Euryarchaeota Explained

Euryarchaeota (from Ancient Greek εὐρύς eurús, "broad, wide") is a kingdom of archaea.^[1] Euryarchaeota are highly diverse and include methanogens, which produce methane and are often found in intestines; halobacteria, which survive extreme concentrations of salt; and some extremely thermophilic aerobes and anaerobes, which generally live at temperatures between 41 and 122 °C. They are separated from the other archaeans based mainly on rRNA sequences and their unique DNA polymerase.^[2]

Description

The Euryarchaeota are diverse in appearance and metabolic properties. The phylum contains organisms of a variety of shapes, including both rods and cocci. Euryarchaeota may appear either gram-positive or gram-negative depending on whether pseudomurein is present in the cell wall.^[3] Euryarchaeota also demonstrate diverse lifestyles, including methanogens, halophiles, sulfate-reducers, and extreme thermophiles in each.^[3] Others live in the ocean, suspended with plankton and bacteria. Although these marine euryarchaeota are difficult to culture and study in a lab, genomic sequencing suggests that they are motile heterotrophs.^[4]

Though it was previously thought that euryarchaeota only lived in extreme environments (in terms of temperature, salt content and/or pH), a paper by Korzhenkov et al published in January 2019 showed that euryarchaeota also live in moderate environments, such as low-temperature acidic environments. In some cases, euryarchaeota outnumbered the bacteria present.^[5] Euryarchaeota have also been found in other moderate environments such as water springs, marshlands, soil and rhizospheres.^[6] Some euryarchaeota are highly adaptable; an order called Halobacteriales are usually found in extremely salty and sulfur-rich environments but can also grow in salt concentrations as low as that of seawater 2.5%. In rhizospheres, the presence of euryarchaeota seems to be dependent on that of mycorrhizal fungi; a higher fungal population was correlated with higher euryarchaeotal frequency and diversity, while absence of mycorrihizal fungi was correlated with absence of euryarchaeota.

Nomenclature

In 2022, the proposed kingdom Methanobacteriati was introduced to replace Euryarchaeota, which was claimed to be taxonomically invalid.^[7]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)^[8] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)^[9]

Other phylogenetic analyzes have suggested that the archaea of the clade DPANN may also belong to Euryarchaeota and that they may even be a polyphyletic group occupying different phylogenetic positions within Euryarchaeota. It is also debated whether the phylum Altiarchaeota should be classified in DPANN or Euryarchaeota.^[13] A cladogram summarizing this proposal is graphed below.^{[14] [15]} The groups marked in quotes are lineages assigned to DPANN, but phylogenetically separated from the rest.

A third phylogeny, 53 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214.^{[16] [17] [18]}

See also

• Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms (ARMAN)
• List of Archaea genera
• Monera

Further reading

• Cavalier-Smith T . The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 52 . Pt 1 . 7–76 . January 2002 . 11837318 . 10.1099/00207713-52-1-7 . free .
• Woese CR, Gupta R, Hahn CM, Zillig W, Tu J . The phylogenetic relationships of three sulfur dependent archaebacteria . Systematic and Applied Microbiology . 5 . 97–105 . 1984 . 1 . 11541975 . 10.1016/S0723-2020(84)80054-5 . 1984SyApM...5...97W .
• Book: Garrity GM, Holt JG . 2001 . Phylum AII. Euryarchaeota phy. nov. . Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria . 2nd . DR Boone . RW Castenholz . 169 . . New York . 978-0-387-98771-2 . registration . https://archive.org/details/bergeysmanualofs00boon .

External links

• Comparative Analysis of Euryarchaeota Genomes (at DOE's IMG system)`1

Notes and References

1. Web site: C. Michael . Hogan . vanc . 2010 . Archaea . E. Monosson . C. Cleveland . Encyclopedia of Earth . National Council for Science and the Environment . 18 August 2017.
2. Lincoln SA, Wai B, Eppley JM, Church MJ, Summons RE, DeLong EF . Planktonic Euryarchaeota are a significant source of archaeal tetraether lipids in the ocean . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 111 . 27 . 9858–63 . July 2014 . 24946804 . 4103328 . 10.1073/pnas.1409439111 . 2014PNAS..111.9858L . free .
3. Book: Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria . Euryarchaeota phy. nov. . Garrity GM, Holt JG . 2015 . 9781118960608 . 10.1002/9781118960608 . Whitman WB . John Wiley & Sons.
4. Iverson V, Morris RM, Frazar CD, Berthiaume CT, Morales RL, Armbrust EV . Untangling genomes from metagenomes: revealing an uncultured class of marine Euryarchaeota . Science . 335 . 6068 . 587–90 . February 2012 . 22301318 . 10.1126/science.1212665 . 2012Sci...335..587I . 31381073 .
5. Korzhenkov AA, Toshchakov SV, Bargiela R, Gibbard H, Ferrer M, Teplyuk AV, Jones DL, Kublanov IV, Golyshin PN, Golyshina OV . Archaea dominate the microbial community in an ecosystem with low-to-moderate temperature and extreme acidity . Microbiome . 7 . 1 . 11 . January 2019 . 30691532 . 6350386 . 10.1186/s40168-019-0623-8 . free .
6. Bomberg M, Timonen S . Distribution of cren- and euryarchaeota in scots pine mycorrhizospheres and boreal forest humus . Microbial Ecology . 54 . 3 . 406–16 . October 2007 . 17334967 . 10.1007/s00248-007-9232-3 . 2007MicEc..54..406B . 19425171 .
7. Göker . Markus . Oren . Aharon . 2024-01-22 . Valid publication of names of two domains and seven kingdoms of prokaryotes . International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . en . 74 . 1 . 10.1099/ijsem.0.006242 . 1466-5026.
8. Web site: Euzéby JP . Euryarchaeota . 2017-08-09 . List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) . 2017-08-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170809131422/http://www.bacterio.net/-classifphyla%20copy.html#Euryarchaeota . dead .
9. Web site: Sayers. etal. Euryarchaeota . Taxonomy Browser . 2017-08-09 . National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database.
10. Web site: The LTP . 23 February 2021.
11. Web site: LTP_all tree in newick format. 23 February 2021.
12. Web site: LTP_12_2021 Release Notes. 23 February 2021.
13. Nina Dombrowski, Jun-Hoe Lee, Tom A Williams, Pierre Offre, Anja Spang (2019). Genomic diversity, lifestyles and evolutionary origins of DPANN archaea. Nature.
14. Jordan T. Bird, Brett J. Baker, Alexander J. Probst, Mircea Podar, Karen G. Lloyd (2017). Culture Independent Genomic Comparisons Reveal Environmental Adaptations for Altiarchaeales. Frontiers.
15. 10.1007/s00709-019-01442-7. 2020. Cavalier-Smith. Thomas. Chao. Ema E-Yung. Protoplasma. 257. 3. 621–753. 31900730. 7203096.
16. Web site: GTDB release 08-RS214 . Genome Taxonomy Database. 6 December 2021.
17. Web site: ar53_r214.sp_label . Genome Taxonomy Database. 10 May 2023.
18. Web site: Taxon History . Genome Taxonomy Database. 6 December 2021.