Exiguobacterium Explained

Exiguobacterium is a genus of bacilli and a member of the low GC phyla of Bacillota. Collins et al. first described the genus Exiguobacterium with the characterization of E. aurantiacum strain DSM6208T from an alkaline potato processing plant.[1] It has been found in areas covering a wide range of temperatures (-12 °C—55 °C) including glaciers in Greenland and hot springs in Yellowstone, and has been isolated from ancient permafrost in Siberia.[2] This ability to survive in varying temperature extremes makes them an important area of study. Some strains in addition to dynamic thermal adaption are also halotolerant (up to 13% added NaCl added to the medium), can grow within a wide range of pH values (5-11), tolerate high levels of UV radiation, and heavy metal stress (including arsenic).[3]

Exiguobacterium are globally diverse organisms that are found in a variety of environments including microbialites (Thrombolite[4] from Pavilion Lake, BC and Stromatolites[5] from Laguna Socompa, Argentina), ocean,[6] freshwater lakes,[7] Himalayan ice,[8] Himalayan soil,[9] hydrothermal vents,[10] brine shrimp,[11] gastrointestinal tract of marine fish[12] and in microbial biofilms [13]

Seven genomes from the genus have been completed as either complete (one circular chromosome, with plasmids) or in a draft format (containing multiple unassembled contigs).A new species of Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha has been found to have global distribution in cold lakes from Greenland, Pavilion Lake BC, and Laguna Negra, Argentina.[14] The 'Chiri qhucha' in Quechua means 'cold lake.' The study of Gutiérrez-Preciado et al. was confirmed by the completion of genomes two strains of Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha RW2 and GIC31.[15] Phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) of varying temperatures in Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha strain RW2 results in major rearrangements of cellular membrane function which may allow for its temperature, pH and salinity adaptation.[16]

Biodegradation of plastic

According to an article in the Stanford News Service,[17] senior research engineer Wei-Min Wu reported in his article "Biodegradation and Mineralization of Polystyrene by Plastic-Eating Mealworms. 2. Role of Gut Microorganisms."[18] that mealworms can survive on a diet of polystyrene when aided by strain YT2 of Exiguobacterium living in their gut.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[19] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[20]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Chemotaxonomic study of an alkaliphilic bacterium, Exiguobacterium aurantiacum gen nov., sp. nov . Collins MD, Lund BM, Farrow JA, Schleifer KH . J. Gen. Microbiol. . 1983 . 129 . 7 . 2037–2042 . 10.1099/00221287-129-7-2037. free .
  2. The Exiguobacterium genus: biodiversity and biogeography . Vishnivetskaya, Tatiana A. . Kathariou, Sophia . Tiedje, James M. . Extremophiles . May 2009 . 13 . 3 . 541–555 . 10.1007/s00792-009-0243-5. 19381755 . 1109.6589 . 10667997 .
  3. Draft Genome Sequence of the Polyextremophilic Exiguobacterium sp. Strain S17, Isolated from Hyperarsenic Lakes in the Argentinian Puna . Ordoñeza OF, Lanzarottid E, Kurtha D, Gorritia MF, Revalec S, Cortez N, Vazquez MP, Farías ME, Turjanskie AG . Genome Announcements . July–August 2013 . 1 . 4 . 2037–2042 . 10.1128/genomeA.00480-13 . 23887911 . 3735063 .
  4. Draft Genome Sequence of an Exiguobacterium pavilionensis Strain RW-2 with Wide Thermal, Salinity, and pH Tolerance, Isolated from Modern Freshwater Microbialites . White III RA, Grassa CJ, Suttle CA . Genome Announcements . July–August 2013 . 1 . 4 . e00597–13 . 10.1128/genomeA.00597-13 . 23929485 . 3738901 .
  5. Draft Genome Sequence of the Polyextremophilic Exiguobacterium sp. Strain S17, Isolated from Hyperarsenic Lakes in the Argentinian Puna . Ordoñez OF, Lanzarotti E, Kurth D, Gorriti MF, Revale S, Cortez N, Vazquez MP, Farías ME, Turjanski AG . Genome Announcements . July–August 2013 . 1 . 4 . 2037–2042 . 10.1128/genomeA.00480-13 . 23887911 . 3735063 .
  6. Exiguobacterium aestuarii sp. nov. and E. marinum sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat of the yellow sea in Korea. Kim IJ, Lee MH, Jung SY, Song JJ, Oh TK, Yoon JH . Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. . 2005 . 55 . 2 . 885–889 . 10.1099/ijs.0.63308-0. 15774680 . free .
  7. Exiguobacterium aquaticum sp. nov., a new member of the genus Exiguobacterium.. Raichand R, Pareek S, Singh NK, Mayilraj S . Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. . 2012 . 62 . Pt 9 . 2150–2155 . 10.1099/ijs.0.035790-0. 22058319 .
  8. Exiguobacterium indicum sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium from the Hamta glacier of the Himalayan mountain ranges of India . Chaturvedi P, Shivaji S . Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. . 2006 . 56 . 103 . 2765–2770 . 10.1099/ijs.0.64508-0 . 17158975. free .
  9. Exiguobacterium himgiriensis sp. nov., a novel member of the genus Exiguobacterium, isolated from the Indian Himalayas . Singh NK, Raichand R, Kaur I, Kaur C, Pareek S, Mayilraj S . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . 2013 . 103 . 4 . 789–796 . 10.1007/s10482-012-9861-5. 23229437 . 2499061 .
  10. Exiguobacterium profundum sp., nov., a moderately thermophilic, lactic acid-producing bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent . Crapart S, Fardeau ML, Cayol JL, Thomas P, Sery C, Ollivier B, Combet-Blanc Y . Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. . 2007 . 57 . Pt 2 . 287–292 . 10.1099/ijs.0.64639-0 . 17267965. free .
  11. Exiguobacterium mexicanum sp. nov. and Exiguobacterium artemiae sp., nov., isolated from the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Lopez-Cortes A, Schumann P, Pukall R, Stackebrandt E . Syst. Appl. Microbiol. . 2006 . 29 . 3 . 183–190 . 10.1016/j.syapm.2005.09.007. 16564954 .
  12. Hydrolytic Exoenzymes Produced by Bacteria Isolated and Identified From the Gastrointestinal Tract of Bombay Duck . Hossain TJ, Chowdhury SI, Mozumder HA, Chowdhury MN, Ali F, Rahman N, Dey S . Front. Microbiol. . 2020 . 11 . 2097 . 2150–2155 . 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02097 . 32983064. 7479992 . free .
  13. Genome sequence of Exiguobacterium antarcticum B7, isolated from a biofilm in Ginger Lake, King George Island, Antarctica. . Carneiro AR . Ramos RT . Dall’Agnol H . Pinto AC . de Castro Soares S . Santos AR . Guimarães LC . Almeida SS . Baraúna RA . das Graças DA . Franco LC . Ali A . Hassan SS . Nunes CI . Barbosa MS . Fiaux KK . Aburjaile FF . Barbosa EG . Bakhtiar SM . Vilela D . Nóbrega F . dos Santos AL . Carepo MS . Azevedo V . Schneider MP . Pellizari VH . Silva A . J. Bacteriol. . 2012 . 194 . 23 . 6689–6690. 10.1128/JB.01791-12 . 23144424 . 3497522 .
  14. The genomic sequence of Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha str. N139 reveals a species that thrives in cold waters and extreme environmental conditions . Gutiérrez-Preciado A, Vargas-Chávez C, Reyes-Prieto M, Ordoñez OF, Santos-García D, Rosas-Pérez T, Valdivia-Anistro J, Rebollar EA, Saralegui A, Moya A, Merino E, Farías ME, Latorre A, Souza V . 2017 . PeerJ. 5 . e3162 . 10.7717/peerj.3162 . 28439458 . 5399880 . free .
  15. White RA 3rd, Soles SA, Gavelis G, Gosselin E, Slater GF, Lim DS, Leander B, Suttle CA . The complete genome and physiological analysis of the eurythermal firmicute Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha strain RW2 isolated from a freshwater microbialite, widely adaptable to broad thermal, pH, and salinity ranges . 2019 . Frontiers in Microbiology. 9. 3189 . 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03189 . 30671032 . 6331483 . free .
  16. White RA 3rd, Soles SA, Gavelis G, Gosselin E, Slater GF, Lim DS, Leander B, Suttle CA . The complete genome and physiological analysis of the eurythermal firmicute Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha strain RW2 isolated from a freshwater microbialite, widely adaptable to broad thermal, pH, and salinity ranges. 2019 . Frontiers in Microbiology. 9. 3189. 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03189 . 30671032. 6331483. free.
  17. Web site: Plastic-eating worms may offer solution to mounting waste, Stanford researchers discover - Stanford News Release. 2015-09-29. news.stanford.edu. 2015-10-01. 2021-02-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20210220121511/https://news.stanford.edu/pr/2015/pr-worms-digest-plastics-092915.html. dead.
  18. 26390390 . 10.1021/acs.est.5b02663 . 49 . 20 . Biodegradation and Mineralization of Polystyrene by Plastic-Eating Mealworms: Part 2. Role of Gut Microorganisms . 2015 . Environ. Sci. Technol. . 12087–93 . Yang Y, Yang J, Wu WM, Zhao J, Song Y, Gao L, Yang R, Jiang L . 2015EnST...4912087Y .
  19. Web site: A.C. Parte. Exiguobacterium. 2022-09-09. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). et al..
  20. Web site: Sayers. Exiguobacterium. 2022-09-09. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. et al..
  21. Web site: The LTP . 23 February 2022.
  22. Web site: LTP_all tree in newick format. 23 February 2022. 4 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220904163815/https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/tree_LTP_all_01_2022.ntree. dead.
  23. Web site: LTP_01_2022 Release Notes. 23 February 2022.
  24. Web site: GTDB release 07-RS207 . Genome Taxonomy Database. 20 June 2022.
  25. Web site: bac120_r207.sp_labels . Genome Taxonomy Database. 20 June 2022.
  26. Web site: Taxon History . Genome Taxonomy Database. 20 June 2022.

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