Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians explained

Location:Nagorno-Karabakh
Date:24 September 2023 – 3 October 2023
Cause:2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh
Fatalities:218 from the Berkadzor fuel depot explosion
70 en route to Armenia
Displaced:Over 100,617 (99% of population) as of 3 October 2023[1] [2] [3] [4]

On 19–20 September 2023 Azerbaijan initiated a military offensive in the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region which ended with the surrender of the self-declared Republic of Artsakh and the disbandment of its armed forces. Up until the military assault, the region was internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan but governed and populated by ethnic Armenians.

Before the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020, the region had an estimated population of 150,000 which decreased in the aftermath of the war.[5] Faced with threats of ethnic cleansing by Azerbaijan and struggling amid a nine-month long blockade, 100,400 ethnic Armenians, representing 99% of the remaining population of Nagorno-Karabakh,[6] [7] [8] fled by the end of September 2023, leaving only a couple of dozen people within the region as of November.[9]

This mass displacement of people has been described by international experts as a war crime or crime against humanity. 218 civilians died during an explosion at a fuel distribution center, and 70 civilians died en route while fleeing to Armenia.[10] [11] [12] [13] While the Azerbaijani government issued assurances that the Armenian population would be safely reintegrated,[14] these claims were not deemed credible due to Azerbaijan's established track record of authoritarianism and repression of its Armenian population.[15] [16] [17]

Background

See main article: article, Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh and 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh.

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is an ethnic and territorial dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, which is located within Azerbaijan but is predominantly inhabited by Armenians.[18]

Cultural suppression during the Soviet period

Between 1921 and 1990, under the Azeri SSR Armenians in the region faced economic marginalization and cultural discrimination, leading to a significant exodus.[19] [20] Authorities encouraged the settlement of Azeris from outside Nagorno-Karabakh.[21] This policy – sometimes called a "White Genocide"[22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] – aimed at "de-Armenizing" the territory culturally and physically and followed a similar pattern to Azerbaijan's treatment of Armenians in Nakhchivan.[28] The suppression of Armenian language and culture was widespread: Armenian churches, cemeteries, and schools were closed or destroyed, and clerics arrested.[29] The Armenian educational institutions that remained were under control by the Azeri Ministry of Education, which enforced prohibitions against teaching Armenian history and using Armenian materials.[30] [31] Restrictions limited cultural exchanges and communication between Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia. The Azerbaijani government decreed in 1957 that Azerbaijani was to be the main language[32] and the 1981 "law of the NKAR" denied additional rights, removing provisions that had listed Armenian as a working language of local authorities.[33] Resentment against what was perceived as a forced "Azerification" campaign led to a mass movement for reunification with Armenia[34] [35] [36] and an independence referendum in 1991.

First and Second Nagorno-Karabakh War

The Karabakh movement for independence was met with a series of pogroms and forced deportations of Armenians across Azerbaijan, leading to the outbreak of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.[37] [38] Azerbaijan severed transport and economic links between Armenia and Azerbaijan and between Artsakh and Armenia.[39] [40] The complete isolation of Artsakh from the outside world lasted for 3 years until Armenian forces opened a humanitarian corridor known as the Lachin corridor to Armenia in May 1992.[41] [42] The war resulted in the displacement of approximately 500,000 Azerbaijanis from Nagorno-Karabakh and the adjacent occupied territories as well as 186,000 from Armenia, and between 300,000 and 500,000 Armenians from Azerbaijan.[43] A subsequent conflict, the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020, caused thousands of casualties and ended with a significant Azerbaijani victory. This war allowed Azerbaijan to reclaim all the territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh and a third of Nagorno-Karabakh itself. After the 2020 war, violations of the ceasefire in Nagorno-Karabakh and at the Armenian-Azerbaijani border persisted, resulting in sporadic casualties.[44]

Blockade and capture of the region by Azerbaijan

For nine months (December 2022 to September 2023), Azerbaijan blocked the Lachin corridor, the only road connecting Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia.[45] During this period Azerbaijan also sabotaged critical civilian infrastructure of Artsakh, disrupting access to gas, electricity, and internet access.[46] [47] [48] [49] The blockade led to a humanitarian crisis for the population.[50] [51] [52] In February 2023 the International Court of Justice ordered Azerbaijan to ensure free movement to Nagorno-Karabakh, ruling that the blockade posed a "real and imminent risk" to the "health and life" of Nagorno-Karabakh's Armenian population.[53] [54] By early September 2023 the blockade had caused supplies to all but run out; there was little medicine or fuel, while bread, a staple in the region, was rationed to one loaf per family per day.[55]

International observers, including Luis Moreno Ocampo, the inaugural prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, expressed concerns that Azerbaijan's blockade could be the onset of a genocide. Ocampo specifically stated that Azerbaijan's actions, which included withholding essential supplies like food and medicine, appeared to be a calculated effort to inflict on the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction.[56] In August 2023, as a direct result of the blockade, a resident of Nagorno-Karabakh died from starvation.[57] The spokesperson for Charles Michel, President of the European Council, stated their primary goal was the irreversible normalization of Armenian-Azerbaijani relations and called for "courageous compromise solutions".[58] The Armenian President denounced Azerbaijan, asserting it was committing genocide by causing Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh to starve. Similarly, Ronald Grigor Suny stated, "Baku is determined to make the Armenians' lives impossible, starve them out, and pressure them to leave."[59]

On 19 September 2023, Azerbaijan initiated an offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh, aiming to disarm the self-declared republic's military.[60] The assault, lasting 24 hours, resulted in hundreds of casualties from both sides and the deaths of five Russian peacekeepers. After the Republic of Artsakh's government agreed to surrender terms, negotiations ensued, leading Azerbaijan to eventually reopen the road to Armenia. This move provided Armenians an avenue to evacuate the region, and a significant number began departing from 24 September onward.

Flight

Prior to the Azerbaijani military offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh, there were growing concerns that Azerbaijan, with a long history of Anti-Armenian sentiment, might perpetuate a genocide against the region's Armenians., the representative of the Azerbaijani president, predicted that "a genocide may happen" if the Republic of Artsakh did not capitulate.[61] Echoing this concern Senator Bob Menendez, chair of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, urged for sanctions to be imposed against Azerbaijan to prevent genocide.[62] [63]

In the wake of the collapse of the Nagorno-Karabakh defenses, the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention issued an alert, drawing attention to the acute risk of genocide faced by Armenians in the region and highlighting the extreme levels of anti-Armenian sentiments within the Azerbaijani military. Moreover, threats and abusive messages targeting civilians, even instances of reported massacres of Armenians who chose to stay, were rampant on Azerbaijani social media channels.[64] In a concurrent announcement, Genocide Watch also sounded an alert, categorization the situation as Stage 9 within their ten stages of genocide framework – Extermination.[65]

While the Azerbaijani government issued assurances that the Armenian population would be safely reintegrated, these claims were not deemed credible due to Azerbaijan's established track record of authoritarianism and repression of its Armenian population. Noting this history, the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention urged that Artsakhi women and children refuse being separated from men and older boys.[66]

Timeline

On 24 September, as fears of genocide, ethnic cleansing, and persecution surged, the evacuation of Armenian refugees began through the Lachin corridor, arriving in Syunik, Armenia via the Kornidzor border post.[67] [68] The Armenian government reported late on that day that 1,050 refugees had made their way to safety.[69] Word of the passage spread, leading to a mass exodus.[70] [71]

By the evening of 25 September, according to the Armenian government, 6,500 refugees had arrived from Nagorno-Karabakh.[72] After enduring months of scarce fuel supply while under blockade, the arrival of a fuel shipment gave residents the opportunity to refuel their vehicles for the journey to Armenia, and on 25 September, petrol stations in Stepanakert began distributing fuel at no cost to those evacuating to Armenia.[73] However, amidst extensive lines at a fuel station in Berkadzor an underground 50-ton fuel tank exploded, leading to the death of at least 170 individuals and injuring hundreds of others.[74] Most of the victims were queueing to obtain fuel for their vehicles while on their way to Armenia.[75] Victims with various degrees of burns were treated in the Republican Medical Center of Artsakh, facilities of the Arevik community organization, medical facilities in Ivanyan, and the medical station of Russian peacekeepers.[76] The Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan said it sent an ambulance carrying medical supplies.[77] [78] 142 of the injured were later brought to Armenia.[79]

By 26 September, the Armenian government said at least 28,000 people had fled Nagorno-Karabakh, equivalent to a quarter of the region's population.[80]

By 27 September, Armenian authorities reported that over 50,000 refugees from Nagorno-Karabakh had left for Armenia, including 17,000 children. In separate events on 27 September, Ruben Vardanyan, a former high-level Artsakh government official and a prominent businessman, was apprehended by Azerbaijani forces just as he was poised to enter Armenia,[81] and civilian accounts from the village of Vaghuhas reported that Azerbaijani soldiers had entered the village and, discharging their firearms into the air, demanded the residents flee.[82] [83]

By 28 September, the tally of arrivals in Armenia surpassed 65,000, accounting for over half of the Nagorno-Karabakh's total population.[84] The evacuation route from Stepanakert to Armenia had been clogged for days, with many forced to sleep in their cars overnight.[85] What typically is a 2-hour drive transformed into a staggering 30-hour journey for many evacuees.[85]

By 29 September, the number of refugees had reached 97,700.[2] Refugees reported spending days in the evacuation queue and moving forward only a few hundred meters a day.[86] Armenian Health Minister Anahit Avanesian said some refugees died in transit due to exhaustion brought about by malnutrition, the lack of medicines and the travel time which took up to 40 hours.[79]

By 30 September, the number of refugees had reached 100,400.[1] On 2 October, the last bus carrying refugees composed of those with serious illnesses or mobility issues entered Armenia. The Armenian government stated that 100,514 of the estimated 120,000 population of Nagorno-Karabakh had been displaced as of 2 October,[4] reaching 100,617 by noon of 3 October.[87] The UN mission which was tasked with visiting the region, heard from interlocutors that on 1 October only 50 to 1000 Armenians were left in the entire Karabakh region.[88]

On 19 October, the International Committee of the Red Cross reported that "a small number of people remain in their homes, either by choice or because they were unable to leave by themselves." The ICRC has provided food, medical care, communication services, and transportation to remaining residents.[89] [90]

Armenian support

To aid in the evacuation, 46 buses, usually designated for public transport in Yerevan, transported 1,560 individuals from Stepanakert to Goris on 28 September.[91] Armenia also sent 23 ambulances to Artsakh accompanied by specialists and the Red Cross,[92] which returned transporting 23 severely injured people from Artsakh to Armenia.[93]

In Armenia, the theatre in the city of Goris was converted into a base for the Red Cross to accommodate refugees.[94] A secondary hub was later opened in Vayk.[95]

Status of remaining residents

Of the couple of dozen residents who stayed behind, the majority are believed to be elderly or disabled.[96] [97] Azerbaijan has confiscated their passports and monitors their communications.[98] [99]

Genocide and ethnic cleansing accusations

Various political analysts, along with residents of Nagorno-Karabakh, accused Azerbaijan of committing ethnic cleansing.[100] [101] [102] [103]

Legal experts and international organizations

Luis Moreno Ocampo, the inaugural Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, cautioned that conditions akin to another Armenian genocide were developing, stating that Azerbaijan's blockade violated Article II c of the 1948 Genocide Convention, by "deliberately inflicting on [a] group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part", and that the invasion further violated Article II a and Article II b. He warned that the international community's inertia could embolden Azerbaijan, making them believe there would be no significant repercussions for committing genocide. Ocampo also countered Aliyev's denial of seeking ethnic cleansing, noting that Aliyev often labeled Armenia as "Western Azerbaijan" and proclaimed that "present-day Armenia is our land".[104] After all Armenians had been forced out of Nagorno-Karabakh, Ocampo declared this to constitute genocide under the articles of the Genocide Convention and accused Azerbaijan of committing crimes against humanity.[105] Ocampo also accused the United States and other international meditators of "deliberately ignoring the risk of genocide to avoid the obligation to prevent genocide".[106]

International legal experts, Priya Pillai and Melanie O'Brien, a visiting professor at the University of Minnesota and president of the International Association of Genocide Scholars, described this mass displacement as either a war crime or crime against humanity perpetrated by Azerbaijan and accused Azerbaijan of committing genocide. This characterization is based on the created coercive environment, first through the blockade and subsequently the invasion, leading to the potential genocidal destruction of the Artsakh Armenians' distinct identity.[107] Edward Hunt of the Foreign Policy in Focus (FPIF) think tank accused Azerbaijan of ethnic cleansing, while also criticizing United States officials for endorsing ethnic cleansing to further their geopolitical ambitions.[108] David Scheffer, the first United States Ambassador-at-Large for Global Criminal Justice, wrote that the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh were ethnically cleansed and that after finalizing its status at the International Criminal Court Armenia could apply for the ICC investigation, and Azerbaijani political and military leaders could be drawn into the jurisdiction of the ICC.[109]

Azerbaijan has been accused of committing ethnic cleansing against the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh by the European Parliament[110] and the Council on Foreign Relations. The United Nations Refugee Agency representative in Armenia said on 29 September there were no recorded incidents or cases of mistreatment against people on the move, and in response to questions from the media, they said they could not comment on whether this constituted ethnic cleansing and that they were viewed it as a refugee situation.[111] The USAID representative said that they were aware of "troubling reports of violence against civilians", and that testimony was being gathered from those who had fled "violence, deprivation, and with the fear of living under the government of Azerbaijan."[112] NGOs receiving Karabakh Armenians at the Syunik border reported that the refugees "were either forced by the Azerbaijani authorities to delete their phone data before crossing the border to Armenia or had opted themselves to delete it out of fear of undermining their chances of departure."

The Council of Europe stated that it was "extremely concerned about the serious humanitarian and human rights situation in Nagorno-Karabakh."[113] The Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights Dunja Mijatović visited Armenia and Azerbaijan, including the Karabakh region, from 16 to 23 October 2023, and published on 12 January 2024 her observations. Testimonies provided to the Commissioner by Karabakh Armenians reveal a deep-rooted fear for their lives and future amid armed conflicts, exacerbated by Azerbaijan's control resulting from unresolved past atrocities and ongoing intimidation. Feeling abandoned by all parties and with no security guarantees, the heightened vulnerability experienced during the blockade, and the unexpected reopening of the Lachin corridor in late September 2023, prompted Karabakh Armenians to believe that leaving the region immediately was the only option available to ensure their survival and future well-being. The Commissioner also stated that all displaced persons have the right to return to their homes, regardless of whether they have been displaced internally or across borders, and that both Armenia and Azerbaijan have the obligation to ensure that any return is voluntary, safe and dignified.[114] [115]

Politicians

Accusations of ethnic cleansing by Azerbaijan have been made by Nikol Pashinyan, the Prime Minister of Armenia,[116] the Cypriot Ministry of Foreign Affairs,[117] and the French Senate.[118] [119]

Azerbaijani officials have denied war crimes accusations including ethnic cleansing and responded by urging Armenians to stay in the region.[120] Sources reported that Azerbaijani authorities had reissued a map renaming a street in Stepanakert, the capital of Nagorno-Karabakh, after one of the main instigators of the Armenian genocide Enver Pasha.[121] [122] Azerbaijani official disputed this during a case at the International Court of Justice, saying that "No streets in Khankandi have been renamed".[123]

A spokesperson for the US State Department declined to comment on qualifying the events as ethnic cleansing and said that the USA believes there should be an international monitoring mission there to observe and guarantee the rights and securities of ethnic Armenians.[124] [125] [126] Samantha Power, the top U.S. humanitarian aid official and a former genocide scholar, declined to use the term "genocide", nevertheless, she went on to say that testimony was already being gathered "from people who have fled violence, deprivation, and with the fear of living under the government of Azerbaijan."

President of the European Council Charles Michel refrained from characterizing the forced exodus of the Nagorno-Karabakh population as an attempt at ethnic cleansing on 3 October 2023.[127] However, on 5 October 2023, the European Parliament filed a joint motion for a resolution stating that the flight of Armenians from Karabakh "amounts to ethnic cleansing" and that Azerbaijan's military offensive "represents a gross violation of human rights and international law."[128]

Leo Docherty, the UK Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs, stated that he does not agree that Azerbaijan's military operation in Nagorno-Karabakh constituted ethnic cleansing, and that the UK urged both sides to resume dialogue.[129]

Russian Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Maria Zakharova stated that she would like "some facts to be provided regarding the alleged ethnic cleansing in Nagorno-Karabakh", and asked for references to "at least some document from any international organisation that is considered authoritative in Yerevan (for example, the UN or some other), or a statement indicating that such ethnic cleansing did take place".[130] Deputy Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation Mikhail Galuzin stated that unfortunately most Karabakh Armenians left the region by their own difficult, but voluntary choice, and that Russia was ready to facilitate safe return of those Karabakh Armenians who wish to.[131]

Azerbaijani concentration camp plans

In August 2023, Armenian diplomat Ara Papian reported that Azerbaijan was building a concentration camp intended for 30,000 Armenian males. The newspaper Hraparak reported the same information a month later, citing an anonymous military source. In January 2024, New Lines investigated these reports using Planet Labs satellite imagery and discovered a large and unfinished complex in a remote area of the Aghdam District that had been recently built. Satellite records showed construction of the site had begun in July 2022 and ended in late August or early September 2023. Applying spatial analysis methods, several similarities between the site and known prison structures were identified, and New Lines concluded the facility was likely intended to be a prison. New Lines also speculated the location of the site was chosen for its close proximity to Tigranakert of Artsakh, ruins of a 2,000-year-old Armenian city, as a form of psychological trauma.[132]

International response

In response to the humanitarian crisis a number of countries pledged aid to help Armenian refugees, including Iran which donated 50 tons of aid to forcibly displaced Artsakh residents,[133] the UK with £1m and the EU with a pledge of €5m.[134] [135] The chief of USAID Samantha Power arrived in Armenia together with US State Department Acting Assistant Secretary for Europe and Eurasian Affairs Yuri Kim to visit the affected people and pledged $11.5m in humanitarian assistance. Power said that "many of those who had arrived were suffering from 'severe malnutrition,' according to doctors at the scene".[136] On 28 September, USAID sent a Disaster Assistance Response Team to the region to help coordinate the U.S. humanitarian response.[137] Cyprus said it was ready to provide humanitarian assistance to displaced Armenians and that it was considering ways to host a number of Armenian refugees if necessary.

The United Nations in Azerbaijan sent on 1 October 2023 a mission to Nagorno-Karabakh, led by the UN Resident Coordinator in Azerbaijan Vladanka Andreeva, to address humanitarian needs. The team also included the Director of the Coordination Division of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, as well as representatives from the FAO, the UNHCR, the UNICEF, the WHO, and other UN bodies. The UN mission reported that "they did not come across any reports — either from the local population or from others — of violence against civilians following the latest ceasefire." While visiting Stepanakert, the team reported to have found no evidence of damage to public infrastructure in the areas it visited. The mission saw that the Azerbaijani government was preparing for the resumption of health services and some utilities.[138] The mission reportedly "was struck by the sudden manner in which the local population left their homes". It was reported to the team that between 50 and 1,000 ethnic Armenians remain in the region. It encountered no civilian vehicles on the Lachin road to the border crossing used by the refugees. The mission also had limited access to rural areas.[138] [139] The mission was criticized in Armenia for failing to mention the numerous casualties and injuries among Armenian civilians, the targeting of civilian infrastructure by Azerbaijan, and blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh by Azerbaijan over the previous nine months along with the humanitarian crisis it caused.[140] [141] [142]

Armenia requested the International Court of Justice to reaffirm its February 2023 ruling ordering Azerbaijan to ensure free passage through the Lachin corridor, and to "refrain from all actions directly or indirectly aimed at displacing the remaining ethnic Armenians from the region".[143]

In December 2023, EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell stated: "Look for example at what has happened in Azerbaijan and Armenia. A long-frozen conflict that suddenly has been – I would not say solved – but decisively determined by a military intervention that, in one week, made 150,000 people move. In one week. Like this. 150,000 people had to abandon their houses and run. And the international community regretted [it], expressed concern, sent humanitarian support, but it happened [with] the use of force."[144]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: As Ethnic Armenian Exodus Tops 100,000, UN Readies For Nagorno-Karabakh Visit. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2023-09-30. 2023-09-30. en. 30 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230930173653/https://www.rferl.org/a/karabakh-armenian-exodis-100000-un-visit-azerbaijan/32616962.html. live.
  2. Web site: More than 80% of Nagorno-Karabakh's population flees as future uncertain for those who remain. The Canadian Press. Yahoo! Finance. 2023-09-29. 2023-09-29. en. 30 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230930005847/https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/more-70-nagorno-karabakhs-population-122820843.html. dead.
  3. News: 2023-09-29. More than 70% of Nagorno-Karabakh's population flees as separatist government says it will dissolve. Washington Post. 2023-09-29. 30 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230930005907/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/29/nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan-armenia-separatist-government/9c5015c2-5e9c-11ee-b961-94e18b27be28_story.html. live.
  4. News: Demourian. Avet. Armenian exodus from Nagorno-Karabakh ebbs as Azerbaijan moves to reaffirm control. October 2, 2023. October 2, 2023. New York. Associated Press. 2 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231002114858/https://apnews.com/article/armenia-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh-separatist-4c5983327329e01c8647dffaddc486b6. live.
  5. News: Shahverdyan . Lilit . 2022-07-25 . Birth and marriage rates increase in Nagorno-Karabakh . Eurasianet.
  6. Web site: 2023-10-05 . Guarantee Right to Return to Nagorno Karabakh Human Rights Watch . 2023-10-05 . en . 5 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005135532/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/05/guarantee-right-return-nagorno-karabakh . live .
  7. Web site: 2023-10-04 . UN Reports Between 50-1,000 Armenians Remain Within Artsakh, 99% of Population Gone Atlas News . 2024-02-10 . en-US.
  8. Web site: Statement on the Sentencing of Vagif Khachatryan in the Republic of Azerbaijan . 2024-02-12 . Lemkin Institute . en . Azerbaijan’s military aggression against Artsakh on 19 September 2023, which resulted in massacre and atrocity and the consequent flight of almost 100 percent of its indigenous Armenian population to neighboring Armenia. The aggression, atrocity and forced displacement amount to a very thorough genocide of an ancient, continuous indigenous civilization..
  9. News: Ռ/Կ . «Ազատություն» . 2023-11-15 . U.S. Says Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians Entitled To Return Home . 2024-02-10 . «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան . hy.
  10. Web site: Shahverdyan . Lilit . 2024-01-15 . Russia rejects criticism of peacekeepers in Karabakh . Eurasianet.
  11. News: 2024-01-12 . Observations on the Human Rights Situation of People affected by the Conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the Karabakh region . Council of Europe: Comisioner for Human Rights . The Commissioner was also informed that some people reportedly died from health complications during the displacement to Armenia.
  12. Web site: 2023-11-22 . ‘Which Future Do We Have?’: Stories from Refugees in Armenia - Armenia ReliefWeb . 2024-02-10 . reliefweb.int . en . After three days in the car with very little food or water—or, in some cases, hours of walking miles and miles—many grew malnourished or fell ill. Some of the most vulnerable or eldest of the group died along the way..
  13. Web site: At Least 223 Artsakh Armenians Killed During Azerbaijan’s Offensive in September – Asbarez.com . 2024-03-09 . en-US.
  14. Web site: 28 September 2023. Azerbaijan says it does not want exodus from Nagorno-Karabakh, urges Armenians to stay. 29 September 2023. Reuters. 28 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230928211436/https://www.reuters.com/world/azerbaijan-says-it-does-not-want-exodus-nagorno-karabakh-urges-armenians-stay-2023-09-28/. live.
  15. News: Seferian. Nareg. Azerbaijan's use of force in Nagorno-Karabakh risks undermining key international norms, signaling to dictators that might makes right. 29 September 2023. The Conversation. 27 September 2023. en. 28 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230928235205/https://theconversation.com/azerbaijans-use-of-force-in-nagorno-karabakh-risks-undermining-key-international-norms-signaling-to-dictators-that-might-makes-right-214440. live.
  16. News: Nagorno-Karabakh: More than 40,000 refugees flee to Armenia. 29 September 2023. BBC News. 26 September 2023. 27 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230927011012/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66931178. live.
  17. Web site: 2023-07-31 . Karabakh blockade reaches critical point as food supplies run low . 2024-02-10 . www.intellinews.com . en . With Azerbaijan now starving the 120,000 people it claims are its citizens, many observers now agree that the idea that Karabakh Armenians can live safely in Ilham Aliyev’s Azerbaijan is hardly credible. “The blockade renders irrelevant any talk of the civil integration of Karabakh Armenians,” wrote Laurence Broers, Caucasus programme director at Conciliation Resources. “It vindicates the worst fears of the Karabakh Armenian population vis-a-vis the Azerbaijani state… [and] will leave a new legacy of unforgiving distrust cancelling any hopes of reconstituting community relations,” Broers said..
  18. News: Trevelyan. Mark. 2023-09-20. Explainer: Nagorno-Karabakh: tensions between Armenia and Azerbaijan explained. Reuters. live. 2023-09-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20230923054618/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/nagorno-karabakh-tensions-between-armenia-azerbaijan-explained-2023-09-20/. 23 September 2023.
  19. Yamskov . A. N. . 1991 . Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh . Theory and Society . 20 . 5 . 631–660 . 10.1007/BF00232663 . 0304-2421 . 657781 . 140492606.
  20. Laurila, Juhani. "Power Politics and Oil as Determinants of Transition: the case of Azerbaijan." (1999). "The Azerbaijanis can be accused of depriving the 130 000 Armenians living in the Nogorno-Karabakh of their possibilities to watch TV broadcasts from Yerevan, of their right to study Armenian history and their access to Armenian literature. The Azerbaijani government, too, can be said to have conducted racial, cultural and economic discrimination against the Nagorno Karabakh Armenians. Over 80 000 Nagorno-Karabakh residents signed an address asking for annexation of Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia. Based on this address the Council of Representatives of Nagorno-Karabakh turned to Supreme Council of the USSR, Azerbaijan and Armenia with request to transfer the Nagorno-Karabakh under Armenia."
  21. Starovotova, Galina Vasilevna. Sovereignty after empire: self-determination movements in the former Soviet Union. Vol. 31. No. 19. US Institute of Peace, 1997. "Limited employment opportunities and discrimination against Armenians contributed to the gradual emigration of the Armenian population from the region, while republican authorities encouraged the inflow of Azeris from outside Nagorno-Karabakh."
  22. New Times, New Times Publishing House, 1994 "This would inevitably result in a "final solution," a new carnage of Karabakh Armenians or, at best, if international control is established, in "white genocide," that is, the breaking up and ousting of the national group by economic means...".
  23. Tsypylma Darieva, Wolfgang Kaschuba. Representations on the Margins of Europe: Politics and Identities in the Baltic and South Caucasian States, Campus Verlag GmbH, 2007,, p. 111 "Thus, the notion of 'genocide', as perceived by the people, included the expressions 'white genocide' (bearing in mind the example of the ethnic cleansing of Nakhichevan and Nagorno- Karabagh of Armenians)...".
  24. Ole Høiris, Sefa Martin Yürükel. Contrasts and solutions in the Caucasus, Aarhus Univ. Press, 1998,, p. 234 "...the Azerbaijanization of Nakhichevan is called a 'white genocide', that is, one that operates by erasure of evidence of Armenian residence"
  25. Mark Malkasian, Gha-ra-bagh!: the emergence of the national democratic movement in Armenia, p. 56
  26. Stuart J. Kaufman, Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War, p. 55
  27. James Sperling, S. Victor Papacosma, Limiting Institutions?: the challenge of Eurasian security governance, p. 51
  28. Book: Armenia and Karabagh: the struggle for unity . 1991 . Minority Rights Group . 978-1-873194-00-3 . Walker . Christopher J. . Minority Rights Publications . London . "[The exodus of many Armenians is] not a matter of chance, but is due to the persistent policy of Baku, whose aim is to 'Nakhichevanize' the territory, to de-Armenize it, first culturally and then physically.".
  29. Chorbajian, Levon. The making of Nagorno-Karabagh: from secession to republic. Springer, 2001. "There was overwhelming evidence demonstrating the existence of anti-Armenian policy in Nagorno-Karabagh sanctioned by Azerbaijan. Accounts of forced migrations and resettlement were substantiated by the decreasing and increasing percentage of Armenians and Azeris respectively in the population.61 The lack of economic development and demographic manipulations had been accompanied by cultural suppression. In the 1930s, 118 Armenian churches were closed, clerics arrested and text- books on Armenian history banned from schools. During the 1960s, 28 Armenian schools were closed, churches and cemeteries destroyed and Azeri was imposed as the official language of the republic. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, cultural ties with Armenia were severed and Azeris began to be appointed in Nagorno-Karabagh’s law enforcement and economic bodies."
  30. Web site: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy . 2024-01-29 . Routledge & CRC Press . en . The Armenian schools were attached to the Azerbaijani Ministry of Education and were prohibited from teaching Armenian history. The employed staff was Azerbaijani. Armenian books and journals from neighbouring Armenia and the Armenian diaspora were totally banned. These measures were taken to ‘hamper Armenian cultural development’ in N-K [Nagorno-Karabakh]..
  31. Web site: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy . 2024-01-29 . Routledge & CRC Press . en . "80 per cent of the population of Mountainous Karabakh are Armenians and they constitute about 130,000 individuals. The region is about 4500 square kilometers. There are 187 Armenian schools, which unfortunately are administered not by the Ministry of Education of Armenia, but that of Azerbaijan, in which there is not a single inspector or a single person who knows Armenian. This is a very dangerous thing and it is harming us.".
  32. Malkasian, Mark. Gha-ra-bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia. Wayne State University Press, 1996
  33. Web site: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy . 2024-01-29 . Routledge & CRC Press . 109 . en.
  34. Web site: Armenia and Azerbaijan: Between war and peace Think Tank European Parliament . 2024-02-07 . www.europarl.europa.eu . en.
  35. Web site: Palmer . James . 2024-02-12 . Why Are Armenia and Azerbaijan Heading to War? . 2024-02-07 . Foreign Policy . en-US.
  36. Web site: Conflict in the Caucasus . 2024-02-07 . www.ft.com.
  37. Web site: Sovereignty after Empire: Self-Determinationa Movements in the Former Soviet Union. Starovoytova. Galina. November 1997. United States Institute of Peace. 24. 5 September 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150905002501/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/pwks19.pdf. 5 September 2015.
  38. May 2020. Parts of a Circle I: The Road to War. Documentary. English. Media Initiatives Center, Internews Azerbaijan, and the Humanitarian Research Public Union.
  39. Book: Europe's Next Avoidable War . 2013 . 978-1-349-33644-9 . Kambeck . Michael . 25 . en . 10.1057/9781137030009 . 1989 August: Azerbaijan imposes a railway blockade on Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, abrogating fundamental principles of Soviet solidarity. . Ghazaryan . Sargis.
  40. Web site: 2016-04-05 . Dates and facts around Nagorno-Karabakh's 30-year long conflict . 2023-06-18 . euronews . en . August 1989: Azerbaijan starts an economic blockade of Armenia and Nagorno Karabakh. Tens of thousands are deplaced from their homes and many thousands die..
  41. Web site: CASE OF CHIRAGOV AND OTHERS v. ARMENIA . 2023-06-09 . HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights . The capture of these two towns [Lachin and Shusha/Shushi] had been deemed necessary by the "NKR" forces in order to stop Azerbaijani war crimes and open up a humanitarian corridor to Armenia..
  42. Web site: Green . Anna . 2017-03-20 . Spotlight Karabakh . 2023-06-09 . EVN Report . en-US . On May 18, [1992] the Karabakh Army entered Lachin (Kashatagh), thus ending the three-year blockade..
  43. Web site: 2 January 2013 . Gefährliche Töne im "Frozen War" . https://web.archive.org/web/20130111105936/http://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/welt/weltpolitik/513109_Gefaehrliche-Toene-im-Frozen-War.html . 11 January 2013 . Wiener Zeitung.
  44. Web site: 2023-07-19. Armenia and Azerbaijan: A blockade that never ended and a peace deal hanging by a thread. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20230727133925/https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/19/armenia-and-azerbaijan-a-blockade-that-never-ended-and-a-peace-deal-hanging-by-a-thread/. 27 July 2023. 2023-07-24. Global Voices.
  45. Web site: 2023-06-20 . Nagorno-Karabakh again faces shortages as Azerbaijan closes Lachin Corridor . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230719153306/https://oc-media.org/nagorno-karabakh-again-faces-shortages-as-azerbaijan-closes-lachin-corridor/ . 19 July 2023 . 2023-07-14 . OC Media . en-US.
  46. Web site: 2023-01-17 . Nagorno-Karabakh reports gas cut for second time since start of blockade . 2023-01-18 . OC Media . en-US.
  47. Web site: 2023-08-02 . Atrocity Alert No. 358: El Salvador, Nagorno-Karabakh and UN peacekeeping - El Salvador ReliefWeb . 2023-08-03 . reliefweb.int . en . The blockade has deprived over 120,000 ethnic Armenians living in Nagorno-Karabakh, including 30,000 children, of life-saving resources such as food, medicine, electricity and fuel..
  48. Web site: 2023-06-20 . Ensuring free and safe access through the Lachin Corridor . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230719224307/https://pace.coe.int/en/files/32878#trace-1 . 19 July 2023 . 19 September 2023 . Council of Europe – Parliamentary Assembly . Committee on Migration, Refugees and Displaced Persons . PDF . [the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]...is extremely worried by events...which culminated on 12 December 2022 with the interruption of the free and safe passage through the Lachin corridor and the subsequent deliberate cutting of electricity and gas supplies to the region... [The Assembly]...urges Azerbaijan to restore electricity and gas supplies without delay or impediment..
  49. Web site: Marques . Pedro . Kaljurand . Marina . Santos . Isabel . Hajšel . Robert . Incir . Evin . Loiseau . Nathalie . Auštrevičius . Petras . Bilbao Barandica . Izaskun . Charanzová . Dita . JOINT MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on the humanitarian consequences of the blockade in Nagorno-Karabakh RC-B9-0075/2023 European Parliament . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230121144644/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/RC-9-2023-0075_EN.html . 21 January 2023 . 2023-06-22 . www.europarl.europa.eu . whereas this humanitarian crisis was further aggravated by Azerbaijan's disruption of the natural gas supply to Nagorno-Karabakh, which left houses, hospitals and schools without heating...[the European Parliament]...urges Azerbaijan to refrain from undermining the functioning of transport, energy and communication connections between Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh in future. . Olivier . Chastel . Katalin . Cseh . Vlad . Gheorghe . Klemen . Grošelj . Bernard . Guetta . Svenja . Hahn . Karin . Karlsbro . Karen . Melchior . Javier . Nart . Urmas . Paet . Frédérique . Ries . Michal . Šimečka . Nicolae . Ștefănuță . Nicolae Ștefănuță . Ramona . Strugariu . Hilde . Vautmans . Viola . von Cramon‑Taubadel . Charlie . Weimers . Emmanouil . Fragkos . Elżbieta . Kruk . Angel . Dzhambazki . Anna . Zalewska . Joachim Stanisław . Brudziński . Assita . Kanko . Eugen . Jurzyca . Adam . Bielan . Carlo . Fidanza . Bert‑Jan . Ruissen . Stelios . Kouloglou . Fabio Massimo . Castaldo.
  50. Web site: POSTON . ALEXIS . 2023-06-07 . State Fragility and the Shadow of Genocide in Nagorno Karabakh and Armenia (the South Caucasus) The Fund for Peace . 2023-06-08 . fundforpeace.org . Armenian civilians of Nagorno Karabakh and surrounding regions along the Armenian-Azerbaijani border are threatened by Azerbaijan's military and face violence if they try to leave Armenian territory within disputed areas..
  51. Web site: 2023-05-22 . New Troubles in Nagorno-Karabakh: Understanding the Lachin Corridor Crisis . 2023-05-23 . www.crisisgroup.org . en . While travellers were already few due to the blockade, the ICRC reports that its ability to get people across has been curtailed [since the installation of the checkpoint], leaving only the Russian peacekeepers to facilitate trips to Armenia for medical care..
  52. Web site: 2023-05-31 . June Alerts and May Trends 2023 . 2023-06-19 . www.crisisgroup.org . en . Checkpoint on Lachin corridor faced fierce opposition amid humanitarian crisis....Azerbaijani military consolidated [the] blockade, however, leading to even fewer crossings and reduced transportation of goods..
  53. News: World Court orders Azerbaijan to ensure free movement to Nagorno-Karabakh. 30 September 2023. Reuters. 22 February 2023. en. 28 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230628110851/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/world-court-orders-azerbaijan-ensure-free-passage-through-lachin-corridor-2023-02-22/. live.
  54. Web site: Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan). International Court of Justice. 30 September 2023. 21 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230921014744/https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/180/180-20230222-SUM-01-00-EN.pdf. live.
  55. News: An Armenian enclave inside Azerbaijan is on the point of starvation. 30 September 2023. The Economist. 29 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230929163643/https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/09/04/an-armenian-enclave-inside-azerbaijan-is-on-the-point-of-starvation. live.
  56. Web site: Moreno Ocampo. Luis. REPORT ARMENIA – Luis Moreno Ocampo. luismorenoocampo.com. 29 September 2023. 27 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230927201021/https://luismorenoocampo.com/lmo_en/report-armenia/. live.
  57. News: Azerbaijan's blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh claims first starvation victim. 29 September 2023. Greek City Times. 19 August 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230819015432/https://greekcitytimes.com/2023/08/16/azerbaijans-blockade-starvation/. live.
  58. Web site: Statement by the spokesperson of Charles Michel, President of the European Council, regarding Armenia and Azerbaijan . 1 September 2023 . . 2 September 2023 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230902070720/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/09/01/statement-by-the-spokesperson-of-charles-michel-president-of-the-european-council-regarding-armenia-and-azerbaijan/ . 2 September 2023.
  59. News: Magee. Caolán. 'We are starving to death:' Residents of Nagorno-Karabakh fear for future under blockade. 29 September 2023. CNN. 6 September 2023. en. 28 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230928024501/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/06/europe/nagorno-karabakh-blockade-azerbaijan-armenia-intl-cmd/index.html. live.
  60. News: Sauer. Pjotr. Why is there dispute over control of Nagorno-Karabakh?. 28 September 2023. The Guardian. 19 September 2023. 27 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230927080501/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/19/why-is-there-armenia-azerbaijan-dispute-over-control-of-nagorno-karabakh. live.
  61. News: Kumar. Anugrah. Ethnic Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh agree to disarm after Azerbaijan offensive. 29 September 2023. The Christian Post. 20 September 2023. 29 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230929090625/https://www.christianpost.com/news/ethnic-armenians-in-nagorno-karabakh-agree-to-disarm.html. live.
  62. News: US senator urges sanctions on Azerbaijan to prevent 'genocide' . France 24 . 12 September 2023 . en.
  63. News: McFarlane . Lydia . Key Democrat chafes at US response to Armenia-Azerbaijan crisis . 13 October 2023 . The Hill . 15 September 2023.
  64. Web site: SOS Alert – Artsakh. Lemkin Institute. 29 September 2023. en. 29 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230929083635/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/sos-alerts-1/sos-alert---artsakh-. live.
  65. Web site: Genocide Alert:Artsakh surrenders to Azerbaijan. Genocide Watch. 21 September 2023. 29 September 2023. en. 23 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230923055120/https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-alert-azerbaijan-attacks-artsakh. live.
  66. Web site: SOS Alert - Artsakh - 2 . 2024-02-11 . Lemkin Institute . en . Azerbaijan has committed atrocities against almost all Armenian civilians and POWs it has captured in the wars of 2016, 2020 and 2022. There is no reason that its forces would behave differently in 2023. Given the vulnerability of men and older boys at the hands of the Azerbaijani military, there is no case in which they should be separated from women and children. We strongly urge Artsakah women and children to refuse to be separated from men and older boys..
  67. News: Light. Felix. 23 September 2023. Karabakh Armenians say ceasefire being implemented, aid is arriving. Reuters. 23 September 2023. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20230923130135/https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-says-karabakh-armenian-fighters-start-giving-up-arms-2023-09-23/. 23 September 2023.
  68. News: First group of refugees from Nagorno-Karabakh arrives in Armenia. France 24. 24 September 2023. 24 September 2023. 24 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230924115352/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230924-concern-mounts-for-ethnic-armenians-in-karabakh. live.
  69. News: Hundreds of ethnic Armenians flee Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia. Aljazeera. 24 September 2023. 25 September 2023. 24 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230924172705/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/24/ethnic-armenians-likely-to-leave-karabakh-after-azeri-victory-armenian-pm. live.
  70. News: Armenia reports the arrival of 42,500 refugees from Nagorno-Karabakh. Euronews. 27 September 2023. 27 September 2023. 27 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230927113806/https://www.euronews.com/2023/09/27/one-quarter-of-nagorno-karabakhs-ethnic-armenians-flee. live.
  71. Web site: 65,036 forcibly displaced persons enter Armenia from Nagorno-Karabakh. armenpress.am. 28 September 2023. 28 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230928185041/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1120698.html. live.
  72. Web site: Thousands of Armenians flee Nagorno-Karabakh as the Turkish president visits Azerbaijan. 25 September 2023. AP News. 25 September 2023. 25 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230925101050/https://apnews.com/article/armenia-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh-turkey-erdogan-refugees-275856efde7cb8f9a82d505bd36edf17. live.
  73. Web site: Everyone wanting to relocate from Karabakh to Armenia to be able to do so. News.am. 25 September 2023. 29 September 2023. 28 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230928181636/https://news.am/eng/news/783069.html. live.
  74. Web site: Death toll in Nagorno-Karabakh fuel depot blast jumps to 170. BBC News. 29 September 2023. 29 September 2023. 30 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230930005849/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66958338. live.
  75. Web site: Nagorno-Karabakh: more than 200 people injured after blast at fuel depot. 25 September 2023. The Guardian. 26 September 2023. 26 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230926003420/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/26/nagorno-karabakh-blast-fuel-depot-armenia-azerbaijan. live.
  76. News: Արցախում վառելիքի պահեստում պայթյունի հետևանքով հիվանդանոցներ են ընդունվել 290 տուժածներ․ ԼՂ. «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան. 26 September 2023. 26 September 2023. 26 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230926110956/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32609425.html. live. ռ/կ. Ազատություն.
  77. News: Azerbaijani President's Administration issues statement regarding medical aid for victims of explosion in Khankendi. 26 September 2023. Trend News Agency. 26 September 2023. en. 25 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230925205840/https://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/politics/3802775.html. live.
  78. News: Fuel depot blast kills 20 in Nagorno-Karabakh as thousands flee to Armenia. 26 September 2023. France 24. 26 September 2023. en. 26 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230926085730/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20230926-fuel-depot-blast-kills-20-in-nagorno-karabakh-as-thousands-flee-to-armenia. live.
  79. Web site: Demourian. Avet. More than 80% of Nagorno-Karabakh's population flees as future uncertain for those who remain. 30 September 2023. Associated Press News. 30 September 2023. 30 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230930164119/https://apnews.com/article/nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan-armenia-separatist-government-5f7b940643a3d6e63a6f3d512158e51a. live.
  80. News: Armenia Says 28,000 Arrive From Nagorno-Karabakh, Reports 125 Deaths In Explosion. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 26 September 2023. 26 September 2023. 26 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230926082912/https://www.rferl.org/a/karabakh-ethnic-armenians-fleeing-13-000-azerbaijan/32609606.html. live.
  81. Web site: Nearly half of Nagorno-Karabakh's population has fled. What happens next?. Christian. Edwards. 27 September 2023. CNN. 28 September 2023. 28 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230928004616/https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/27/europe/nagorno-karabakh-exodus-armenia-explainer-intl/index.html. live.
  82. News: Hauer. Neil. Tragedy in real time: The Armenian exodus from Nagorno-Karabakh. CTV News. Canada. September 29, 2023. September 29, 2023. 30 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230930005848/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/tragedy-in-real-time-the-armenian-exodus-from-nagorno-karabakh-1.6583223. live.
  83. News: Grigoryan. Rima. Makiyan. Hayk. Stranded in Goris: Karabakh Family Sleeps in Van. Armenia. September 27, 2023. Hetq. September 29, 2023. 29 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230929105414/https://hetq.am/en/article/160623. live.
  84. Web site: Nagorno-Karabakh: 50,000 people flee to Armenia along 100 miles of winding road after Azerbaijan military offensive. Sky News. 27 September 2023. 27 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230927151341/https://news.sky.com/story/nagorno-karabakh-47-000-people-flee-to-armenia-along-100-miles-of-winding-road-after-azerbaijan-military-offensive-12970857. live.
  85. Web site: Nagorno-Karabakh: Nearly half of ethnic Armenians flee – DW – 09/27/2023. dw.com. 28 September 2023. 28 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230928053559/https://www.dw.com/en/nagorno-karabakh-nearly-half-of-ethnic-armenians-flee/live-66934664. live.
  86. Web site: Armenia scrambles to accommodate uprooted Karabakhis. Fin DePencier, Katia Galati. 29 September 2023. eurasianet.org. Eurasianet. 30 September 2023. 30 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230930000758/https://eurasianet.org/armenia-scrambles-to-accommodate-uprooted-karabakhis. live.
  87. News: 100,617 forcibly displaced persons have crossed into Armenia from Nagorno-Karabakh . 3 October 2023 . Armenpress . 4 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231004010258/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1121072.html . live .
  88. Web site: UN team completes mission to Karabakh. October 2, 2023. azerbaijan.un.org. 2 October 2023. 2 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231002165824/https://azerbaijan.un.org/en/248051-un-team-completes-mission-karabakh. live.
  89. Web site: Karabakh - On the ground with the ICRC one month on . International Committee of the Red Cross . 4 November 2023 . en . 19 October 2023.
  90. Web site: 2023-10-21 . Շարունակում ենք Արցախում փնտրել մարդկանց. քիչ թվով մարդիկ շարունակում են մնալ իրենց տներում․ ԿԽՄԿ (ֆոտո) . 2023-10-26 . news.am . hy.
  91. Web site: Yerevan buses transport 1560 people from Stepanakert to Goris, leave for Stepanakert again. News.am. 29 September 2023. 29 September 2023. 30 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230930005848/https://news.am/eng/news/784159.html. live.
  92. Web site: Convoy of ambulances heads from Armenia to Karabakh capital Stepanakert. NEWS.am. 30 September 2023. 1 October 2023. 28 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230928215532/https://news.am/eng/news/783414.html. live.
  93. News: Արցախցիների մի խումբ արդեն Կոռնիձորում է. A group of Artsakh citizens is already in Kornidzor. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 24 September 2023. 24 September 2023. 24 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230924174555/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32606886.html. live. Հովսեփյան. Տիգրան.
  94. Web site: Nagorno-Karabakh: Thousands flee as Armenia says ethnic cleansing under way. 25 September 2023. BBC. 26 September 2023. 25 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230925003255/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66905581. live.
  95. Web site: Nagorno-Karabakh: Armenians rush to help 'brothers and sisters'. 27 September 2023. BBC. 28 September 2023. 27 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230927205953/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66937303. live.
  96. Web site: 2023-10-25 . The New Humanitarian Winter looms for Nagorno-Karabakh’s (already forgotten) refugees . 2024-02-12 . www.thenewhumanitarian.org . en.
  97. Web site: refugee . A. . Armenia . her children waits at the Lachin checkpoint to leave Karabakh for . Sept. 26 . on . Images . 2023-EMMANUEL DUNAND/AFP via Getty . 2023-10-03 . Azerbaijan eyes Iran, Armenia borderlands after 'voluntary' exodus from Nagorno-Karabakh - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East . 2024-02-12 . www.al-monitor.com . en.
  98. Web site: Red Flag Alert for Genocide - Azerbaijan in Armenia . 2024-02-12 . Lemkin Institute . en.
  99. Web site: 2023-10-27 . Life in Nagorno-Karabakh after Azerbaijan’s Ethnic Cleansing - Ishgal . 2024-02-12 . ishgal.com . en-US.
  100. Web site: 2023-09-19. Azerbaijan launches attack in Nagorno-Karabakh, announces 'evacuation' of Armenian population. 2023-09-19. POLITICO. 19 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230919100027/https://www.politico.eu/article/azerbaijan-launch-anti-terror-operation-nagorno-karabakh-armenia/. live.
  101. Web site: 2023-09-19. Live updates Stepanakert under fire as Azerbaijan launches assault on Nagorno-Karabakh. https://web.archive.org/web/20230919111339/https://oc-media.org/live-updates-stepanakert-under-fire-as-war-breaks-out-in-nagorno-karabakh/. 19 September 2023. 2023-09-19. OC Media. Political analyst and peace activist Bahruz Samadov said the goal was the ethnic cleansing of the region's Armenian population....
  102. Web site: And the Winner from Putin's War on Ukraine Is ... Azerbaijan . Champion . Marc . 12 December 2023 . . 13 December 2023 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231213061733/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-12-13/azerbaijan-strongman-ilham-aliyev-is-the-winner-from-putin-s-war-on-ukraine . 13 December 2023 . The US, similarly, sees Azerbaijan’s geopolitical value rising the worse Washington’s relations with Moscow and Tehran become, despite misgivings over Karabakh’s ethnic cleansing..
  103. Web site: Washington Must End Its Support for Azerbaijan's War Crimes . Galitsky . Alex . Ghoreishi . Shahed . 18 December 2023 . . 19 December 2023 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231219142549/https://jacobin.com/2023/12/washington-biden-administration-azerbaijan-war-crimes-armenia-us-military-aid . 19 December 2023 . The US has long offered unconditional military assistance to Azerbaijan even as it carries out ethnic cleansing in Nagorno-Karabakh..
  104. News: Moreno Ocampo. Luis. 22 September 2023. Call what is happening in Nagorno-Karabakh by its proper name. The Washington Post.
  105. Web site: "Current genocides and the consistent international practice to deny them." . Moreno Ocampo . Luis . December 2023 . Official website of Luis Moreno Ocampo . 20 December 2023 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231220054017/https://luismorenoocampo.com/lmo_en/report-genocides-december-2023/ . 20 December 2023.
  106. News: Exclusive: Nagorno-Karabakh exodus was genocide, says former ICC chief prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo . Armenpress . 9 November 2023 . 9 November 2023 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231109190337/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1123809.html . 9 November 2023.
  107. News: Deutsch. Anthony. van den Berg. Stephanie. 29 September 2023. Reuters. Nagorno-Karabakh exodus amounts to a war crime, legal experts say. 29 September 2023. 30 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230930050207/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/nagorno-karabakh-exodus-amounts-war-crime-legal-experts-say-2023-09-29/. live.
  108. Web site: IN THE CAUCASUS, THE U.S. PRIORITY IS FOSSIL FUELS, NOT ARMENIANS . Hunt . Edward . 12 December 2023 . Foreign Policy in Focus . 12 December 2023 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231212132551/https://fpif.org/in-the-caucasus-the-u-s-priority-is-fossil-fuels-not-armenians/ . 12 December 2023.
  109. Web site: Ethnic Cleansing Is Happening in Nagorno-Karabakh. How Can the World Respond? . Scheffer . David . 4 October 2023 . . 5 October 2023 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005160756/https://www.cfr.org/article/ethnic-cleansing-happening-nagorno-karabakh-how-can-world-respond . 5 October 2023.
  110. News: Agence France-Presse. EU Parliament Decries 'Ethnic Cleansing' In Nagorno-Karabakh. October 5, 2023. Barron's. United States. October 5, 2023. 7 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231007234113/https://www.barrons.com/news/eu-parliament-accuses-azerbaijan-of-ethnic-cleansing-in-nagorno-karabakh-ecb73494. live.
  111. Web site: Press briefing by the United Nations Information Service. United Nations Office at Geneva. 29 September 2023. 1 October 2023. 2 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231002030155/https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/bi-weekly-briefing/2023/09/press-briefing-united-nations-information-service-7. live.
  112. News: Biden envoy troubled by reports of 'violence against civilians' in Nagorno-Karabakh. 1 October 2023. POLITICO. 26 September 2023. en. 1 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231001090709/https://www.politico.eu/article/joe-biden-samantha-power-nagorno-karabakh-violence-against-civilians-humanitarian-aid-armenia-azerbaijan/. live.
  113. Web site: Humanitarian Situation in Nagorno-Karabakh – Portal – www.coe.int . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230807022200/https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/humanitarian-situation-in-nagorno-karabakh . 7 August 2023 . 28 September 2023.
  114. Web site: 12 January 2024 . Armenia and Azerbaijan: effective human rights protection of all persons affected by the conflict over the Karabakh region is key to the success of the peace process . 15 January 2024 . Commissioner for Human Rights . Council of Europe.
  115. Web site: Observations on the Human Rights Situation of People affected by the Conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the Karabakh region .
  116. News: Nagorno-Karabakh: Thousands flee as Armenia says ethnic cleansing under way. 28 September 2023. BBC. 25 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230925003255/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66905581. live.
  117. Web site: Cyprus condemns Azerbaijan's policy of ethnic cleansing. 29 September 2023. Siranush. Ghazanchyan. Public Radio of Armenia. 30 September 2023. 30 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230930005849/https://en.armradio.am/2023/09/30/cyprus-condemns-azerbaijans-policy-of-ethnic-cleansing-considers-ways-to-host-displaced-armenians-from-nagorno-karabakh/. live.
  118. News: Ռ/Կ . «Ազատություն» . 2024-01-18 . French Senate Condemns ‘Azerbaijani Aggression’ In Karabakh . 2024-02-13 . «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան . hy.
  119. French Senate Adopts Resolution Calling for Sanctions Against Azerbaijan | Atlas News. (2024, January 18). French Senate Adopts Resolution Calling for Sanctions Against Azerbaijan | Atlas News.
  120. News: 27 September 2023 . Nagorno-Karabakh: Azerbaijan rejects accusations of ethnic cleansing . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930173651/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=uQgCbN1w3AY . 30 September 2023 . 30 September 2023 . DW News.
  121. News: Vincent . Faustine . 4 October 2023 . Azerbaijan reissues Nagorno-Karabakh map with street named after Turkish leader of 1915 Armenian genocide . en . Le Monde.fr . live . 5 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231004235346/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/10/04/azerbaijan-reissues-map-of-nagorno-karabakh-with-street-named-after-turkish-leader-of-1915-armenian-genocide_6146889_4.html . 4 October 2023.
  122. News: Zaman . Amberin . 3 October 2023 . Azerbaijan eyes Iran, Armenia borderlands after 'voluntary' exodus from Nagorno-Karabakh – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East . en . www.al-monitor.com . live . 5 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005012645/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/10/azerbaijan-eyes-iran-armenia-borderlands-after-voluntary-exodus-nagorno-karabakh . 5 October 2023.
  123. Web site: 12 October 2023 . Public sitting held on Thursday 12 October 2023, at 4 p.m., at the Peace Palace, President Donoghue presiding, in the case concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan) . 13 October 2023 . . ...this morning, Armenia showed images of a map that allegedly includes "new Azerbaijani" names on "renamed" streets in Khankandi. Let me be clear on that. No streets in Khankandi have been renamed. The social media post on which Armenia relies was originally posted in August 2021....
  124. News: US Renews Call For Karabakh Monitor Mission After Armenians Leave . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231004010208/https://www.barrons.com/news/us-renews-call-for-karabakh-monitor-mission-after-armenians-leave-88cd14d4 . 4 October 2023 . 3 October 2023 . Barron's.
  125. Web site: Department Press Briefing - October 2, 2023 . United States Department of State . 29 October 2023 . 2 October 2023.
  126. News: US State Department does not call Karabakh Armenians' exodus ethnic cleansing until there is 'evidence' . 29 October 2023 . news.am . 3 October 2023 . en.
  127. News: Russia has 'betrayed' Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh – Charles Michel . 3 October 2023 . . 3 October 2023 . en . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003094603/https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/10/03/russia-has-betrayed-armenian-people-by-standing-aside-in-nagorno-karabakh-charles-michel . live .
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  129. Web site: Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: Humanitarian Support . Hansard . UK Parliament . 29 October 2023 . 24 October 2023.
  130. Web site: Excerpts from the briefing by Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Maria Zakharova . The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation . 14 February 2024 . 12 January 2024.
  131. News: МИД РФ: Россия готова содействовать безопасному возвращению карабахских армян в регион . 14 February 2024 . TACC . ru.
  132. Web site: Investigation: Armenian Fears of a 'Concentration Camp' in Nagorno-Karabakh May Have Been Warranted . 11 January 2024 . New Lines . 12 January 2024 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112073750/https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/investigation-armenian-fears-of-a-concentration-camp-in-nagorno-karabakh-may-have-been-warranted/ . 12 January 2024.
  133. Web site: 2023-10-07 . Iranian Red Crescent to send 50 tons of aid to forcibly displaced Artsakh residents . 2023-10-07 . news.am . en . 5 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231005224225/https://news.am/eng/news/784401.html . live .
  134. Web site: UK to provide £1 million to support forcibly displaced persons from NK. 1 October 2023. 1 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231001050927/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1120933.html. live.
  135. Web site: EU provides €5 million in humanitarian aid to the people of Nagorno Karabakh. 2023-09-28. Public Radio of Armenia. en-US. 28 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230928061445/https://en.armradio.am/2023/09/26/eu-provides-e5-million-in-humanitarian-aid-to-crisis-affected-people-of-nagorno-karabakh/. live.
  136. Web site: Brown. Christian. Edwards. Benjamin. 2023-09-26. 'Severe malnutrition' is growing concern as thousands flee Nagorno-Karabakh, senior US official warns. 2023-09-28. CNN. en. 27 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230927001936/https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/26/europe/us-envoy-support-nagorno-karabakh-intl/index.html. live.
  137. News: Psaledakis. Daphne. 2023-09-28. US to announce disaster response team for South Caucasus amid Karabakh crisis. en. Reuters. 2023-09-29. 29 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230929013939/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-announce-disaster-response-team-south-caucasus-amid-karabakh-crisis-2023-09-28/. live.
  138. Web site: UN team completes mission to Karabakh. United Nations in Azerbaijan. 2 October 2023. 3 October 2023. 2 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231002165824/https://azerbaijan.un.org/en/248051-un-team-completes-mission-karabakh. live.
  139. News: UN Karabakh mission told 'sudden' exodus means as few as 50 ethnic Armenians may remain . 3 October 2023 . UN News . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003043632/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1141782 . live .
  140. News: Sauer . Pjotr . 2 October 2023 . 'It's a ghost town': UN arrives in Nagorno-Karabakh to find ethnic Armenians have fled . . 2 October 2023 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231002211319/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/02/nagorno-karabakh-ghost-town-un-ethnic-armenians-azerbaijan . 2 October 2023.
  141. News: Barseghyan . Arshaluys . Aghayev . Ismi . 2 October 2023 . UN mission arrives to empty streets in Nagorno-Karabakh . . 2 October 2023 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003064008/https://oc-media.org/un-mission-arrives-to-empty-streets-in-nagorno-karabakh/ . 3 October 2023.
  142. News: Armenia Slams U.N. Karabakh Mission Findings as "Extremely Biased" . . 5 October 2023 . 5 October 2023 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008022919/https://hetq.am/en/article/160931 . 8 October 2023.
  143. News: UN to send mission to Nagorno-Karabakh for first time in nearly 30 years. 29 September 2023. www.aljazeera.com. en. 29 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230929222540/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/29/un-to-send-mission-to-nagorno-karabakh-for-first-time-in-30-years. live.
  144. Web site: Human Rights: Speech by High Representative/Vice-President Josep Borrell at the 25th EU-NGO Forum for Human Rights . eeas.europa.eu . https://web.archive.org/web/20231222200452/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/human-rights-speech-high-representativevice-president-josep-borrell-25th-eu-ngo-forum-human-rights_en . 22 December 2023 . 4 December 2023.

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