| Settlement Type: | Large village |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Timezone: | CET |
| Utc Offset: | +1 |
| Timezone Dst: | CEST |
| Utc Offset Dst: | +2 |
| Official Name: | Földes |
| Subdivision Type1: | County |
| Subdivision Name1: | Hajdú-Bihar |
| Subdivision Type2: | District |
| Subdivision Name2: | Püspökladány |
| Area Total Km2: | 65.23 |
| Population As Of: | 1 January 2015 |
| Population Total: | 3980 |
| Population Density Km2: | 60.59 |
| Postal Code Type: | Postal code |
| Postal Code: | 4177 |
| Area Code Type: | Area code |
| Area Code: | (+36) 54 |
Földes is a large village in Hajdú-Bihar County, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.
It covers an area of 65.230NaN0 and has a population of 3,960 people (2016). It is located next to the main road 42 between Püspökladány and Berettyóújfalu, 34 km southwest of Debrecen. The Eastern Main Channel is 5 km northeast from Földes. Directly neighboring settlements: Sáp (4 km south), Báránd (10 km southwest), Tetétlen (5 km west), Hajdúszovát (14 km northeast), Derecske (20 km east), Berettyóújfalu (16 km southeast). A bus service connects to Debrecen, Berettyóújfalu, Püspökladány, Kaba, Nagyrábé. The closest train station is located in Sáp.
In 1938, traces of the first human settlement were found during archeological excavations in the Inacs Mound, next to the main road 42, at the western edge of Földes's boundary. It was a Neolithic site where the remains of their pit houses and burned walls of their wattle-and-daub were found with the tools of a copper-age man. Lajos Kiss and Béla Kálmán[1] linguists declared, the village was named after its soil. György Módy historian said, that the name of the village origined from personal name and perhaps got it from its inhabitants dealing with farming.[2] Földes also had a tradition of its own name-origin, spreading by László Virágh a teacher from Földes.[3]
The first written mention of Földes – which was debated for a long time[4] – was in the Váradi Regestrum in 1215: messenger Gyuro, the son of Moysa from Heldus (Földes) village (pristaldum nomine Gyuro, filium Moysa de villa Heldus), proceeded in an affair of peoples from Bajom and Rábé. From that time on, the name of Földes did not appear in written sources until 1342, but an interesting tradition (story) has survived from 1241 to 1242.[5] Rogerius a canon of Várad wrote about this period, telling what devastation the Southern Tatar army had done under Kadan's leadership in Bihar County.
An entirely sure mentioning of Földes[6] was on 31 May 1342, when in the report of the Eger chapter to Hungarian King Károly Róbert, András the son of Tamás from Földes, appears as a noble witness (Andreas filius Thomae de Feldes). Tamás and his son András were the first known members of the Földesi family. The members of this family were the landlords of Földes. They took their family name after the name of the village. From Földes, only the names of this family members can be found in the documents until the end of the 15th century. Not much later in the same year, in 1342, archdeacon Jakab from Földes and his brother Benedek were also mentioned. In 1399, Imre the son of Péter (calling to bald) from Földes, together with Tamás and János the sons of Mihály also from Földes, had mixed up with culprits, and were convicted for decapitation and loss of their wealth. They were at last convicted for proscription. Since they had been avare of their guilt they did not attend the county assembly.
1400 at the end of July, Hungarian King Zsigmond appointed Péter the son of János from Földes, to a royal man for border control together with others. In the Autumn of 1400, Földes the village was mentioned for the first time in a diploma of Rábé family. One part of the family's estates was towards Földes (…a parte possessionis Feldes nominate). In 1405 Benedek magnus Nagy from Földes and Tamás Nagy and András Nagy were sub-prefects of Szatmár County. According to Kálmán Baán (genealogist, heraldist) this Benedek the magnus was the founder and eponym of the Földesi Nagy family. In 1407 Vince Földesi (Vincetius de Felwdessy) a royal man. He was the first member of the family whose family name was already evolved. In 1417 Benedek Földesi Nagy (Benedictus magnus de Feldes) was appointed to a palatine man. According to searches of József Csoma (historian, heraldist), in 1449 János Hunyadi donated bodily coat of arms for several members of the family. The Földesi family used the family name Szentmiklósi[7] too, depending where the locations of their estates were. In 1459 Adorján Földesi (Adriani litterati) appeared in the suit of an estate who bore a name scrivener which supposes higher education. In 1465 some members of the Földesi Nagy committed murders against other noble men. King Mátyás those who had committed the murders convicted for beheading and loss of their wealth. He donated their assets to the families of Bajon, Sztári and Parlagi. In 1483 the Várad chapter for the command of King Mátyás, designated among others István Földesi[8] to a royal man. He had to cite into law with three times shoutings István Szakolyi, who had estates among other villages also in Hosszúmacs (today a part of Debrecen). The Bajons and Sztáris after they had got their domains did not stay in the village, procurators handled their lands from the families of Harangi and Simai. There was no peace between the Földes nobles and the procurators of the estates. In 1489 and 1510 they had still agreed, but in 1516 the Földes nobles attacked the country-seats of the families of Harangi and Simai in Félhalom in Békés County.
Because of these affairs at the beginning of the 16th century there were credible data about 30 Földes nobles who had one plot. On May 7, 1537, King János Szapolyai had issued a decree, confirmed with it the organized community of Földes nobles against Szabolcs County.[9] This diploma was good for them as proof in later times, in the protection of local authority over the noble privileges, against Szabolcs County and other powerful warlords. In 1549 they were included in two censuses.[10] Between 1552 and 1570, because of the wars against the castles had been launched by the Turks, the village got under Turkish rule. It was constantly menaced from Turkish-Tataric forays, destructions.[11] In 1566, around November 19, the village was saved from a Turkish-Tartaric destruction. At that time from this countryside, thousands of people, including residents of Földes too, were dragged away to Szolnok into captivity. After the Treaty of Speyer (1570), which followed the Treaty of Adrianople (1568), the village returned to the jurisdiction of Szabolcs County. In 1572, the name of Földes appeared in a Turkish Treasury poll tax list (defter). The tax book listed 39 houses and taxpayers' names without mentioning the church.[12] [13] From 1571 the records of the county contained a series of small and large trials of the nobles of Földes and Sáp until 1582. In 1582 Földes came under Turkish rule, Turkish administration was introduced, but it only existed between 1582 and 1584. In 1583 Transylvanian Prince Zsigmond Báthory[14] donated destroyed estates in the borders of Földes and Szentmiklós, to János Paksy in a princely donation letter.[15]
From 1600 after the Battle of Mezőkeresztes (1596), the southern part of Szabolcs County was a completely abandoned, conquered area by the Turks, where tax collectors didn't try to collect taxes. There were no data from Földes, except those who moved to Debrecen. In 1616 among the villages belonging to Bajom Castle the name of the village was visible, but there was hardly anyone left from the old landowners in it. Földes together with Szabolcs County at that time were a collision place among the Royal Hungary, Principality of Transylvania and the Turkish Empire. After the Peace of Nikolsburg (1621) the village belonged to Transylvania. On 3 July 1624 the Prince of Transylvania Gábor Bethlen commanded the Estates of Bihar County to produce under oath a truthful testimony records of the nobles' privileges of Földes and Sáp. After the execution it was released by the Várad Chapter on 11 June 1625. After the death of Gábor Bethlen (1629), as it was described in the Peace of Nikolsburg, Szabolcs County with Földes and 7 Tisza counties were connected to the Royal Hungary, but in 1645 they returned under the power of György I Rákóczi Transylvanian Prince. On September 23, 1645, a Letter of Defense was gained from György I Rákóczi against of wandering soldiers, including the recognition and strengthening of their noble privileges too. First time the seal of Földes stamped in wafer appeared in 1652 on a letter to Szabolcs county with a circumscription: The Seal of Földes. It was under Turkish rule that the two noble villages with full legal authority Földes and Sáp, had made each other's courts as an appeal authority and they worked so until 1735. After György II Rákóczi's campaign to Poland, the Turkish launched a revenge offensive in early April 1660. Szejdi Ahmed the pasha of Buda destroyed the areas of Hajdúk (peasant freelance soldiers) in Szabolcs and Bihar Counties. This affected Földes mainly after the fall of Várad,[16] when the villages of Szabolcs and Bihar Counties were distributed as tributes among the fighting Turks. The heavy taxes and cruel treatments had forced the population to flee to the neighboring counties, from where they came back to their own lands after the Peace of Vasvár (1664). This is why Mátyás Nógrádi the Bishop of Tiszántúl and the pastor of Nagybajom wrote in the introduction of his book, The gateway of salvation (Idvesség kapuja):...Földes Sáp Konyár and Bajom are damaged locations (…Fődeske, Sáp, Konyár és Bajom megromlott helyecske). Mihály Rápóti's diary attested that in 1678 the population of the village had consisted of 79 families which had meant about 320 people. In 1679 the plague was so huge that it had exterminated more than half of the population and only 31 families survived it. Prior to the Turkish final expulsion the tribulations were intensified. The attacks of Turkish, Tartaric, Kuruc (Hungarian rebel), Labanc (German loyal to emperor) troops had forced the people living here to escape again and again, but their own landownership always brought them back. In those times however Mezőszentmiklós was forever abandoned.
The first thing of the villagers after the Turkish times was to procure another privilege letter from the King of Hungary Lipót I (Habsburg) what he gave out for them on 2 October 1692 in the castle of Ebersdorf. They had to obtain newer privilege letter during the Rákóczi's War of Independence. Prince Ferenc II Rákóczi gave them two confirmatory diplomas: one in Tokaj on 28 October 1703 and the other in Eperjes on 5 March 1708. After the return of the Habsburg rule the following privilege letter was given by Károly III on 22 July 1718 in Vienna. The Hungarian translation of this have been preserved by many families in Földes until today. Then Szabolcs County had launched lawsuits against the village and the nobles which were being lasted more than fifty years. These were the following ones. Lawsuites of examinations of noble origin (1725–38), in which one joint noble privilege letter was not enough for the all noble men, but everybody had to prove his noble origin one by one. Lawsuit for the election of Lieutenant of the village (1731–33). Lawsuit for the right to use broadsword (jus gladii) (1731–1746). Lawsuit because of ferry-fees, customs, thirtieth customs, ecclesiastic tithe (1743–1774). The last lawsuit was for the legal authority of the village (1758–79). The villagers of Földes won this lawsuit with the verdict of the Seven-Person Board on 13 February 1776. The fighting between the powerful Szabolcs County and Földes the small noble village was completed. The parties had been tired of the fighting, three years later on 15 April 1779 without any external pressure, they jointly created the Regulation of Földes village[17] for the exercise of the local laws, which was in effect until 1848. Currently Földes Day is on 14 April.[18] [19] The large village remembers back on Földes Day to the nobles of the settlement, who created their old organisations, resisted to Szabolcs County, protected their privileges outwardly and within the village they provided civilian equality.
| Egyek | 195 | 8.2% | |
| Földes | 702 | 29.7% | |
| Kaba | 236 | 10% | |
| Nádudvar | 485 | 20.5% | |
| Püspökladány | 313 | 13.2% | |
| Tetétlen | 149 | 6.3% | |
| Tiszacsege | 287 | 12.1% |
In the Revolution and War of Independence (1848–49) about 225 residents participated from Földes. First in April 1848, 138 recruits joined the movable National Militia. The recruits of the local National Militia had stayed home and defended the village. Later in June 8, in October 45, in November 34 recruits joined the National Militia. From there the militiamen were continuously redirected to the National Army.[20] In 1871, Földes was transformed from a well-organized village to a large village. One half of its Representative Body consisted of elected members, the other half of (virilis) most tax payers. In 1876 it was attached to the newly established Hajdú County. With this, the 800 years relationship with Szabolcs County ceased. First the village was linked to the Nádudvar district, then to the Hajdúszoboszló, at last to the Püspökladány district. At parliamentary elections it usually belonged to the Nádudvar district. The noble heritage of the village can be seen in the Election Registers of 1877 and 1879,[21] when the election legitimacy nationally was 6–7% due to restrictive conditions in the laws.
In the last decades of the 19th century the consolidation of the fragmented lands became inevitable. The border of Földes had more than 10,000 morgens and consisted of thousands of parts at the beginning of the 1880 years. The consolidation of the lands had been first come up in 1867 and after series of lawsuits was ended in 1897. Another enormous task was the draining of the internal waters at the early 20th century. In 1904, first in the northern part of the Földes border a canal was made in the bed of the Hamvas rill, together with the surrounding area water management. In 1914, the water of the dead river Kálló was drained with the lengthening of the Sárrét channel. The storey building of the Községháza (Village House) which can be seen today was being built between 1924 and 1927.[22]
In the World War I ca. out of 900 soldiers of the village 306 became heroic dead. In the Temple Garden the village erected a statue for the memory of the heroic deads in 1924. Another memorial was erected by the village in 1990 for the remembrance of the 352 heroic dead soldiers and residential victims of the World War II.
| noble origin | 582 | 90 | |
| land | 35 | 5.4 | |
| income | 18 | 2.8 | |
| schooling | 11 | 1.7 |
In 1925, Lajos Zoltai – a scholar of Debrecen past and was born in Földes – participated in excavating the past of the neighborhood. He revealed in the Kis-Andaháza meadow, adjacent to Földes's border, the foundation of Andaháza's temple which had been built at the beginning of the 12th century.[23] The book of Gábor Herpay: History of Földes Village (1936) was the first, comprehensive summary of the village's past.[24]
In October 1944, 15 Hungarian, 6 Russian and 20 German soldiers died in Földes and its surroundings in the fightings.[25] Magistracy escaped but on October 22, with the leader of the Deputy Chief Judge, the population began the cleaning of the ruins. On November 27, public administration was resumed, in December police were organized with seven policemen and with 370 the Social Democratic Party's local organization was formed. The National Committee commenced its operation on January 15, 1945, assumed the organization of the supply of the population, the launch of work in all areas, and the inter-party negotiations. The largest party was the Independent Smallholders' Party at all the two (1945 and 1947) free elections. The Land-Claiming Committee allocated 1,239 morgans to 348 landless people. In 1949, the introduction of electric lighting had been begun, which was completed in 20 years. In 1968, the drinking water pipeline system of the village was made. After that the replacement of the basic institutional background was accelerated, the modernization of the village and the improvement of the quality of life began. The first agricultural cooperative was organized in the village in 1949. By the end of the 1950s, after the disappearances, transformations and mergers, the Rákóczi and Lenin cooperatives remained. In the 1960s, the larger Rákóczi won a nationwide reputation.
There are no data about Földes's ecclesiastical life in the Middle Ages. Földes, before the Reformation, belonged to the Diocese of Eger along with the neighboring villages of Szabolcs County. In the second half of the 16th century, after 1557, the inhabitants of the village converted to the Reformed faith when the Reformed Church had finally been established and consolidated in Debrecen. After the Reformation, Földes was a part of the Reformed Diocese of Debrecen. The first reliable data can be found in 1597 about the existence of the Földes Reformed Church. At that time, the Debrecen Council ruled on the divorce case of a pastor named Mihály from Földes and declared the husband guilty in the divorce lawsuit, not allowing him to divorce from his wife.[26]
In 1896, after the initiation of pastor Ferenc Kiss, with the work of the village residents, the memorial garden[27] before the temple was formed for the memory of the Hungarians incoming a thousand years before. Memorials are in the Temple Garden evoking the past.
Jakab Herskowicz was the first Jew who temporarily lived in Földes. His name was among the tenants in Nagykálló in 1734, as a resident of Földes. Some years later he was a resident in Nagykálló according to the documents. During the reign Emperor József II (1780–1790) at a census Jews were not found in the village. No Jewish residents paying tolerance tax can be found in 1798, in the documents on Tolerance Taxes of the Council of Lieutenancy. In the first third of the 19th century there were sporadic, inaccurate figures about the number of Jews. In the censuses of Szabolcs County can be found some data. Out of the records of religious affiliation of the Diocese of Eger, most of the Jewish data from the 19th century have remained chiefly.
| 1798 | no | tax authority | 1849 | 156 | Eger Diocese | |
| 1816 | 5 | Szabolcs County | 1851 | 160 | Eger Diocese | |
| 1816 | 5 | Eger Diocese | 1853 | 78 | Eger Diocese | |
| 1820 | 37 | tax authority | 1857 | 111 | Eger Diocese | |
| 1822 | 9 | Szabolcs County | 1861 | 156 | Eger Diocese | |
| 1830 | 21 | Szabolcs County | 1865 | 163 | Eger Diocese | |
| 1835 | 156 | Eger Diocese | 1900 | 345 | national census | |
| 1838 | 161 | Eger Diocese | 1930 | 269 | national census | |
| 1845 | 172 | Eger Diocese | 1941 | 237 | national census | |
| 1846 | 182 | Eger Diocese | 1944 | 214 | census | |
| July 1848 | 163 | national Jewish census[28] | after war | 50 | World Jewish Congress | |
| End 1848 | 179 | Eger Diocese | 1957 | 10 |
According to old documents,[29] [30] the Orthodox community was founded in the early 1800s. In 1820, they had a prayer house and a ritual bath. The Orthodox community founded Talmud Torah school and yeshiva (Talmud school) at the beginning. In 1820 they paid 160 florins tolerance tax. In 1821 Áron Schwarz was the teacher. In 1825 the Földes Council punished the Jewish teacher (preceptor) because of the complaint of Ábrahám Vidszik tailor. On Sunday, July 12, 1835, noble György Gáll had gone into the Jewish temple[31] and drove out the believers, the teacher, and the students. The noble Council had noble György Gáll made into shackles after the complaint of József Weinberger the representative of the Jewish community. In 1844, noble Sándor Ványi rented 1,400 morgens of land with a Jew. In 1845, a new temple had been built[29] [30] from the voluntary donations of the community members, which was in later times enlarged. In 1848, Bertalan Szemere, the Interior Minister of the Revolutionary Hungarian Government, ordered a national Jewish census. At that time Mózes Epstein was the teacher. During the 1848–49 War of Independence the Jewish community had to send 3 soldiers to the army. In January, 1849, when weapons were being gathered, from 191 weapons, seven were handed in by Jews. After the fall of the War of Independence, during the Austrian absolutism, the number of Jews fell to 78 in 1853, rising to 156 by 1861. In 1851 the rabbi Mihály Csillag (1811–1891) had lived on a plot where in 1857, according to the Cadastral Record, the Synagogue of the Földes Israelis was. At that time the Jewish community's 750 square fathoms cemetery was on the part of the border called Sziget, where it is still today. In 1867 the National Assembly adopted the Jewish emancipation law.
In 1871, after the Orthodox Judaism had been separated, Földes remained an Orthodox community. In 1873, Mór Fischer had a licensed Jewish private school, while at the same time József Goldstein and Jacob Glück were not allowed the teaching in their schools with Jewish religion. In 1876 the community founded elementary school with 1 teacher and 80 students. The teacher had not had a qualification from the National Israelite Teachers College[32] and the school had to be closed. In 1883, the school had been re-opened with the certified Ferenc Fischer teacher who remained in Földes until 1901. In the elementary school, cheder (religion teaching) was held in a separate room that the melamed (religion tutor) taught. In 1903, 60 Jewish traders and craftsmen were registered in the Debrecen Chamber of Commerce and Industry.[33] In 1913 the elementary school moved to a new, hygienic building.[29] [30] In 1914 it had 60 students. In the World War I (1914–18), 50 members of the community participated and six lost their lives. In the 1920s Jewish youth played an active and prominent role in the local sport life. Football (soccer) was built primarily on them. The Nyúl brothers had played in the MTK[34] and they also got to the Hungary national team. In 1929[29] [30] the members of the community were 253 people, the number of families was 60, and the tax was paid by 55 people. By occupation: 1 teacher, 34 merchants, 15 artisans, 1 entrepreneur. The Talmud Torah and the yeshiva religious schools were active, the elementary school had 35 students. The rules of operation of Chevra Kadisa[35] were approved by the Interior Ministry in 1898. They spent 9% of the budget of the community for charitable purposes. Sáp and Tetétlen also belonged to Földes's register. After the outbreak of the World War II, 65 men had been called in a labor service that 33 survived. In 1944, after the occupation of Germans, 214 Jews were included in the list. Földes Jews had been transported to the Püspökladány ghetto on 19 May 1944 and by the end of June they were transported to Debrecen. The train fittings were launched in Auschwitz on the 25th from the Debrecen brick factory.
In 1990, the names of 193 Jewish residents were written on the Memorial of World War II, who had lost their lives in the war. After the war, the survivors returned to the village for more or less time. According to the World Jewish Congress, the members of the Orthodox Jewish community at this time were 50, and its chairman was Ernő Lefkovits. There were regular church worships in the temple, there was a permanent kosher butcher, ritual bath, Talmud Torah teaching. Subsequently, as a result of the emigrations, in 1957 there were only 10 Jewish residents in the village. In 1958 the temple was broken down, and the purchase price of the demolition material was written, according to the disposition of the MIOK,[36] to the account of the expired community. Today, some pictures, commemorative writings in local history books, the cemetery in the old Sziget area and the names on the memorials in the Templomkert (Temple Garden) are the reminders of the former Jewish population of Földes.[37]
The population of the settlement increased steadily from 1880 to 1949, and gradually decreased from 1949 to the present day.[38] In 2011 there were 3,623 Hungarians, 45 Gypsies, 12 Germans, 9 Bulgarians, 5 Romanians and 23 other nationalities in the population of the settlement.[39]
The major part of Földes's border is good quality plough-land suitable for agricultural cultivation. In the eastern and southeastern parts of the border, pastures and saline areas are parts of the Bihar Plane Landscape Protection District. In the border, there are mounds remained from the past which are called Kunhaloms.
The thermal water comes from the nearby well which was drilled in 1967. It comes up from 1,344 meters deep and the outlet temperature is 64 °C. It has salinity, alkali chloride, iodine and bromine. It is for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Thermal water will not only be used for bathing. It is used to heat the kindergarten and nursery, the school and community center, and the Village House.