The Executive Council of Hong Kong (ExCo) is the cabinet of the Government of Hong Kong, acting as a formal body of advisers to the Chief Executive of Hong Kong that serves as a core policy-making organ assisting the Chief Executive.[1] [2] It is analogous to other Executive Councils in the Commonwealth such as the Federal Executive Council of Australia, the Executive Council of New Zealand, and the Privy Council of the United Kingdom.
Under the presidency of the Chief Executive, the Executive Council consists of 21 Official Members (the most senior of these being the Chief Secretary of Hong Kong, head of the Government Secretariat and chair of the Policy Committee), and 16 Non-official Members (also known as ministers without portfolio who are normally leading legislators from pro-establishment political parties) headed by the Convenor of the Non-official Members. The Council normally meets once a week.
The Executive Council was set up by the British Hong Kong Government. The first ex officio members were the Colonial Secretary and the Colonial Treasurer in the 1840s. The Attorney General was added in the 1850s. In 1949, the Executive Council had five ex officio members: the senior military officer (Commander of British Forces Overseas), the colonial secretary, the attorney general, the secretary for Chinese affairs and the financial secretary; the Commissioner of Labour, while an 'official' was not an ex officio member. In addition, there were six 'unofficial members': the chief manager of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, the Tai-Pan of Jardine's, a solicitor, two barristers, and a physician.[3]
In 1994 the title 'Senior Member' or 'Senior Unofficial Member' was changed to 'Convenor', when Lydia Dunn was succeeded in the post by Rosanna Wong.[4]
The format of the Executive Council was retained after the transfer of sovereignty in 1997 until a ministerial system (named Principal Officials Accountability System or POAS) was introduced in 2002, Tung Chee Hwa's second term of office. Since then all secretaries are political appointees and have to leave the civil service. All secretaries are appointed to the council, transforming the council effectively into a cabinet. Non-official members are minorities in the council, and are like ministers-without-portfolio. The position of convenor was abolished.
In fulfilling his election platform, Chief Executive Sir Donald Tsang appointed eight new non-official members the day after delivering his first policy address on 12 October 2005. Secretaries of bureaux would sit in meetings of the Council when the agenda was related to their portfolio, and the position of convenor was restored. It was presented as a move to re-strengthen the role of the council as a link with the community.
| Year | Number of Official Members exclusive of the Chief Executive | Number of Non-official Members | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | 3 | 11 | |
| 2002 | 14 | 5 | |
| 2004 | 14 | 7 | |
| 2005 | 14 | 15 | |
| 2007 | 15 | 16 | |
| 2008 | 15 | 15 | |
| 2009 | 15 | 16 | |
| 2012 | 15 | 14 | |
| 2012 | 15 | 16 | |
| 2013 | 15 | 14 | |
| 2015 | 15 | 15 | |
| 2015 | 16 | 14 | |
| 2015 | 16 | 16 | |
| 2016 | 16 | 16 | |
| 2017 | 16 | 15 | |
| 2017 | 16 | 16 | |
| 2022 | 21 | 16 |
The Executive Council is to advise the Chief Executive in policy-making and the administration of the government. The Chief Executive acting after consultation with the Executive Council is known as Chief Executive in Council.[5]
Under Article 54 of the Basic Law, the Chief Executive must consult the Executive Council before making important policy decisions, introducing bills to the Legislative Council, making delegated legislation, regulating certain public institutions, or dissolving LegCo. The Chief Executive in Council also hears appeals and objections under certain Ordinances.[6] A Chief Executive rejecting a majority opinion of the Executive Council is required to put the specific reasons for the rejection on record.
The members of Executive Council are appointed by the Chief Executive from among principal officials (heads of department, informally called "ministers"), members of Legislative Council, and public figures. Their appointment and removal is decided by the Chief Executive. There is no fixed term of office, but the term of office of members cannot extend beyond the expiry of that of the Chief Executive who appoints them (Article 55 of the Basic Law).
The council is presided over by the Chief Executive. In addition to the 21 principal officials there are 16 Non-official members. Other than the Chief Secretary, Financial Secretary and Secretary for Justice, official members only sit in meetings that are related to their portfolio. In accordance with the Oaths and Declarations Ordinance, the members of the Executive Council should take the Oath of Fidelity after his/her appointment and promise not to reveal any matters being discussed in the council. The aim of this principle was to ensure that the members could speak freely without any fears and pressure, so as to facilitate the Chief Executive to receive prompt and objective advices in the policy making process.[7]
The following list includes all members of the Executive Council in the order of precedence:
| Capacity | Portrait | Member | Affiliation | Portfolio | Assumed office | Born in | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| President | Nonpartisan | Chief Executive | 1 July 2022 | 1957 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Chief Secretary for Administration | 1 July 2022 | 1959 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Financial Secretary | 16 January 2017 | 1955 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Secretary for Justice | 1 July 2022 | 1967/1968 | ||||
| Non-official | NPP | Non-official Convenor of the Executive Council Member of the Legislative Council Chairperson of New People's Party | 1 July 2017 | 1950 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Deputy Chief Secretary for Administration | 1 July 2022 | 1959 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Deputy Financial Secretary | 1 July 2022 | 1962 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Deputy Secretary for Justice | 1 July 2022 | 1974 | ||||
| Non-official | Nonpartisan | Member of the Committee for the Basic Law of the HKSAR under the NPCSC | 1 July 2012 | 1945 | [8] | |||
| Non-official | BPA | Member of Legislative Council Vice-chairman of BPA | 17 October 2012 | 1951 | ||||
| Non-official | Liberal | Member of Legislative Council Chairman of Liberal Party | 25 November 2016 | 1949 | ||||
| Non-official | Nonpartisan | Member of Legislative Council | 25 November 2016 | 1957 | ||||
| Non-official | Nonpartisan | Executive Vice President of the China Society for Finance and Banking | 1 July 2017 | 1948 | ||||
| Non-official | Path of Democracy | Senior Counsel Convenor of Path of Democracy | 1 July 2017 | 1950 | ||||
| Non-official | Nonpartisan | Chairman of the Elderly Commission | 1 July 2017 | 1960 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Secretary for Culture, Sports and Tourism | 1 July 2022 | 1963 | ||||
| Non-official | BPA | Member of Legislative Council Chairman of Heung Yee Kuk | 1 July 2017 | 1966 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Secretary for Constitutional and Mainland Affairs | 20 April 2020 | 1963 | ||||
| Official | DAB | Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury | 20 April 2020 | 1977 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Secretary for Security | 25 June 2021 | 1965 | ||||
| Non-official | Nonpartisan | Chairman of the Council of the Hang Seng University of Hong Kong Chancellor of the Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui | 1 July 2022 | 1949/1950 | ||||
| Non-official | Nonpartisan | Treasurer of the University of Hong Kong | 1 July 2022 | 1952 | ||||
| Non-official | Nonpartisan | Member of the Legislative Council | 1 July 2022 | 1954 | ||||
| Non-official | Nonpartisan | Member of the National Committee of CPPCC | 1 July 2022 | 1956/1957 | ||||
| Non-official | Nonpartisan | Former Secretary for Food and Health | 1 July 2022 | 1957 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Secretary for Environment and Ecology | 1 July 2022 | 1957/1958 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development | 1 July 2022 | 1958/1959 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Secretary for Health | 1 July 2022 | 1960/1961 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Secretary for Transport and Logistics | 1 July 2022 | 1961/1962 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Secretary for Development | 1 July 2022 | 1963/1964 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Secretary for Housing | 1 July 2022 | 1964/1965 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Secretary for the Civil Service | 1 July 2022 | 1964/1965 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Secretary for Education | 1 July 2022 | 1966/1967 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Secretary for Innovation, Technology and Industry | 1 July 2022 | 1966/1967 | ||||
| Non-official | FTU | Member of the Legislative Council | 1 July 2022 | 1970 | ||||
| Official | FTU | Secretary for Home and Youth Affairs | 1 July 2022 | 1970 | ||||
| Official | Nonpartisan | Secretary for Labour and Welfare | 1 July 2022 | 1971/72 | ||||
| Non-official | DAB | Member of the Legislative Council | 1 July 2022 | 1976 | ||||
Source[9]
The Executive Council meets in the Lower Block of the Central Government Complex, Tamar. Until 2012, ExCo met in the Main Wing of the Central Government Offices on Government Hill, in Central and below Government House (former residence of the British Governor of Hong Kong).
Prior to the Handover, the Provisional Executive Council of Hong Kong, headed by Tung Chee Hwa, met in Shenzhen or Tung's office on the 11th floor of the Asia Pacific Finance Tower in Hong Kong. Members of the outgoing British Hong Kong ExCo were not permitted to attend this body.
Both Executive Council sittings were on Tuesdays.
HKEX: