World Aquatics Explained

World Aquatics
Abbrev:WA (World Aquatics)
Logosize:310px
Jurisdiction:International
Aff:Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF)
Headquarters:Lausanne, Switzerland
President:Husain Al-Musallam[1]
Replaced:International Swimming Federation
Url:https://www.worldaquatics.com/

World Aquatics,[2] formerly known as FINA (French: Fédération internationale de natation; English: International Swimming Federation|link=yes), is the international federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC)[3] for administering international competitions in water sports. It is one of several international federations which administer a given sport or discipline for both the IOC and the international community. It is based in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Founded as FINA (French: Fédération internationale de natation; English: International Swimming Federation|link=yes) in 1908, the federation was officially renamed World Aquatics in January 2023.[2]

World Aquatics currently oversees competition in six aquatics sports: swimming, diving, high diving,artistic swimming,[4] [5] water polo, and open water swimming.[6] World Aquatics also oversees "Masters" competition (for adults) in its disciplines.

History

FINA was founded on 19 July 1908 in the Manchester Hotel in London, at the end of the 1908 Summer Olympics. Eight national federations were responsible for the formation of FINA: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary and Sweden.[7]

In 1973 the first FINA World Championships were staged in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, with competitions held in swimming, water polo, diving and synchronised swimming.[8]

In 1986 the first permanent FINA office was opened in Lausanne, Switzerland.[9]

In 1991 open water swimming was added to the program of the FINA World Championships.[10]

In 1993 the first edition of the FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) was staged in Palma de Mallorca, Spain.[11]

In 2010 FINA convened the first edition of the FINA World Aquatics Convention in Punta del Este, Uruguay.[12]

In 2013 high diving was added to the program of the FINA World Championships.[13]

In 2015 FINA staged the first dual FINA World Championships and FINA World Masters Championships in Kazan Russia, run consecutively in the one city for the first time.[14]

In 2018 FINA celebrated 110 years by inaugurating a new headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland. [15]

On 12 December 2022, during the Extraordinary General Congress held in Melbourne, Australia, the Congress approved a new Constitution and voted to adopt a new name for the organisation, World Aquatics.[16]

Number of national federations by year:

Members

In June 2017, Bhutan became the 208th national member federation of FINA (now World Aquatics);[19] and on 30 November 2017, Anguilla became the 209th national member federation.[20] In 2023 the Philippines were removed from the list of member federations on the World Aquatics website.[21] At the World Aquatics Championships in Fukuoka in July 2023 athletes from the Philippines were still competing as 'Suspended Member Federation', however by the World Aquatics Junior Swimming Championships in September 2023, athletes from the Philippines were required to compete as 'Neutral Independent Athletes'.[22] [23] Athletes from Kenya currently compete as 'Suspended Member Federation',[24] while athletes from Russia and Belarus are currently banned from competing, but the nation's are still listed as member federations.[25] World Aquatics also permits athletes not affiliated with a member federation to compete at events under the 'Athlete Refugee Team' banner.[26] Members are grouped by continent, and there are 5 continental associations of which they can choose to be a member:[27]

Africa (52)

Africa Aquatics

Americas (45)

PanAm Aquatics

Asia (44)

Asia Aquatics

Europe (52)

European Aquatics

Oceania (15)

Oceania AquaticsNote: The number following each continental name is the number of World Aquatics members which fall into the given geographical area. It is not necessarily the number of members in the continental association.

Organisation & Structure

Under the new World Aquatics Constitution, ratified in December 2022, under clause 12, the following bodies are established to govern and administer World Aquatics:[28]

The World Aquatics Congress is the highest authority of World Aquatics and shall have the power to decide upon any matters arising within World Aquatics. A Congress is held either as an Ordinary Congress or as an Extraordinary Congress. A Congress may be held in person, by teleconference, by video conference or by another means of communication. Voting by correspondence (including email) and/or online is permitted. An Ordinary Congress shall be held every two (2) years, in principle at the site and on the occasion of the World Championships or of another major World Aquatics event.[29] An Extraordinary Congress shall be convened either by a decision of the Bureau or following a request in writing submitted to the Bureau by email by at least one fifth (1/5) of the Members.[30] Each Member shall be represented by up to two (2) duly appointed delegates with voting rights. Each of the twenty (20) elected members of the Athletes Committee shall have one (1) vote at a Congress. The Honorary President is chair with no voting power. Continental Organisations can appoint up to two (2) representatives who may attend the Congress as observers, without any voting power.

The World Aquatics Bureau consists of the President and thirty-nine (39) Bureau Members:

Various committees and commissions also help with the oversight of individual disciplines (e.g. the Technical Open Water Swimming Committee helps with open water), or topic-related issues (e.g. the World Aquatics Doping Panel).[31] The organization signed an agreement with the Hungarian government in May 2023, planning to relocate its headquarters from Switzerland to Budapest, Hungary. However, the FINA Congress needs to approve unanimously in order for the relocation to be finalized.[32]

Current bureau members

Office[33] OfficeholderCountry
PresidentHusain Al-MusallamKuwait
First Vice PresidentSam RamsamySouth Africa
Second Vice PresidentMatthew DunnAustralia
TreasurerDale NeuburgerUnited States
Vice PresidentJuan Carlos OrihuelaParaguay
António SilvaPortugal
Zhou JihongChina
Executive DirectorBrent NowickiUnited States

Presidents

Each presidential term is four years, beginning and concluding with the year following the Summer Olympics.

FINA/World Aquatics presidents
Name Country Term
George Hearn1908 - 1924
1924 - 1928
1928 - 1932
1932 - 1936
1936 - 1948
Rene de Raeve1948 - 1952
M.L. Negri1952 - 1956
Jan de Vries1956 - 1960
1960 - 1964
William Berge Phillips1964 - 1968
Javier Ostos Mora[34] 1968 - 1972
Harold Henning1972 - 1976
Javier Ostos Mora (2nd term) 1976 - 1980
Ante Lambaša1980 - 1984
1984 - 1988
1988 - 2009
2009 - 2021
2021–present

Events

World Aquatics Championships

See main article: World Aquatics Championships.

World Aquatics' largest event is the biennial World Aquatics Championships, traditionally held every odd year, where all of the six aquatic disciplines are contested. A 50m length pool is used for swimming races.

The World Open Water Swimming Championships (also known as 'Open Water Worlds') is part of the World Aquatics Championships. Additional standalone editions of the Open Water Championships were also held in the even years from 2000 to 2010.

The World Masters Championships (also known as 'Masters Worlds) is open to athletes 25 years and above (30+ years in water polo) in each aquatics discipline excluding high diving and has been held as part of the World Aquatics Championships since 2015.[35] Prior to this, the Masters Championship was held separately, biennially in even years.

Prior to the 9th World Aquatics Championships in Fukuoka in 2001, the championships had been staged at various intervals of two to four years. From 2001 to 2019 the championships were held biennially in odd years. Due to interruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic, travel restrictions, and host venues withdrawing from hosting championships and World Aquatics withdrawing the rights to host championships, from 2022 to 2025 the championships will be staged in every year until resuming to biennial from 2025 onwards.

Stand-alone discipline competitions

World Aquatics also organizes separate tournaments and series for individual disciplines, including competitions for juniors.[36]

Discipline world tournaments

Discipline world series

Junior championships

World-level championships restricted to a younger age, with the age limit varying by discipline and gender:

Sport name changes

In 2017, FINA officially renamed the sport of synchronised swimming as Artistic Swimming for its competitions to reflect the expansion in evaluation criteria in the sport to include not only synchronization but other elements such as choreography and artistic expression.[41]

Bans

Retired athletes

In relation to anti-doping rule violations, World Aquatics does enact suspensions on athletes who are retired from their respective sport at the time of ban implementation, with examples including Lithuanian Rūta Meilutytė (2019–2021) and Russians Artem Lobuzov (2021–2025), Alexandra Sokolova (2021–2025), and Artem Podyakov (2021–2025).[42] [43]

Russia and Belarus bans

Russian and Belarusian athletes and officials were banned from every FINA (World Aquatics) event through the end of 2022.[44] FINA also cancelled FINA events in Russia, and banned Russian and Belarusian teams through to the 19th FINA World Championships Budapest 2022. In March 2022, after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, FINA banned all Russians and Belarusians from competing at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships and withdrew the 2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) from being held in Russia.[45] This came after indefinitely banning athletes and officials of both countries from wearing the colours of their country, swimming representing their country with their country's name, and the playing of their country's national anthem in case an athlete from either country won an event.[46] Additionally, times swum by Russians at non-FINA competitions for the April to December 2022 time frame did not count for world rankings nor world records.[47] On the 4 September 2023, World Aquatics announced the capacity and criteria for Russian and Belarusian athletes to compete at competitions as 'Neutral Independent Athletes'.[48]

Controversies

Transgender athlete restrictions

On 19 June 2022, FINA (World Aquatics) "committed to the separation of Aquatics sports into men's and women's categories according to sex" by a 71% vote, adopting a new policy on eligibility for the men's and women's competition categories.[49] [50] [51] This policy effectively bars all transgender women from competing in professional women's swimming, with the exception of athletes who "can establish to FINA's comfortable satisfaction that they have not experienced any part of male puberty beyond Tanner Stage 2 (of puberty) or before age 12, whichever is later". Athletes who previously took masculinizing hormone therapy (namely testosterone) may also compete in the women's category as long any testosterone use was post-puberty and less than a year in total, and the person's testosterone levels are back to pre-treatment levels. Transgender men remained fully eligible to compete in the men's category. FINA also announced the development of a separate "open" category for some events, to be determined by a working group over the next six months, so that "everybody has the opportunity to compete at an elite level".[52] [53] [54] The decision was criticized as "discriminatory, harmful, unscientific and not in line with the 2021 IOC principles" by LGBT advocacy group Athlete Ally.[55]

Though swimmer Lia Thomas formally challenged the new rule that disqualified her from competition, in June 2024, the Court of Arbitration for Sport ruled that she lacked standing to do so and would remain ineligible to compete.[56]

Vice President Zhou Jihong

In May 2022, New Zealand diving judge Lisa Wright revealed that during the 2020 Summer Olympics, FINA Vice President, Zhou Jihong, allegedly launched a verbal tirade at Wright at the conclusion of the men's 10m platform final. Wright alleged that Zhou verbally abused her for underscoring Chinese divers.[57] Diving New Zealand subsequently complained about the incident to FINA's Ethics Panel. As a result, Zhou was ordered by in a FINA Ethics Panel decision[58] to write a letter of apology to Wright. A recommendation was also made by the Ethics Panel to disestablish Zhou's position as Diving Bureau Liaison for FINA. The FINA Ethics Panel stated that the incident during the men's platform final was "unfortunate" and led to a "misunderstanding mixed with misjudgement" between Wright and Zhou.[59]

In May 2022, former international diver, Olympic judge and previous member of FINA's Technical Diving Committee from New Zealand Simon Latimer revealed he had sent a whistleblower complaint[60] to FINA's Executive Director Brent Nowicki in December 2021 detailing Zhou's alleged "unethical behavior" which also contained allegations that Zhou has routinely coached Chinese divers during major events such as the Olympics and World Championships and she had manipulated judging panels in order to benefit Chinese athletes. Latimer claimed that Zhou's behavior was tarnishing the reputation of international diving and that she was acting in the interests of China rather than international diving as a whole.

Subsequent to Latimer's complaint, video evidence emerged online showing Zhou coaching Chinese divers during competition sessions at the 2020 Summer Olympics, a behavior considered unethical given her supposedly neutral role as a FINA Vice President and Diving Bureau Liaison.[61]

In July 2022, Latimer was not re-elected to FINA's Technical Diving Committee, and Zhou was one of the FINA Bureau Member's who had input in the selection process.[62] In 2022 FINA's By Laws[63] were updated to state that the Bureau Liaison position that Zhou holds should not interfere on the field of play during competitions and that individuals holding that position shall not act as a Team Leader or coach at international events including the Olympic Games.

Soul Cap

In 2021, FINA (World Aquatics) came under criticism for not approving the use at the Olympics of the Soul Cap, a brand of swimming caps designed for natural Black hair.[64] FINA said the caps did not fit "the natural form of the head" and to their "best knowledge the athletes competing at the international events never used, neither require … caps of such size and configuration." After receiving criticism about racism, FINA announced that they would review their decision. Later in 2022, FINA decided to approve the Soul Caps for future FINA events (effective immediately).

Doping

In 2024, a member of the World Aquatics' anti-doping advisory body said that it was "inexplicably and forcibly shut out of the review" concerning positive tests from 23 Chinese swimmers in the lead-up to the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics.[65] As a result of the doping scandal, in June 2024, a former deputy director of the World Anti-Doping Agency said that athletes had "zero confidence" in World Aquatics.[66] [67] In July 2024, World Aquatics confirmed that its executive director was subpoenaed to testify to U.S. authorities as part of a criminal investigation into the Chinese swimmers' doping tests.[68]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: FINA Executive . FINA - Fédération Internationale De Natation.
  2. Web site: 12 December 2022 . International Swimming Federation to be renamed World Aquatics . www.insidethegames.biz . 12 December 2022 . 26 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221226153802/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1131538/fina-renamed-world-aquatics . live .
  3. Web site: FINA . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20041024234725/http://www.olympic.org/uk/organisation/if/fi_uk.asp?Id_federation=18 . 2004-10-24 . 2022-12-12 . . The International Olympic Committee.
  4. Web site: Synchronized swimming to be called artistic swimming . 25 January 2018 . Cbc.ca . 12 April 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190412124853/https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/aquatics/synchro-renamed-russia-dominates-1.4217720 . live .
  5. Web site: 13 September 2017 . FINA artistic swimming rules 2017-2021 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180125074643/https://www.fina.org/sites/default/files/as_rules_-_2017-2021_-_15092017_full_1.pdf . 25 January 2018 . 25 January 2018 . FINA.
  6. Web site: 15 June 2013 . FINA Sports History . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130615155037/http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=37&Itemid=357 . 2013-06-15. from the FINA website (www.fina.org); retrieved 2013-06-05.
  7. Web site: About FINA . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220322042842/https://www.fina.org/about . 2022-03-22 . FINA.org.
  8. Web site: Overview . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  9. Web site: Overview . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  10. Web site: Overview . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  11. Web site: Overview . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  12. Web site: Overview . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  13. Web site: Overview . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  14. Web site: Overview . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  15. Web site: Overview . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  16. Web site: Overview . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  17. Web site: Kosovo is the 208th FINA member . https://web.archive.org/web/20150220082823/http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5077%3Akosovo-is-the-208th-fina-member&catid=225%3Ahighlight&Itemid=179 . 20 February 2015 . 2 March 2021 . FINA.
  18. Web site: World Aquatics . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  19. Web site: FINA . 8 June 2017 . Bhutan Swimming Federation joins FINA as 208th National Member Federation . 4 July 2018 . FINA . 22 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200122171009/http://www.fina.org/news/bhutan-swimming-federation-joins-fina-208th-national-member-federation . live .
  20. Web site: FINA . 30 November 2017 . PR 93 - FINA BUREAU MEETING - 30 November 2017 . 4 July 2018 . FINA . 27 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190627234448/http://www.fina.org/news/pr-93-fina-bureau-meeting-30-november-2017 . live .
  21. Web site: World Aquatics . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  22. Web site: Sutherland . James . 2023-04-26 . Philippine Swimming Inc. Awaits CAS Appeal Decision Following World Aquatics Suspension . 2023-09-17 . SwimSwam . en-US . 23 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231023031941/https://swimswam.com/philippine-swimming-inc-awaits-cas-appeal-decision-following-world-aquatics-suspension/ . live .
  23. Web site: World Aquatics . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  24. Web site: 2023-06-30 . Kenya staring at a total ban from international swimming . 2023-09-17 . Nation . en . 18 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018222733/https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/kenya-staring-ban-from-international-swimming-4289116 . live .
  25. Web site: 2022-03-23 . PRESS RELEASE FINA Bureau meets, makes further decisions on Russian and Belarusian athletes and event hosting . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  26. Web site: 2023-06-20 . Meet World Aquatics Refugee Team member Eyad Masoud When I swim, its more than a sport . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  27. Web site: Continental Organisations . 2024-07-13 . World Aquatics . en.
  28. Web site: World Aquatics Structure: overview . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  29. Web site: World Aquatics Congress . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  30. Web site: WORLD AQUATICS CONSTITUTION 2022 . 17 September 2023 . 6 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231106114022/https://resources.fina.org/fina/document/2022/12/22/207b6567-d1a3-4f08-a0fb-a7af3ef4dfeb/World-Aquatics-Constitution-Approved-12-12-2022-Formatted.pdf . live .
  31. Web site: FINA Committee list . dead . https://archive.today/20120802151409/http://www.fina.org/project/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=29&Itemid=116 . 2 August 2012.
  32. Web site: International Swimming Federation Headquarters to Move to Budapest. Hungarianconservative.com/. 26 May 2023. 8 June 2023. 9 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230609011221/https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/current/fina_headquarters_movbudapest_swimming_sports/. live.
  33. Web site: World Aquatics Bureau Members . 4 May 2024 . World Aquatics . 8 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240408063800/https://www.worldaquatics.com/structure/bureau . live .
  34. Web site: 5 June 2019 . Swimming World Presents "Remembering the 1st World Championships: Belgrade 1973" . 12 December 2022 . 12 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221212090436/https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/swimming-world-presents-remembering-the-1st-world-championships-belgrade-1973/ . live .
  35. Web site: Masters . 2023-01-25 . World Aquatics . en.
  36. Web site: 2010-02-22 . FINA Media Kit for the 2010 FINA World Aquatics Convention . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150610203635/http://www.fina.org/project/docs/convention/mediakit.pdf . 10 June 2015 . 2010-02-25 . . (The listing and structure of the "Events" section is based on the event listing in this packet.)
  37. Web site: 2022-12-10 . Montpellier to host FINA Artistic Swimming World Cup leg . 2023-01-25 . LEN: European Aquatics . en-US . 25 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230125034024/https://www.len.eu/montpellier-to-host-fina-artistic-swimming-world-cup-leg-in-2023/ . live .
  38. Web site: World Aquatics Water Polo Junior Competitions . worldaquatics.com.
  39. Web site: FINA World Junior Diving Championships 2022 . 2023-01-25 . World Aquatics . en.
  40. Web site: FINA World Junior Open Water Swimming Championships 2022 . 2023-01-25 . World Aquatics . en.
  41. Web site: 1 August 2021 . What is the difference between synchronized swimming and artistic swimming? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211026181830/https://en.as.com/en/2021/08/01/olympic_games/1627845508_487283.html . 2021-10-26 . 18 November 2022 . Diario AS.
  42. Web site: FINA Doping Panel Decision - Ruta Meilutyte (LTU) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210404233025/https://resources.fina.org/fina/document/2021/02/15/77d3e63e-c0f5-4cbb-a2c8-8f040cf6b8fa/FINA-Doping-Panel-Decision-Ruta-Meilutyte.pdf . 4 April 2021 .
  43. Web site: 2022-03-28 . FINA Doping Panel Bans Three Retired Russians, Including Olympian Artem Lobuzov . https://web.archive.org/web/20220328210532/https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/fina-doping-panel-bans-three-retired-russians-including-olympian-artem-lobuzov/ . 2022-03-28 . 6 November 2022 . . en-US.
  44. Web site: PRESS RELEASE | FINA Bureau meets, acknowledges decision to suspend Russian swimmer Evgeny Rylov . FINA - Fédération Internationale De Natation.
  45. FINA Bureau meets, makes further decisions on Russian and Belarusian athletes and event hosting . 23 March 2022 . . 23 March 2022 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220323152537/https://www.fina.org/news/2547346/press-release-fina-bureau-meets-makes-further-decisions-on-russian-and-belarusian-athletes-and-event-hosting . 2022-03-23 . FINA.org.
  46. FINA Order award withdrawn . 1 March 2022 . . 23 March 2022 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220301091907/https://www.fina.org/news/2509860/press-release-fina-order-award-withdrawn . 2022-03-01 . FINA.org.
  47. News: Keith . Braden . 23 April 2022 . Russia Confirms that Suspended Rylov Will Be Allowed at Russian Championships . . live . 6 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220424013306/https://swimswam.com/russia-confirms-that-suspended-rylov-will-be-allowed-at-russian-championships/ . 2022-04-24.
  48. Web site: 2023-09-04 . World Aquatics Bureau Approves Participation of Neutral Individual Athletes, Under Strict New Criteria . 2023-09-17 . World Aquatics . en.
  49. Web site: FINA Communication Department . Press Release: FINA announces new policy on gender inclusion . 19 June 2022 . 21 June 2022 . FINA . 21 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220621025050/https://www.fina.org/news/2649715/press-release-fina-announces-new-policy-on-gender-inclusion . live .
  50. Web site: FINA . 19 June 2022 . Policy on Eligibility For The Men's And Women's }} Categories ]. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220619152022/https://resources.fina.org/fina/document/2022/06/19/525de003-51f4-47d3-8d5a-716dac5f77c7/FINA-INCLUSION-POLICY-AND-APPENDICES-FINAL-.pdf . 19 June 2022 . 21 June 2022 . FINA.
  51. Web site: FINA . 19 June 2022 . INA Extraordinary General Congress, 19th FINA World Championships, Budapest . 21 June 2022 . FINA . 21 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220621145905/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiujU5nUq6A&t=6359s . live .
  52. Web site: 2022-06-19 . Transgender swimmers barred from women's events . 2022-06-20 . . en . 20 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220620183331/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/19/world-swimming-body-adopts-new-policy-for-transgender-athletes . live .
  53. News: Ingle . Sean . 19 June 2022 . Transgender women swimmers barred from female competitions by Fina . . 19 June 2022 . 19 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220619221706/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/jun/19/transgender-swimmers-barred-from-female-competitions-after-fina-vote . live .
  54. Web site: De la Fuente . Homero . International Swimming Federation votes to restrict transgender athletes from competing in elite women's aquatics competitions . CNN . 20 June 2022 . 20 June 2024 . 20 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240620092234/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/19/us/fina-vote-transgender-athletes/index.html . live .
  55. News: Melnick . Kyle . Carpenter . Les . June 19, 2022 . FINA vote restricts transgender athletes in women's competitions . . 19 June 2022 . 19 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220619184929/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2022/06/19/fina-transgender-swimming/ . live .
  56. Web site: Almasy . Steve . Sterling . Wayne . 2024-06-13 . Transgender swimmer Lia Thomas loses challenge of rules barring her from elite women's races . 2024-06-13 . CNN . en . 13 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240613151205/https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/12/sport/lia-thomas-world-aquatics-transgender-swimmer/index.html . live .
  57. Web site: Ramsay . George . 2022-05-12 . She apologized for verbally abusing an Olympic judge, but questions over the conduct of China's 'Iron Lady' of diving remain . 2023-05-16 . CNN . en . 16 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230516102422/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/11/sport/zhou-jihong-diving-fina-spt-intl/index.html . live .
  58. Web site: FORMAL HEARING OF ETHICS PANEL OF THE FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DE NATATION (FINA) IN TERMS OF ARTICLE C.24 OF ITS CONSTITUTION . 2023-09-16 . 7 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230507082233/https://resources.fina.org/fina/document/2022/04/06/151cc7a0-5b84-45d2-820e-72943af4cce6/2021-FINA-Ethics-Panel-Ms-jihong-Zhou-.pdf . live .
  59. Web site: 2022-03-09 . Whistleblower files complaint over conduct of FINA vice-president Zhou . 2023-05-16 . www.insidethegames.biz . 16 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230516102425/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1120164/fina-complaint-zhou-jihong-whistleblower . live .
  60. Web site: Simon Latimer letter to Brent Nowicki.docx - AnonFiles . 2023-05-16 . anonfiles.com . 12 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230512042128/https://anonfiles.com/h3q9Lfp5za/Simon_Latimer_letter_to_Brent_Nowicki_docx . dead .
  61. Web site: Sutherland . James . 2022-04-18 . Video Shows FINA VP Zhou Jihong Coaching Chinese Diver At Tokyo Olympic Games . 2023-05-16 . SwimSwam . en-US . 8 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230508050716/https://swimswam.com/video-shows-fina-vp-zhou-jihong-coaching-chinese-diver-at-tokyo-olympic-games/ . live .
  62. Web site: Johannsen . Dana . 2022-07-12 . Kiwi diving official replaced on FINA committee after blowing the whistle on one of the sport's most powerful figures . 2023-05-16 . Stuff . en . 16 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230516102425/https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/other-sports/129208582/kiwi-diving-official-replaced-on-fina-committee-after-blowing-the-whistle-on-one-of-the-sports-most-powerful-figures . live .
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