Trace Gas Orbiter Explained

Trace Gas Orbiter
Mission Type:Mars orbiter
Operator:ESARoscosmos
Cospar Id:2016-017A
Satcat:41388
Website:http://exploration.esa.int/jump.cfm?oid=46475
Mission Duration:Planned: 7 years[1] [2]
Elapsed:
Manufacturer:Thales Alenia Space
Launch Mass:4,332 kg[3]
Payload Mass:Instruments: 113.8kg (250.9lb)[4]
Schiaparelli: 577kg (1,272lb)
Dimensions:3.2xx
Power:~2000 W
Launch Date: UTC
Launch Rocket:Proton-M/Briz-M
Launch Site:Baikonur 200/39
Launch Contractor:Khrunichev
Orbit Reference:Areocentric
Orbit Regime:Circular
Orbit Eccentricity:0
Orbit Periapsis:400km (200miles)
Orbit Apoapsis:400km (200miles)
Orbit Inclination:74 degrees
Orbit Period:2 hours
Orbit Epoch:Planned
Apsis:areion
Interplanetary:
Type:orbiter
Object:Mars
Arrival Date:19 October 2016, 15:24 UTC[5]
Instruments List:
Acronym1:NOMAD
Acronym2:ACS
Name2:Atmospheric Chemistry Suite
Acronym3:CaSSIS
Name3:Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System
Acronym4:FREND
Name4:Fine-Resolution Epithermal Neutron Detector
Insignia:File:ExoMars 2016 insignia.png
Insignia Caption:ESA mission insignia for the ExoMars 2016 launch, featuring the Trace Gas Orbiter (left) and Schiaparelli (right).
Insignia Size:80px
Trans Band:X band
UHF band
Trans Frequency:390–450 MHz
Trans Twta:65 W
Programme:ExoMars programme
Next Mission:Rosalind Franklin rover
and Kazachok lander

The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO or ExoMars Orbiter) is a collaborative project between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian Roscosmos agency that sent an atmospheric research orbiter and the Schiaparelli demonstration lander to Mars in 2016 as part of the European-led ExoMars programme.[6] [7]

The Trace Gas Orbiter delivered the Schiaparelli lander on 16 October 2016, which crashed on the surface due to a premature release of the parachute.[8]

The orbiter began aerobraking in March 2017 to lower its initial orbit of 200by. Aerobraking concluded on 20 February 2018 when a final thruster firing resulted in an orbit of 200by.[9] Additional thruster firings every few days raised the orbiter to a circular "science" orbit of 400km (200miles), which was achieved on 9 April 2018.[10]

A key goal is to gain a better understanding of methane and other trace gases present in the Martian atmosphere that could be evidence for possible biological activity. The programme was originally intended to follow with the Kazachok lander and the Rosalind Franklin rover in 2022,[11] [12] which would have searched for biomolecules and biosignatures; the TGO would have operated as the communication link for the ExoMars lander and rover and provided communication for other Mars surface probes with Earth.

History

Investigations with space and Earth-based observatories have demonstrated the presence of a small amount of methane on the atmosphere of Mars that seems to vary with location and time.[13] [14] [15] This may indicate the presence of microbial life on Mars, or a geochemical process such as volcanism or hydrothermal activity.[16] [17] [18] [19]

The challenge to discern the source of methane in the atmosphere of Mars prompted the independent planning by ESA and NASA of one orbiter each that would carry instruments in order to determine if its formation is of biological or geological origin,[20] [21] as well as its decomposition products such as formaldehyde and methanol.

Origins

ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter was born out of the nexus of ESA's Aurora programme ExoMars flagship and NASA's 2013 and 2016 Mars Science Orbiter (MSO) concepts.[22] [23] It became a flexible collaborative proposal within NASA and ESA to send a new orbiter-carrier to Mars in 2016 as part of the European-led ExoMars mission. On the ExoMars side, ESA authorised about half a billion Euros in 2005 for a rover and mini-station; eventually this evolved into being delivered by an orbiter rather than a cruise stage.[24]

Attempted collaboration with NASA

NASA's Mars Science Orbiter (MSO) was originally envisioned in 2008 as an all-NASA endeavour aiming for a late 2013 launch. NASA and ESA officials agreed to pool resources and technical expertise and collaborate to launch only one orbiter.[25] The agreement, called the Mars Exploration Joint Initiative, was signed in July 2009 and proposed to use an Atlas rocket launcher instead of a Soyuz rocket, which significantly altered the technical and financial setting of the European ExoMars mission. Since the rover was originally planned to be launched along with the TGO, a prospective agreement would require that the rover lose enough weight to fit aboard the Atlas launch vehicle with NASA's orbiter.[26] Instead of reducing the rover's mass, it was nearly doubled when the mission was combined with other projects to a multi-spacecraft programme divided over two Atlas V launches:[27] the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) was merged into the project, carrying a meteorological lander planned for launch in 2016. The European orbiter would carry several instruments originally meant for NASA's MSO, so NASA scaled down the objectives and focused on atmospheric trace gases detection instruments for their incorporation in ESA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter.

Under the FY2013 budget President Barack Obama released on 13 February 2012, NASA terminated its participation in ExoMars due to budgetary cuts in order to pay for the cost overruns of the James Webb Space Telescope.[28] With NASA's funding for this project cancelled, most of ExoMars' plans had to be restructured.[29]

Collaboration with Russia

On 15 March 2012, the ESA's ruling council announced it would press ahead with its ExoMars program in partnership with the Russian space agency Roscosmos, which planned to contribute two heavy-lift Proton launch vehicles and an additional entry, descent and landing system to the 2020 rover mission.[30] [31] [32] [33] [34]

Under the collaboration proposal with Roscosmos, the ExoMars mission was split into two parts: the orbiter/lander mission in March 2016 that includes the TGO and a 2.4m (07.9feet) diameter stationary lander built by ESA named Schiaparelli,[35] and the Rosalind Franklin rover mission in 2020[11] (postponed to 2022 [36]). Both missions are using a Proton-M rocket.

Launch

The Trace Gas Orbiter and descent module Schiaparelli completed testing and were integrated to a Proton rocket at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan in mid-January 2016.[37] The launch occurred at 09:31 UTC on 14 March 2016.[38] Four rocket burns occurred in the following 10 hours before the descent module and orbiter were released.[39] A signal from the spacecraft was received at 21:29 UTC that day, confirming that the launch was successful and the spacecraft were functioning properly.[40]

Shortly after separation from the probes, a Brazilian ground telescope recorded small objects in the vicinity of the Briz-M upper booster stage, suggesting that the Briz-M stage exploded a few kilometres away, without damaging the orbiter or lander.[41] Briefing reporters in Moscow, the head of Roscosmos denied any anomaly and made all launch data available for inspection.[42]

Status

The Schiaparelli lander separated from the TGO orbiter on 16 October 2016,[43] three days before it arrived on Mars, and entered the atmosphere at 21000km/h.[44] Schiaparelli transmitted about 600 megabytes of telemetry during its landing attempt,[45] [46] before it impacted the surface at 540km/h.[47]

The TGO was injected into Mars orbit on 19 October 2016 and underwent 11 months of aerobraking (March 2017 to February 2018), reducing its orbital speed by 3600km/h and its orbit from an initial 98000by down to 1050by. Additional thruster firings through mid-April circularised the spacecraft's orbit to 400km (200miles), and full science activities began on 21 April 2018.[48] [49]

Specifications

Dimensions : The central bus is 3.2×
  • Propulsion : 424lk=onNaNlk=on bi-propellant main engine, used for Mars orbit insertion and manoeuvres
  • Power : 20m2 solar arrays spanning 17.50NaN0 tip-to-tip, and capable of rotating in one axis;[50] generates about 2,000 W of power at Mars
  • Batteries : 2 modules of lithium-ion batteries with approximately 5100 watt hours total capacity to provide power during eclipses over the prime mission
  • Communication : 2.2m (07.2feet) X band high-gain antenna with a two-axis pointing mechanism and 65 W RF travelling-wave tube amplifier to communicate with Earth
  • Two Electra UHF band transceivers with a single helical antenna to communicate with spacecraft at Mars
    Thermal control : Spacecraft yaw axis control to ensure the three faces containing the science payload remain cold
  • Mass : 3755kg (8,278lb), wet mass of the orbiter
  • 4332kg (9,550lb), wet mass of the orbiter plus Schiaparelli lander
    Payload : 113.8kg (250.9lb) of science instruments

    Science

    The TGO separated from the ExoMars Schiaparelli demonstration lander and would have provided it with telecommunication relay for 8 Martian solar days (sols) after landing. Then the TGO gradually underwent aerobraking for seven months into a more circular orbit for science observations and will eventually provide communications relay for the future Rosalind Franklin rover and will continue serving as a relay satellite for future landed missions.[51] [52]

    The FREND instrument is currently mapping hydrogen levels to a maximum depth of 1m (03feet) beneath the Martian surface.[53] [54] Locations where hydrogen is found may indicate water-ice deposits, which could be useful for future crewed missions.

    Particularly, the mission is in the process of characterising spatial, temporal variation, and localisation of sources for a broad list of atmospheric trace gases. If methane is found in the presence of propane or ethane, that would be a strong indication that biological processes are involved.[55] However, if methane is found in the presence of gases such as sulfur dioxide, that would be an indication that the methane is a byproduct of geological processes.[56]

    Detection:The nature of the methane source requires measurements of a suite of trace gases in order to characterise potential biochemical and geochemical processes at work. The orbiter has very high sensitivity to (at least) the following molecules and their isotopomers:water, hydroperoxyl, nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, acetylene, ethylene, ethane, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide and ozone . Detection sensitivities are at levels of 100 parts per trillion, improved to 10 parts per trillion or better by averaging spectra which could be taken at several spectra per second.[57]
  • Characterisation:
    • Localisation:

    Instruments

    Like the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Trace Gas Orbiter is a hybrid science and telecom orbiter.[58] Its scientific payload mass is about 113.8kg (250.9lb) and consists of:[59]

    NOMAD and ACS are providing the most extensive spectral coverage of Martian atmospheric processes so far.[63] Twice per orbit, at local sunrise and sunset, they are able to observe the Sun as it shines through the atmosphere. Detection of atmospheric trace species at the parts-per-billion (ppb) level are possible.

    Relay telecommunications

    Due to the challenges of entry, descent and landing, Mars landers are highly constrained in mass, volume and power. For landed missions, this places severe constraints on antenna size and transmission power, which in turn greatly reduce direct-to-Earth communication capability in comparison to orbital spacecraft. As an example, the capability downlinks on Spirit and Opportunity rovers had only the capability of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter downlink. Relay communication addresses this problem by allowing Mars surface spacecraft to communicate using higher data rates over short-range links to nearby Mars orbiters, while the orbiter takes on the task of communicating over the long-distance link back to Earth. This relay strategy offers a variety of key benefits to Mars landers: increased data return volume, reduced energy requirements, reduced communications system mass, increased communications opportunities, robust critical event communications and in situ navigation aid.[64] NASA provided an Electra telecommunications relay and navigation instrument to assure communications between probes and rovers on the surface of Mars and controllers on Earth.[65] The TGO will provide the Rosalind Franklin rover with telecommunications relay; it will also serve as a relay satellite for future landed missions.

    Results

    The spacecraft took its first photos of the surface of Mars on 15 April 2018.[66] The first year of science operations[67] yielded a wealth of new data and scientific discoveries, including: new observations of the atmospheric composition and structure,[68] [69] water-ice cloud enhancement during a global dust storm,[70] new measurements of the atmospheric thermal structure and density,[71] estimations of the timespan of the climate record of the south polar ice sheet,[72] confirmation of dry-processes being responsible for Recurring Slope Lineae in Gale crater,[73] and high-resolution maps of shallow subsurface Hydrogen, increasing the known amounts of probably near-surface buried water ice.[74]

    In April 2019, the science team reported their first methane results: TGO had detected no methane whatsoever, even though their data were more sensitive than the methane concentrations found using Curiosity, Mars Express, and ground-based observations.[75] [76]

    External links

    Notes and References

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    9. Web site: Surfing complete . European Space Agency . 21 February 2018 . 1 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180222072551/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Surfing_complete . 22 February 2018.
    10. Web site: ExoMars poised to start science mission . European Space Agency . Pia . Mitschdoerfer . Håkan . Svedhem . Markus . Bauer . 1 . 9 April 2018 . 18 June 2018.
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