| Birth Name: | Francis William Lawvere |
| Birth Date: | 9 February 1937 |
| Birth Place: | Muncie, Indiana, U.S. |
| Death Place: | Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Fields: | Mathematics |
| Workplaces: | SUNY-Buffalo |
| Alma Mater: | Columbia University |
| Doctoral Advisor: | Samuel Eilenberg |
| Awards: | "Premio Giulio Preti", awarded by the Regional Council of Tuscany (2010) |
Francis William Lawvere (; February 9, 1937 – January 23, 2023) was an American mathematician known for his work in category theory, topos theory and the philosophy of mathematics.
Born in Muncie, Indiana, and raised on a farm outside Mathews, Lawvere received his undergraduate degree in mathematics from Indiana University.[1]
Lawvere studied continuum mechanics and kinetic theory as an undergraduate with Clifford Truesdell.[2] He learned of category theory while teaching a course on functional analysis for Truesdell, specifically from a problem in John L. Kelley's textbook General Topology. Lawvere found it a promising framework for simple rigorous axioms for the physical ideas of Truesdell and Walter Noll. Truesdell supported Lawvere's application to study further with Samuel Eilenberg, a founder of category theory, at Columbia University in 1960.
In an interview (p.8) he recalled:
I had been a student at Indiana University from 1955 to January 1960. I liked experimental physics but did not appreciate the imprecise reasoning in some theoretical courses. So I decided to study mathematics first. Truesdell was at the Mathematics Department but he had a great knowledge in Engineering Physics. He took charge of my education there. [...] in 1955 (and subsequently) had advised me on pursuing the study of continuum mechanics and kinetic theory. In Summer 1958 I studied Topological Dynamics with George Whaples, with the agenda of understanding as much as possible in categorical terms. [...] Categories would clearly be important for simplifying the foundations of continuum physics. I concluded that I would make category theory a central line of my study.Then in the same interview (p. 11) he said about the early 1960s:
I felt a strong need to learn more set theory and logic from experts in that field, still of course with the aim of clarifying the foundations of category theory and of physics.Before completing the Ph.D. Lawvere spent a year in Berkeley as an informal student of model theory and set theory, following lectures by Alfred Tarski and Dana Scott. In his first teaching position at Reed College he was instructed to devise courses in calculus and abstract algebra from a foundational perspective. He tried to use the then current axiomatic set theory but found it unworkable for undergraduates, so he instead developed the first axioms for the more relevant composition of mappings of sets. He later streamlined those axioms into the Elementary Theory of the Category of Sets (1964), which became an ingredient (the constant case) of elementary topos theory.
Lawvere died on January 23, 2023, in Chapel Hill, N.C., after a long illness at the age of 85.
Lawvere completed his Ph.D at Columbia in 1963 with Eilenberg. His dissertation introduced the Category of Categories as a framework for the semantics of algebraic theories. During 1964–1967 at the Forschungsinstitut für Mathematik at the ETH in Zürich he worked on the Category of Categories and was especially influenced by Pierre Gabriel's seminars at Oberwolfach on Grothendieck's foundation of Algebraic geometry. He then taught at the University of Chicago, working with Mac Lane, and at the City University of New York Graduate Center (CUNY), working with Alex Heller. Lawvere's Chicago lectures on categorical dynamics were a further step toward topos theory and his CUNY lectures on hyperdoctrines advanced categorical logic especially using his 1963 discovery that existential and universal quantifiers can be characterized as special cases of adjoint functors.
Back in Zürich for 1968–69 he proposed elementary (first-order) axioms for toposes generalizing the concept of the Grothendieck topos (see history of topos theory) and worked with the algebraic topologist Myles Tierney to clarify and apply this theory. Tierney discovered major simplifications in the description of Grothendieck "topologies". Anders Kock later found further simplifications so that a topos can be described as a category with products and equalizers in which the notions of map space and subobject are representable. Lawvere had pointed out that a Grothendieck topology can be entirely described as an endomorphism of the subobject representor, and Tierney showed that the conditions it needs to satisfy are just idempotence and the preservation of finite intersections. These "topologies" are important in both algebraic geometry and model theory because they determine the subtoposes as sheaf-categories.
Dalhousie University in 1969 set up a group of 15 Killam-supported researchers with Lawvere at the head; but in 1971 it terminated the group. Lawvere was controversial for his political opinions, for example, his opposition to the 1970 use of the War Measures Act, and for teaching the history of mathematics without permission.[3] But in 1995 Dalhousie hosted the celebration of 50 years of category theory with Lawvere and Saunders Mac Lane present.
Lawvere ran a seminar in Perugia, Italy (1972–1974) and especially worked on various kinds of enriched category. For example, a metric space can be regarded as an enriched category. From 1974 until his retirement in 2000 he was professor of mathematics at University at Buffalo, often collaborating with Stephen Schanuel. In 1977 he was elected to the Martin professorship in mathematics for five years, which made possible the meeting on "Categories in Continuum Physics" in 1982. Clifford Truesdell participated in that meeting, as did several other researchers in the rational foundations of continuum physics and in the synthetic differential geometry that had evolved from the spatial part of Lawvere's categorical dynamics program. Lawvere continued to work on his 50-year quest for a rigorous flexible base for physical ideas, free of unnecessary analytic complications. He was professor emeritus of mathematics and adjunct professor emeritus of philosophy at Buffalo.
The category theorist William Lawvere was a committed Marxist-Leninist; at one point he gave a talk called "Applying Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-Thung Thought to Mathematics & Science".
According to Anders Kock's obituary, in 1971[4] :
[...] the [Dalhousie] university administration refused to renew the contract with [Lawvere], due to his political activities in protesting against the Vietnam war and against the War Measures Act proclaimed by Trudeau, suspending civil liberties under the pretext of danger of terrorism.As per the obituary on the Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) site:[5]
More than 1,000 students rallied in the lobby of the Dal Student Union Building to oppose the arbitrary dismissal of Professor Lawvere.He saw his political commitments as related to his mathematical work in sometimes surprising ways: for instance, here's a passage from "Quantifiers and Sheaves" (1970)[6] :
When the main contradictions of a thing have been found, the scientific procedure is to summarize them in slogans which one then constantly uses as an ideological weapon for the further development and transformation of the thing. Doing this for "set theory" requires taking account of the experience that the main pairs of opposing tendencies in mathematics take the form of adjoint functors, and frees us of the mathematically irrelevant traces (∈) left behind by the process of accumulating (∪) the power set (P) at each stage of a metaphysical "construction".In the earlier sections of the paper, he discusses the “unity of opposites” between logic and geometry. He clarifies that his discussion of contradiction, ideology, and opposition is rooted in the Marxist tradition, referencing Mao’s “On Contradiction” (1937) in the bibliography. Additionally, he connects various mathematical concepts to Hegel's Dialectic and Lenin’s theory of knowledge in other parts of his work.