Exclusive economic zone explained

An exclusive economic zone (EEZ), as prescribed by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is an area of the sea in which a sovereign state has exclusive rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind.[1]

It stretches from the outer limit of the territorial sea (22.224 kilometres or 12 nmi from the baseline) out 370.4 kilometres (or 200 nautical miles) from the coast of the state in question. It is also referred to as a maritime continental margin and, in colloquial usage, may include the continental shelf. The term does not include either the territorial sea or the continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical mile limit. The difference between the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone is that the first confers full sovereignty over the waters, whereas the second is merely a "sovereign right" which refers to the coastal state's rights below the surface of the sea. The surface waters are international waters.[2]

Definition

Generally, a state's exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, extending seaward to a distance of no more than out from its coastal baseline.[3] The exception to this rule occurs when exclusive economic zones would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual maritime boundary.[4] Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the nearest state.

The exclusive economic zone stretches much further into sea than the territorial waters, which end at from the coastal baseline (if following the rules set out in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea).[5] Thus, the exclusive economic zones includes the contiguous zone.

States also have rights to the seabed of what is called the continental shelf up to from the coastal baseline, beyond the exclusive economic zones, but such areas are not part of their exclusive economic zones. The legal definition of the continental shelf does not correspond exactly to the geological meaning of the term, as it also includes the continental rise and slope, and the entire seabed within the exclusive economic zone.

Origin and history

The idea of allotting nations' EEZs to give them more control of maritime affairs outside territorial limits gained acceptance in the late 20th century.

Initially, a country's sovereign territorial waters extended (range of cannon shot) beyond the shore. In modern times, a country's sovereign territorial waters extend to beyond the shore. One of the first assertions of exclusive jurisdiction beyond the traditional territorial seas was made by the United States in the Truman Proclamation of 28 September 1945. However, it was Chile and Peru respectively that first claimed maritime zones of 200 nautical miles with the Presidential Declaration Concerning Continental Shelf signed by Chilean President Gabriel Gonzalez Videla on 23 June 1947[6] and by Peruvian President Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero through Presidential Decree No. 781 of 1 August 1947[7] [8]

It was not until 1982 with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone was formally adopted.

Disputes

The exact extent of exclusive economic zones is a common source of conflicts between states over marine waters:

Potential disputes

Regions where a permanent ice shelf extends beyond the coastline are also a source of potential dispute.[12]

Resolved disputes

Transboundary stocks

Fisheries management, usually adhering to guidelines set by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), provides significant practical mechanisms for the control of EEZs. Transboundary fish stocks are an important concept in this control.[20] Transboundary stocks are fish stocks that range in the EEZs of at least two countries. Straddling stocks, on the other hand, range both within an EEZ as well as in the high seas, outside any EEZ. A stock can be both transboundary and straddling.[21]

By country

Various island countries

Algeria

Algeria on 17 April 2018 established an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) off its coasts by Presidential Decree No. 18-96 of 2 Rajab 1439 corresponding to 20 March 2018.[22] [23] The permanent mission of Spain to the United Nations on 27 July 2018 declared its disagreement with the EEZ announced by Algeria and that the government of Spain indicated its willingness to enter into negotiations with the government of Algeria with a view to reaching a mutually acceptable agreement on the outer limits of their respective exclusive economic zones,[24] The same was done by the Italian mission on 28 November 2018.[25] The two countries indicated that the Algerian measure had been taken unilaterally and without consulting them.

On 25 November 2018, the Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent an oral note in response to the Spanish protest, explaining that the Algerian government does not recognize the largely exorbitant coordinates contained in Royal Decree 236/2013, which overlap with the coordinates of Presidential Decree n° 18–96 establishing an exclusive economic zone off the coast of Algeria. The Algerian government wished to emphasize that the unilateral delimitation carried out by Spain is not in conformity with the letter of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and has not taken into consideration the configuration, the specific characteristics, and the special circumstances of the Mediterranean Sea, in particular for the case of the two countries whose coasts are located face to face, as well as the objective rules and relevant principles of international law to govern the equitable delimitation of the maritime areas between Algeria and Spain, in accordance with article 74 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Algeria expressed its willingness to negotiate for a just solution.[26]

On 20 June 2019, a communication from Algeria was sent. It was addressed to the Italian embassy[27] and the Spanish embassy in Algiers[28] to show their eligibility in Algeria's exclusive economic zone.

Argentina

Considering the maritime areas claimed, the total area of Argentina reaches 3,849,756 km2. The recognized Argentine EEZ area is 1,159,063 km2.

Australia

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Australia.

Australia's exclusive economic zone was declared on 1 August 1994, and extends from 12 to 200 nautical miles from the coastline of Australia and its external territories, except where a maritime delimitation agreement exists with another state.[29] [30] To the 12 nautical miles boundary is Australia's territorial waters. Australia has the third largest exclusive economic zone, behind France and the United States, but ahead of Russia, with a total area of 8,148,250 square kilometres, which actually exceeds its land territory.

The United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) confirmed, in April 2008, Australia's rights over an additional 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed beyond the limits of Australia's EEZ.[31] Australia also claimed, in its submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, additional Continental Shelf past its EEZ from the Australian Antarctic Territory,[32] but these claims were deferred on Australia's request. However, Australia's EEZ from its Antarctic Territory is approximately 2 million square kilometres.

Region EEZ Area (km2)[33]
Mainland Australia (5 States and 3 Territories of the Australian Federation), Tasmania, and other minor islands 6,048,681
471,837
463,371
428,618
410,722
325,021
Australian Antarctic Territory 2,000,000
Total 8,148,250

Brazil

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Brazil.

Brazil's EEZ includes areas around the Fernando de Noronha Islands, Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, and the Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands. It is called the Blue Amazon.

Region EEZ Area (km2)[34]
Mainland Brazil (9 States of the Brazilian Federation)2,570,917
468,599
413,636
363,362
Total 3,830,955

In 2004, Brazil submitted its claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its maritime continental margin.[35]

Canada

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Canada.

Canada is unusual in that its exclusive economic zone, covering, is slightly smaller than its territorial waters.[36] The latter generally extend only 12 nautical miles from the shore but also include inland marine waters such as Hudson Bay (about across), the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the internal waters of the Arctic Archipelago.

Chile

Chile's EEZ includes areas around the Desventuradas Islands, Easter Island, and the Juan Fernández Islands.

RegionEEZ Area (km2)[37] Land Area (km2)Total
Mainland Chile1,987,371755,7572,743,128
Easter Island720,412164720,576
Juan Fernández Islands502,524100502,624
Desventuradas Islands449,8365449,841
Total3,660,143756,102.44,416,245.4

In 2020 and 2022, Chile submitted its partial claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its maritime continental margin.

China

The first figure excludes all disputed waters, while the last figure indicates China's claimed boundaries, and does not take into account adjacent powers' claims.

Croatia

Croatia proclaimed Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone in 2003, but it was not enforced toward other European Union states especially Italy and Slovenia. The zone was upgraded to EEZ in 2021 together with Italy and Slovenia.[38] [39] Territorial waters has 18,981 km2, while internal waters located within the baseline cover an additional 12,498 km2, and EEZ covers 24,482 km2 for a total of 55,961 km2.

Cyprus

Cyprus EEZ covers 98,707 square km (38,100 square miles). Cyprus' EEZ borders those of Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Egypt.

Denmark

The Kingdom of Denmark includes the constituent country (selvstyre) of Greenland and the constituent country (hjemmestyre) of the Faroe Islands.

RegionEEZ & TW Area (km2)[40] Land areaTotal
105 98942 506149 083
260 9951 399262 394
2,184,2542,166,0864,350,340
Total2,551,2382,210,5794,761,817

Ecuador

Area: 1,077,231 km2

France

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of France.

Due to its numerous overseas departments and territories scattered on all oceans of the planet, France possesses the largest EEZ in the world, covering .[41] The EEZ of France covers approximately 7% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, whereas the land area of the French Republic is only 0.45% of the total land area of Earth.

Germany

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Germany.

Germany declared the establishment of its exclusive economic zone in the North and Baltic Seas on 1 January 1995.[42] The relevant German legal provisions that are applicable within the EEZ include the Maritime Task Act (Seeaufgabengesetz) from 1965, the Maritime Facilities Act (Seeanlagengesetz) from 2017, and prior to that the Sea Facilities Ordinance (Seeanlagenverordnung) from 1997, the Federal Mining Act (Bundesberggesetz) and the Regional Planning Act (Raumordnungsgesetz).

The German EEZ has an area of 32,982 km2. About 70% of the EEZ covers Germany's entire North Sea area, while some 29% encompasses the Baltic Sea area.[43]

Greece

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Greece. thumb|upright=1.35|Exclusive Economic Zone of Greece

Greece forms the southernmost part of the Balkan peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea. It includes many small islands which vary between 1,200 and 6,000 in the Aegean Sea and the Ionian Sea.[44] The largest islands are Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios.

Greece's EEZ is bordered to the west by Albania and Italy, to the south by Libya and Egypt, and to the east by Cyprus and Turkey.

India

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of India.

EEZ Area (km2)
Mainland India (9 states and 2 union territories) and Lakshadweep union territory1,641,514 km2
Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory663,629 km2
Total2,305,143 km2

India is currently seeking to extend its EEZ to 350 miles.[46]

Indonesia

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Indonesia.

Indonesia has the 6th largest exclusive economic zone in the world. The total size is . It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles from its shores. This is due to the 13,466 islands of the Indonesian Archipelago.[47] It has the 2nd largest coastline of 54,720 km (34,000 mi). The five main islands are: Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, and Western New Guinea. There are two major island groups (Nusa Tenggara and the Maluku Islands) and sixty smaller island groups.

Ireland

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Ireland. Ireland's exclusive economic zone was reported to be the location of a Russian military exercise in January 2022.[48] Russia's exercise was then moved outside the economic zone.[49]

Israel

In 2010, an agreement was signed with Cyprus concerning the limit of territorial waters between Israel and Cyprus at the maritime halfway point, a clarification essential for safeguarding Israel's rights to oil and underwater gas reservoirs. The agreement was signed in Nicosia by Israeli Infrastructure Minister Uzi Landau and the Cypriot Foreign Minister Markos Kyprianou. The two countries agreed to cooperate in the development of any cross-border resources discovered and to negotiate an agreement on dividing joint resources.

Italy

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Italy. Italy has an EEZ of .[45] The country claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles from its shores, and its three coastlines are the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, the Ionian Sea to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Italy's EEZ is limited by maritime boundaries with neighboring countries to the northwest, east and southeast.

Italy's western sea territory stretches from the west coast of Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea, including the island of Sardinia. The island of Sicily is in the southernmost area. Lampedusa, a tiny island in the Mediterranean Sea, is the country's southernmost point. Italy shares treaty-defined maritime boundaries with France, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Malta, Greece, Albania, Montenegro, Croatia and Slovenia.

Japan

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Japan.

Japan has the world's eighth-largest exclusive economic zone, covering .[50] It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles from its shores.

EEZ Areas of Japan
RegionEEZ Area (km2)EEZ Area (sq mi)
Ryukyu Islands1394676sqkm
Pacific Ocean (Japan)1162334sqkm
Nanpō Islands862782sqkm
Sea of Japan630721sqkm
Minami-Tori-shima428875sqkm
Sea of Okhotsk235sqkm
Daitō Islands44sqkm
Senkaku Islands7sqkm
Total4,479,6741,729,612

Japan has disputes over its EEZ boundaries with all its Asian neighbors (China, Russia, South Korea, and Taiwan). The above, and relevant maps at the Sea Around Us Project[51] [52] [53] both indicate Japan's claimed boundaries, and do not take into account the claims of adjacent jurisdictions.

Japan also refers to various categories of "shipping area" – Smooth Water Area, Coasting Area, Major or Greater Coasting Area, Ocean Going Area – but it is unclear whether these are intended to have any territorial or economic implications.

Malaysia

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Malaysia.

Mexico

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Mexico.

Mexico's exclusive economic zones cover a total surface area of 3,269,386 km2,[45] and places Mexico among the countries with the largest areas in the world.

New Zealand

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand.

New Zealand's EEZ covers, which is approximately fifteen times the land area of the country. Sources vary significantly on the size of New Zealand's EEZ; for example, a recent government publication gave the area as roughly 4,300,000 km2.[54] These figures are for the EEZ of New Zealand proper, and do not include the EEZs of other territories in the Realm of New Zealand (the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, and the Ross Dependency).

North Korea

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of North Korea.

The exclusive economic zone of North Korea stretches 200 nautical miles from its basepoints in both the West Sea (Yellow Sea) and the Sea of Japan. The EEZ was declared in 1977 after North Korea had contested the validity of the Northern Limit Lines (NLL) set up after the Korean War as maritime borders. The EEZ has not been codified in law and North Korea has never specified its coordinates, making it difficult to determine its specific scope.

In the West Sea, the EEZ remains unspecified in the Korea Bay because China has not determined its own EEZ in the area. The border between the North Korean and South Korean EEZs in the West Sea cannot be determined because of potential overlap and disputes over certain islands.

In the Sea of Japan, the North Korean EEZ can be approximated to be trapezoidal-shaped. The border between North Korea and Russia's respective EEZs is the only such border that has been determined in East Asia. Here, the EEZ does not cause many problems, even with regards to South Korea, because the sea is not thought to be rich in resources.

Norway

Norway has a large exclusive economic zone of 819,620 km2 around its coast. The country has a fishing zone of 1,878,953 km2, including fishing zones around Svalbard and Jan Mayen.[55]

In April 2009, the United Nations Commission for the Limits of the Continental Shelf approved Norway's claim to an additional 235,000 square kilometres of continental shelf. The commission found that Norway and Russia both had valid claims over a portion of the shelf in the Barents Sea.[56]

RegionEEZ and Territorial
Waters Area (km2)
Land Area (km2)Total (km2)
Mainland Norway1,273,482323,8021,597,284
Svalbard402,57461,002463,576
Jan Mayen273,118373273,491
Bouvet Island436,00449436,053
Total2,385,178385,2262,770,404

Pakistan

Area: 290,000 km2

Pakistan coast is a 1046 km long coast, extending from Sir Creek in the east to Gwadar Bay in the west and the EEZ extends up to 290,000sqkm which is more than 30% of its land area and ranks sixty-sixth in the world by area.

Pakistan had an EEZ of 240,000sq km before their case was accepted by UNCLCS. Pakistan Navy with the help of the National Oceanographic Organization (NIO) initiated the continental shelf case at ministerial level in 1995.

On 26 Aug 2013, a seven-member sub-commission with members from Japan, China, Mozambique, Kenya, Denmark, Georgia and Argentina was formulated at UNCLCS to evaluate the technical details of Pakistan's case and after a year accepted Pakistan's claim.

On 13 March 2015, UN Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf (UNCLCS) accepted recommendations for extension of the outer limits of the continental shelf on Pakistan's case so far 80 countries had submitted claims to UNCLCS out of which recommendations of 22 countries including Pakistan had been finalised.

It was a historic event in the country's history when Pakistan became the first country in the region to have its continental shelf extended to 350 nm.

Some of the claimed territories overlapped the Omani claim. It is believed that the verdict in favour of Pakistan was announced after successful negotiation with Oman.

Peru

Area: 857,000 km2[57]

Philippines

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of the Philippines.

The Philippines' EEZ covers .[58]

Poland

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Poland. The Polish EEZ covers the area of within the Baltic Sea.[59]

Portugal

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Portugal. Portugal has the 20th largest EEZ in the world. Presently, it is divided in three non-contiguous sub-zones:

Portugal submitted a claim to extend its jurisdiction over an additional 2.15 million square kilometres of the adjacent continental shelf in May 2009,[60] resulting in an area with a total of more than 3,877,408 km2. The submission, as well as a detailed map, can be found in the Task Group for the extension of the Continental Shelf website.

Spain previously objected to the EEZ's southern border, maintaining that it should be drawn halfway between Madeira and the Canary Islands. But Portugal exercises sovereignty over the Savage Islands, a small archipelago north of the Canaries, claiming an EEZ border further south. Spain has no longer disputed the Portuguese claim since 2015.[61] [62]

Romania

Area: 23,627 km2

Russia

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Russia.

Russia's exclusive economic zone, the world's fourth largest, is composed of:

Senegal

Area: 158,861 km2

Somalia

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Somalia. Area: 825,052 km2

South Africa

South Africa's EEZ includes both that next to the African mainland and that around the Prince Edward Islands, totalling 1,535,538 km2.

South Korea

See also: Syngman Rhee Line. Area: 300,851 (225,214) km2

Spain

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Spain. Area: 1,039,233 km2

Sri Lanka

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Sri Lanka.

Thailand

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Thailand. Area: 299,397 km2

Turkey

Turkey's EEZ is bordered by Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria in the Black Sea to the north, Greece in the Aegean Sea to the west, and Cyprus and Syria in the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Turkey is one of the few countries to not have signed UNCLOS and disputes Greece's and Cyprus' EEZ.

United Kingdom

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of the United Kingdom.

The United Kingdom has the world's fifth-largest exclusive economic zone of square km. It comprises the EEZs surrounding the United Kingdom,[64] the Crown Dependencies, and the British Overseas Territories. The figure does not include the EEZ of the British Antarctic Territory.

The EEZ associated with the Falkland Islands and South Georgia are disputed by Argentina. The EEZ of the Chagos Archipelago, also known as the British Indian Ocean Territory, is also disputed with Mauritius which considers the archipelago as a part of its territory.

The EEZ areas of the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories (in decreasing size)
TerritoryEEZ Area (km2)EEZ Area (sq mi)Notes
1449532sqkmDisputed with .
836108sqkm
773676sqkmIncluding the .
754720sqkmIncluding Gough Island.
638568sqkmDisputed with .
550872sqkmDisputed with .
450370sqkm
444916sqkm
441658sqkm
154068sqkm
119137sqkm
92178sqkm
80117sqkm
Channel Islands11658sqkmIncluding and .
7582sqkm
426sqkmDisputed with .
0sqkmNo EEZ area. The relevant EEZ areas around Cyprus Island are claimed by the [65] and .[66]
Total6,805,5862,627,651

A part of the overseas territory of, which together has an EEZ of 1,641,294 square km.

United States

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of the United States.

The United States' exclusive economic zone is the second largest in the world, covering 11,351,000 km2. Areas of its EEZ are located in three oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea.

The EEZ (including territorial sea) areas of the territories of the U.S. (in decreasing size)[67]
TerritoryEEZ Area (km2)EEZ Area (sq mi)Notes
3770021sqkmA non-contiguous state in the northwest extremity of the North American continent.
Northwestern Islands1579538sqkmIncluding Midway Atoll, these islands form the Leeward Islands of the Hawaiian island chain.
U.S. East Coast915763sqkmThe mainland coastal states of the Eastern United States. As a region, this term most often refers to the coastal states of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and the Atlantic Coast of Florida.
– Southeastern Islands895346sqkmThese islands form the Windward Islands of the Hawaiian island chain.
U.S. West Coast825549sqkmThe mainland coastal states of the Western United States. As a region, this term most often refers to the coastal states of California, Oregon, Washington.
749268sqkmAn organized, unincorporated, Commonwealth of the United States.
U.S. Gulf Coast707832sqkmThe mainland coastal states of the Southern United States. As a region, this term most often refers to the coastal states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and the Gulf Coast of Florida
Johnston Atoll442635sqkmA National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
Howland and Baker Islands434921sqkmBoth territories are National Wildlife Refuges in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
407241sqkmA National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
404391sqkmThe only inhabited, unorganized, unincorporated, territory of the United States.
Palmyra Atoll and Kingman Reef352300sqkmBoth territories are National Wildlife Refuges in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
Jarvis Island316665sqkmA National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
221504sqkmAn organized, unincorporated, territory of the United States.
177685sqkmAn organized, unincorporated, Commonwealth of the United States.
33744sqkmAn organized, unincorporated, territory of the United States.
Navassa IslandN/AN/AA National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.
Total11,351,0004,383,000

Note, the totals in the table actually add up to 12,234,403 square km and 4,723,705 square miles.

Vietnam

See main article: Exclusive economic zone of Vietnam.

See main article: Territorial disputes in the South China Sea.

Vietnam claims an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of with 200 nautical miles from its shores.[68] [69] These figures do not include the claimed EEZ areas of the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands. Vietnam has disputes mainly with the People's Republic of China due to the nine-dash line.

Rankings by area

This list includes dependent territories (including uninhabited territories) within their sovereign states, but does not include various claims on Antarctica. EEZ+TIA is exclusive economic zone (EEZ) plus total internal area (TIA) which includes territorial land and internal waters.

RankCountryEEZ km2Shelf km2EEZ+TIA km2
1 11,351,000 2,193,526 21,814,306
2 10,186,624 725,297 12,416,921
3 9,025,053 2,194,008 16,197,464
4 7,566,673 3,817,843 24,664,915
5 6,805,586 872,891 7,048,486
6 6,159,032 2,039,381 8,063,601
7 5,599,077 2,644,795 15,607,077
8 4,479,388 214,976 4,857,318
9 4,420,565[70] [71] [72] 272,898 4,688,285[73] [74]
10 3,830,955 774,563 12,345,832
11 3,681,989 252,947 4,431,381
12 3,441,810 7,523 3,442,536
13 3,269,386 419,102 5,141,968
14 2,996,419 19,403 2,997,121
15 2,551,238 495,657 4,761,811
16 2,402,288 191,256 2,865,128
17 2,385,178 434,020 2,770,404
18 2,305,143 402,996 5,592,406
19 1,990,530 18,411 1,990,711
1,960,027 1,213 1,960,267
20 1,727,408 28,000 1,819,498
21 1,590,780 272,921 1,890,780
22 1,589,477 36,282 1,618,373
23 1,535,538 156,337 2,756,575
24 1,336,559 39,063 1,337,014
25 1,284,997 29,061 1,287,037
26 1,282,978 47,705 1,301,250
27 1,225,259 101,505 1,812,300
28 1,159,063 856,346 3,939,463
29 1,077,231 41,034 1,333,600
30 1,039,233 77,920 1,545,225
31 923,322 34,538 923,622
32 906,454 82,000 2,191,670
33 877,019 231,340 10,473,980
34 825,052 55,895 1,462,709
35 808,158 53,691 1,949,906
36 800,561 5,591 804,594
37 751,345 108,015 854,345
38 749,790 3,575 749,816
39 663,251 11,483 675,440
40 659,558 8,517 660,305
41 654,715 106,323 668,658
42 603,978 2,837 604,437
43 578,986 94,212 1,380,576
44 575,230 115,157 1,287,780
45 574,725 19,585 625,825
46 564,748 86,698 1,388,864
47 552,669 59,229 1,080,637
48 541,915 116,834 843,251
49 533,180 59,071 842,680
50 532,775 220,332 1,209,353
51 532,619 32,453 598,229
52 518,433 48,092 1,765,133
53 505,572 81,451 637,529
54 475,469 342,522 575,469
55 471,507 98,500 1,387,950
56 417,663 365,198 748,875
57 410,310 139,935 480,583
58 351,589 64,763 2,111,129
59 350,751 61,525 460,637
60 335,646 53,404 411,163
61 334,671 323,412 665,474
316,584 284 316,844
62 308,480 41 308,501
63 303,509 7,820 331,560
64 299,397 230,063 812,517
65 290,000 51,383 1,117,911
66 263,451 61,591 1,265,451
67 261,654 56,093 1,045,216
68 258,137 9,802 269,128
69 255,898 10,738 304,569
70 249,734 17,715 361,103
71 249,542 68,718 362,034
72 241,888 25,611 1,186,975
73 235,349 22,502 473,888
74 228,633 107,249 2,378,323
75 217,313 42,285 1,141,081
76 215,611 28,625 287,351
77 202,790 35,020 470,458
78 186,898 426 187,328
79 176,254 10,175 498,717
80 168,718 118,693 1,797,468
81 165,338 31,662 1,190,858
82 163,752 1,526 165,987
83 160,885 154,604 602,255
84 158,861 23,092 355,583
85 154,011 77,246 192,345
86 147,318 79,142 750,818
87 142,166 75,327 318,381
88 137,765 50,578 352,734
89 131,397 1,902 132,361
90 127,950 2,087 130,781
91 127,772 53,631 291,592
92 126,760 6,683 154,510
93 126,353 9,985 2,508,094
94 123,881 70,874 254,254
95 123,725 39,339 159,850
96 118,813 66,438 230,390
97 116,942 11,073 697,309
98 114,170 14,422 223,059
99 113,888[75] [76] 50,337 234,428[77]
100 110,089 4,128 110,531
101 101,857 67,126 265,467
102 98,707 4,042 107,958
103 90,962 16,852 112,003
104 87,171 85,109 425,590
105 (Taiwan) 83,231 43,016 119,419
106 77,728 61,817 195,328
107 74,199 25,284 79,329
108 70,326 25,648 85,200
109 68,148 19,827 1,954,216
110 62,515 62,515 243,550
111 59,426 44,755 305,283
112 59,032 50,277 115,626
113 58,218 57,474 141,818
114 57,485 57,485 414,599
115 54,823 5,301 55,139
116 36,992 36,992 82,219
117 36,302 1,561 36,691
118 35,351 13,178 58,317
119 34,307 10,426 145,186
120 33,221 2,721 145,843
121 31,590 31,590 43,176
122 31,017 7,982 373,017
123 29,797 29,797 342,482
124 28,985 659 29,736
125 28,452 27,772 93,011
126 27,426 2,237 27,770
127 26,352 3,745 48,424
128 23,627 19,303 262,018
129 23,112 5,581 34,407
130 21,946 3,243 91,646
131 19,516 1,067 29,968
132 16,547 11,420 491,989
133 15,617 544 16,156
134 13,691 6,979 42,439
135 12,045 1,265 68,830
136 11,026 11,026 28,844
137 10,503 1,085 195,683
138 10,225 10,225 10,975
139 10,090 8,509 15,855
140 9,974 653 10,235
141 7,745 3,896 21,557
142 7,459 3,187 30,659
143 7,031 7,031 72,331
144 3,447 3,447 33,975
145 1,606 1,593 2,346,464
146 1,067 1,067 1,772
147 771 771 439,088
148 288 2 290
149 256 256 6,276
150 220 220 20,493
151 166 59 89,508
152 50 50 51,259
2,724,900
1,564,100
1,284,000
1,267,000
1,240,192
1,104,300
1,098,581
752,612
652,090
622,984
619,745
582,000
488,100
447,400
406,752
390,757
274,222
241,038
236,800
207,600
199,951
147,181
143,100
118,484
93,028
86,600
83,871
78,867
77,474
49,035
41,284
38,394
33,846
30,355
29,743
27,834
26,338
25,713
17,364
2,586
468
160
61
0.44
Total 137,926,515 25,149,113 274,891,722

See also

References

Works cited:

External links

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: Part V – Exclusive Economic Zone, Articles 55, 56 . Law of the Sea . United Nations.
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  4. William R. Slomanson, 2006. Fundamental Perspectives on International Law, 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadsworth, 294.
  5. Web site: Part II: Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone . 1982 UN Convention on the Law of The Sea.
  6. El Mercurio, Santiago de Chile, 29 June 1947
  7. El Peruano: Diario . Vol. 107, No. 1983, 11 August 1947)
  8. http://www.fao.org/docrep/s5280T/s5280t0p.htm The Exclusive Economic Zone: A Historical Perspective
  9. Web site: Turkey sends non-paper to EU, warning to stay away from Cyprus EEZ. KeepTalkingGreece . 23 June 2019 . 11 July 2019.
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  14. Kwiatkowska. Barbara. The Eritrea-Yemen Arbitration: Landmark Progress in the Acquisition of Territorial Sovereignty and Equitable Maritime Boundary Delimitation. Ocean Development and International Law. January 2001. 32. 1. 1–25. 10.1080/00908320150502177. 154096546.
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  32. Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, Submission by Australia
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  38. Web site: 5 February 2021 . Hrvatska proglasila svoj Isključivi gospodarski pojas u Jadranskom moru: Zastupnici jednoglasno podržali odluku . Croatia declared its Exclusive Economic Zone in the Adriatic Sea: MPs unanimously supported the decision . Novi List . hr . 8 January 2023.
  39. Web site: 25 May 2022 . Hrvatska i Italija potpisale Ugovor o razgraničenju isključivih gospodarskih pojaseva. U odnosu na ZERP donosi dva nova prava. . Croatia and Italy signed the Agreement on Demarcation of Exclusive Economic Zones. In relation to ZERP, it brings two new rights. . tportal.hr . hr . 8 January 2023.
  40. Web site: Danish foreign ministry. https://web.archive.org/web/20081123220949/http://www.um.dk/da/menu/Udenrigspolitik/FredSikkerhedOgInternationalRetsorden/Folkeret/Havret/. dead. 23 November 2008.
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  53. http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/971?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 EEZ and shelf areas of Japan (Ogasawara Islands)
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  62. https://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/esp77_14/prt_re_esp77_en.pdf Communications received with regard to the submission made by Portugal to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
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  71. http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/555?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 EEZ and shelf areas of New Zealand (Kermadec Islands)
  72. http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/772?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 EEZ and shelf areas of Tokelau
  73. Web site: FAO Country Profiles:New Zealand. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
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  76. http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/974?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 EEZ and shelf areas of North Korea (Sea of Japan)
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