caspase 3 and 7 cleavage site from amino acids 404-408[29] indicating possible translocation from the cell membrane to the nucleus.
Direct interaction with SRPK2 (SRSF Protein Kinase 2), Serine/arginine-rich protein-specific kinase, which phosphorylates substrates at serine residues rich in Arginine/Serine dipeptides (RS domains), involved in the phosphorylation of SR splicing factors and the regulation of splicing. SRSF protein kinase 2 promotes neural apoptosis by up-regulating cyclin-D1 expression through the suppression of p53/TP53 phosphorylation.[30] Protein phosphatase 2A is one of the four major Ser/Thr phosphatases which regulate negative control of cell growth and division.[31] FAM43A shows predicted interaction with the Abelson (ABL) kinase, and ABL members link diverse extracellular stimuli to signaling pathways controlling cell growth, survival, invasion, adhesion, and migration.[32]
| Interacting protein alias | Full name | Function | Interaction Type | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SRPK2 | Serine/arginine-rich protein-specific kinase | Phosphorylates substrates at RS domains | direct interaction | |
| PPP2R5C | Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory Subunit B'Gamma | Phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family | physical association | |
| PPP2R1B | Protein Phosphatase 2A Scaffold Subunit A beta | constant regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2 | physical association | |
| PPP2R5D | Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory Subunit B'Delta | Phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family | physical association | |
| PPP2R5A | Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory Subunit B'Alpha | Phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family | physical association | |
| PPP2R5B | Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory Subunit B'Beta | Phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family | physical association | |
| PPP2R5E | Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory Subunit B'Epsilon | Phosphastase 2A regulatory subunit B family | physical association | |
| SNX6 | Sorting Nexin 6 | Members contain a phox (PX) phosphoinositide binding domain (intracellular trafficking) | physical association |