Évian Conference Explained

The Évian Conference was convened 6–15 July 1938 at Évian-les-Bains, France, to address the problem of German and Austrian Jewish refugees wishing to flee persecution by Nazi Germany. It was the initiative of United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt who perhaps hoped to obtain commitments from some of the invited nations to accept more refugees, although he took pains to avoid stating that objective expressly. Historians have suggested that Roosevelt desired to deflect attention and criticism from American policy that severely limited the quota of refugees admitted to the United States.[1]

The conference was attended by representatives from 32 countries, and 24 voluntary organizations also attended as observers, presenting plans either orally or in writing.[2] Golda Meir, the attendee from British Mandatory Palestine, was not permitted to speak or to participate in the proceedings except as an observer. Some 200 international journalists gathered at Évian to observe and report on the meeting. The Soviet Union refused to take part in the conference, though direct talks on resettlement of Jews and Slavs between German and Soviet governments proceeded at the time of the conference and after it. In the end, the Soviet Union refused to accept refugees and a year later ordered its border guards to treat all refugees attempting to cross into Soviet territory as spies.[3]

The conference was ultimately doomed, as aside from the Dominican Republic and later Costa Rica, delegations from the 32 participating nations failed to come to any agreement about accepting the Jewish refugees fleeing the Third Reich. The conference thus inadvertently proved to be a useful tool for the Nazi propaganda.[4] Adolf Hitler responded to the news of the conference by saying that if other nations agreed to take the Jews, he would help them leave.

Background

The Nuremberg Laws stripped German Jews, who were already persecuted by the Hitler regime, of their German citizenship. They were classified as "subjects" and became stateless in their own country. By 1938, some 450,000 of about 900,000 German Jews were expelled or fled Germany, mostly to France and British Mandatory Palestine, where the large wave of migrants led to an Arab uprising. When Hitler annexed Austria in March 1938, and applied German racial laws, the 200,000 Jews of Austria became stateless.[5]

Hitler's expansion was accompanied by a rise in antisemitism and fascism across Europe. Antisemitic governments came to power in Hungary and Romania, where Jews had always been second-class citizens. The result was millions of Jews attempting to flee Europe, while they were perceived as an undesirable and socially damaging population with popular academic theories arguing that Jews damaged the "racial hygiene" or "eugenics" of nations where they were resident and engaged in conspirative behaviour. In 1936, Chaim Weizmann (who decided not to attend the conference)[6] declared that "the world seemed to be divided into two parts – those places where the Jews could not live and those where they could not enter."[7] [8]

Before the Conference the United States and Britain made a critical agreement: the British promised not to bring up the fact that the United States was not filling its immigration quotas, and any mention of Palestine as a possible destination for Jewish refugees was excluded from the agenda. Britain administered Palestine under the terms of the Mandate for Palestine.[9]

Proceedings

Conference delegates expressed sympathy for Jews under Nazism but made no immediate joint resolution or commitment, portraying the conference as a mere beginning, to the frustration of some commentators. Noting "that the involuntary emigration of people in large numbers has become so great that it renders racial and religious problems more acute, increases international unrest, and may hinder seriously the processes of appeasement in international relations", the Évian Conference established the Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees (ICR) with the purpose to "approach the governments of the countries of refuge with a view to developing opportunities for permanent settlement." The ICR received little authority or support from its member nations and fell into inaction.

The United States sent no government official to the conference. Instead Roosevelt's friend, the American businessman Myron C. Taylor, represented the U.S. with James G. McDonald as his advisor. The U.S. agreed that the German and Austrian immigration quota of 30,000 a year would be made available to Jewish refugees. In the three years 1938 to 1940 the US actually exceeded this quota by 10,000. During the same period Britain accepted almost the same number of German Jews. Australia agreed to take 15,000 over three years, with South Africa taking only those with close relatives already resident; Canada refused to make any commitment and only accepted a few refugees over this period.[10] The Australian delegate T. W. White noted: "as we have no real racial problem, we are not desirous of importing one".[11] The French delegate stated that France had reached "the extreme point of saturation as regards admission of refugees", a sentiment repeated by most other representatives. The only countries willing to accept a large number of Jews were the Dominican Republic, which offered to accept up to 100,000 refugees on generous terms, and later Costa Rica.[4] [12] In 1940 an agreement was signed and Rafael Trujillo donated 26000acres of his properties near the town of Sosúa, Dominican Republic for settlements. Trujillo, whose racism preferred European Jews over Afro-Caribbeans, did this because he was "desperately anxious to introduce a leavening of white immigration stock . . . Trujillo strongly believed in white superiority."[13] The first settlers arrived in May 1940: only about 800 settlers came to Sosúa, and most later moved on to the United States.[12]

Disagreements among the numerous Jewish organisations on how to handle the refugee crisis added to the confusion.[14] [15] Concerned that Jewish organisations would be seen trying to promote greater immigration into the United States, executive secretary to the American Jewish Committee, Morris Waldman, privately warned against Jewish representatives highlighting the problems Jewish refugees faced.[16] Samuel Rosenman sent President Franklin D. Roosevelt a memorandum stating that an "increase of quotas is wholly inadvisable as it would merely produce a 'Jewish problem' in the countries increasing the quota."[17] According to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, during the discussions, five leading Jewish organisations sent a joint memorandum discouraging mass Jewish emigration from central Europe.[17] Reacting to the conferences' failure, the AJC declined to directly criticise American policy,[18] while Jonah Wise blamed the British government and praised "American generosity".[16]

Yoav Gelber concluded that “if the conference were to lead to a mass emigration to places other than Palestine, the Zionist leaders were not particularly interested in its work.”[19] Years later, while noting that American and British Jewish leaders were "very helpful to our work behind the scenes, [but] were not notably enthusiastic about it in public", Edward Turnour who led the British delegation recalled the "stubbornly unrealistic approach" of some leading Zionists who insisted on Palestine as the only option for the refugees.[20]

Consequences

The result of the failure of the conference was that many of the Jews had no escape and so were ultimately subject to what was known as Hitler's "Final Solution to the Jewish Question". Two months after Évian, in September 1938, Britain and France granted Hitler the right to occupy the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia. In November 1938, on Kristallnacht, a massive pogrom across the Third Reich was accompanied by the destruction of over 1,000 synagogues, massacres and the mass arrests of tens of thousands of Jews. In March 1939, Hitler occupied more of Czechoslovakia, causing a further 180,000 Jews to fall under Axis control, while in May 1939 the British issued the White Paper which barred Jews from entering Palestine or buying land there. Following their occupation of Poland in late 1939 and invasion of Soviet Union in 1941, the Nazis embarked on a program of systematically killing all Jews in Europe.

Reaction

German Führer Adolf Hitler said in response to the conference:

In her autobiography My Life (1975), Golda Meir described her outrage being in "the ludicrous capacity of the [Jewish] observer from Palestine, not even seated with the delegates, although the refugees under discussion were my own people..." After the conference Meir told the press: "There is only one thing I hope to see before I die and that is that my people should not need expressions of sympathy anymore."[21]

In July 1979, Walter Mondale described the hope represented by the Evian conference:

"At stake at Evian were both human lives – and the decency and self-respect of the civilized world. If each nation at Evian had agreed on that day to take in 17,000 Jews at once, every Jew in the Reich could have been saved. As one American observer wrote, 'It is heartbreaking to think of the ... desperate human beings ... waiting in suspense for what happens at Evian. But the question they underline is not simply humanitarian ... it is a test of civilization.'"[22]

Participants

National delegations

CountryDelegation
  • Dr Tomas A. Le Breton, Ambassador in France[23]
  • Carlos A. Pardo, Secretary-General of the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations
  • Hélio Lobo, Minister first class, Member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters[25]
  • Expert:
    • Jorge Olinto de Oliveira, Permanent Delegate, First Secretary of the Brazilian Legation
  • Humphrey Hume Wrong, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations
  • Expert:
    • W. R. Little, Commissioner for European Emigration in London
  • Luis Cano, Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations, with the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
  • Prof. J. M. Yepes, Legal Adviser to the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations, with the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
  • Abelardo Forero Benavides, Secretary to the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations[26]
  • Dr. Juan Antiga Escobar, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Switzerland, permanent Delegate to the League of Nations[28]
  • Virgilio Trujillo Molina, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in France and Belgium, brother of the dictator Rafael Leónidas Trujillo
  • Dr. Salvador E. Paradas, Chargé d'Affaires, representing the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations
  • Alejandro Gastelu Concha, Secretary of the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations, Consul-General in Geneva
  • Henry Bérenger, Ambassador
  • Bressy, Minister Plenipotentiary, deputy director of the International Unions at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  • Combes, Director in the Ministry of the Interior
  • Georges Coulon, of the Foreign Ministry
  • Fourcade, Head of department in the Ministry of the Interior
  • François Seydoux, official of the Bureau for European Affairs in the Foreign Ministry
  • Baron Brincard, official of the Bureau for League of Nations Affairs in the Foreign Ministry
  • José Gregorio Diaz, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in France
  • Léon R. Thébaud, Commercial Attaché in Paris, with the rank of Minister
  • Mauricio Rosal, Consul in Paris, with the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
  • Primo Villa Michel, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in the Netherlands
  • Manuel Tello Barraud, Chargé d'Affaires representing the Permanent Delegation to the League of Nations
  • Constantino Herdocia, minister in Great Britain and France, with the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
  • Dr. Ernesto Hoffmann, Consul-General in Geneva and Permanent Delegate to the League of Nations, with the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
  • Gustavo A. Wiengreen, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Hungary
  • Myron Charles Taylor, Ambassador on Special Mission
  • Adviser:
    • James Grover McDonald, President of the "President Roosevelt Consultative Committee for Political Refugees",
      formerly League of Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Coming from Germany (1933–1935)
  • Technical Advisers:
    • Robert T. Pell, Division of European Affairs, State Department
    • George L. Brandt, formerly head of the Visa Division in the State Department
  • Secretary of the Delegation:
    • Hayward G. Hill, Consul in Geneva
  • Assistant to James McDonald:
    • George L. Warren, Executive Secretary of the "President Roosevelt Consultive Committee for Political Refugees"
  • Carlos Aristimuño Coll, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in France

Other delegations and observers

OrganizationRepresentatives
High Commission for Refugees from Germany
General Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Committee
  • Jean Paul-Boncour, Secretary-General
  • Gabrielle Boisseau, Assistant to the Secretary-General
  • J. Herbert, interpreter
  • Edward Archibald Lloyd, interpreter
  • Louis Constant E. Muller, translator
  • William David McAfee, translator
  • Mézières, treasurer
  • Imre Békessy, father of János Békessy, news agent
  • János Békessy, news agent of the Prager Tagblatt, he wrote down the event in his book Die Mission
  • Endre Sós, Jewish community functionary as Miklós Horthy's unofficial observer[30]

Private organizations

Press

The international press was represented by about two hundred journalists, chiefly the League of Nations correspondents of the leading daily and weekly newspapers and news agencies.[32]

See also

References

Notes

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Allen Wells. Tropical Zion : General Trujillo, FDR, and the Jews of Sosua. 2009. Duke University Press. 978-0-8223-4407-0. 6–8.
  2. "The Holocaust: Timeline: July 6–15, 1938: Évian Conference." Yad Vashem. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  3. Book: Michael Burleigh . Moral Combat Good and Evil in World War. 2011. HarperCollins ebooks. 978-0-06-207866-7 . 148.
  4. Book: Brustein, William I. . Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust . 2003 . Cambridge University Press . 2 . 0521773083 . 10.1017/CBO9780511499425 . 7 April 2024.
  5. Michael Blakeney, "Proposals for a Jewish Colony in Australia: 1938-1948." Jewish Social Studies 46.3/4 (1984): 277–292 online.
  6. Book: Frank Caestecker. Bob Moore. Refugees From Nazi Germany and the Liberal European States. 1 January 2010. Berghahn Books. 978-1-84545-799-0. 132.
  7. Manchester Guardian, May 23, 1936, cited in A.J. Sherman, Island Refuge, Britain and the Refugees from the Third Reich, 1933–1939, (London, Elek Books Ltd, 1973), p. 112
  8. http://christianactionforisrael.org/antiholo/evian/evian.html The Évian Conference – Hitler's Green Light for Genocide
  9. [Jack Fischel]
  10. Sykes, Christopher (1965) Cross Roads to Israel: Palestine from Balfour to Bevin. New English Library Edition (pb) 1967. Pages 198, 199.
  11. Web site: Australian Memories Of The Holocaust. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130411123739/http://holocaust.org.au/mm/i_australia.htm . April 11, 2013 .
  12. Book: Crassweller RD. Trujillo. The Life and Times of a Caribbean Dictator.. The MacMillan Co, New York (1966). 199–200.
  13. Metz . Allan . 1990 . WHY SOSÚA? TRUJILLO’S MOTIVES FOR JEWISH REFUGEE SETTLEMENT IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. . Contemporary Jewry . 11 . 1 . 3-28 . April 21, 2024.
  14. Book: Richard Breitman. Alan M. Kraut. American Refugee Policy and European Jewry, 1933-1945. registration. 1987. Indiana University Press. 978-0-253-30415-5. 103. As usual the Jewish agencies were quarrelling with each other and were ill prepared for the diplomatic atmosphere of the Evian Conference. Instead of attending the meeting with a single agenda settled beforehand, Jewish groups arrived with a smorgasbord of proposals. Some advocated increasing immigration to Palestine; others were most concerned with readaptation and vocational guidance to foster assimilation in the countries of refuge; there were those who wanted settlement in unpopulated areas and still others who were primarily concerned with protecting minority rights in European countries. Worse, there was a major clash between pro- and anti-Zionists present at the conference. An effort to draft a joint memorandum recommending the Zionist solution to the refugee problem was undermined by anti-Zionists..
  15. Book: M. Shahid Alam. M. Shahid Alam. Israeli Exceptionalism: The Destabilizing Logic of Zionism. 9 November 2009. Springer. 978-0-230-10137-1. 240. The expectation that the Jewish organizations would present a stable immigration plan was unfulfilled when they proved unable to agree among themselves..
  16. Book: Gulie Ne'eman Arad. America, Its Jews, and the Rise of Nazism. registration. 2000. Indiana University Press. 0-253-33809-3. 197.
  17. Book: Michael Laitman. The Jewish Choice: Unity or Anti-Semitism: Historical facts on anti-Semitism as a reflection of Jewish social discord. 22 December 2019. Laitman Kabbalah Publishers. 978-1-67187-220-2. 156–157. Probably the most unabashed display of lack of compassion of the Jews towards their coreligionists came in the midst of the discussions in Evian..
  18. Book: Rafael Medoff. Rafael Medoff. The Deafening Silence. 1987. Shapolsky. 978-0-933503-63-2. 46.
  19. Book: Yoav Gelber. Yoav Gelber. Michael Robert Marrus. Michael Robert Marrus. The Nazi Holocaust. Part 8: Bystanders to the Holocaust. https://books.google.com/books?id=Aom8_1elYxIC&pg=PA582. 2. 8 August 2011. Walter de Gruyter. 978-3-11-096869-9. 582. Zionist Policy and the Fate of European Jewry (1939-1942).
  20. Book: Edward Turnour Winterton (6th earl of). Edward Turnour, 6th Earl Winterton. Orders of the day. 1953. Cassell. 238. Leaders of the Jewish Community themselves in Britain and the United States, though very helpful to our work behind the scenes, were not notably enthusiastic about it in public; some feared that, if they were, it would betoken a lukewarm attitude to the ideal of a Jewish homeland in Palestine; indeed, some leading Zionists — though not Dr. Weizmann — in private were unfriendly to the Committee's functions. In their stubbornly unrealistic approach to the whole question of Jewish migration from persecution, they believed that all Jews who could escape from that persecution should go to Palestine..
  21. Provizier, Norman, and Claire Wright. "Golda Meir: An Outline of a Unique Life. A Chronological Survey of Golda Meir's Life and Legacy." Golda Meir Center for Political Leadership, Metropolitan State University of Denver. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  22. News: Evian and Geneva. Walter F.. Mondale. The New York Times. July 28, 1979. June 1, 2017.
  23. Web site: Bio & Photo. June 1, 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20020722194019/http://www.obligado.com/ing_institucional_lebreton.asp. July 22, 2002. mdy-all.
  24. Web site: Adolfo Costa du Rels. www.epdlp.com. June 1, 2017.
  25. Web site: Hélio Lobo (H. www.biblio.com.br. June 1, 2017.
  26. Web site: Presidencia de la República de Colombia. Presidencia de la. República. June 1, 2017.
  27. Web site: Bio & Photo. June 1, 2017.
  28. Web site: Bio & Photo. June 1, 2017.
  29. Web site: C.B.Burdekin, OBE, head of the prisoners of war welfare section of New Zealand House, London - NZETC. www.nzetc.org. June 1, 2017.
  30. Web site: A sátánizált Horthy 19. - Demokrata. www.demokrata.hu. June 1, 2017.
  31. Web site: History of HICEM. June 1, 2017.
  32. A list of the papers and agencies and their reporters was published by Hans Habe, present at the Conference as a foreign correspondent of the Prager Tagblatt (Prague Daily), as an appendix to his novel Die Mission (The Mission, 1965, first published in Great Britain by George G. Harrap & Co. Limited in 1966, re-published by Panther Books Ltd, book number 2231, in 1967).

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Évian Conference".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.