Eurovision Song Contest 1994 Explained

Eurovision Song Contest
Year:1994
Size:151px
Final:30 April 1994
Presenters:Cynthia Ní Mhurchú
Gerry Ryan
Musdirector:Noel Kelehan
Director:Patrick Cowap
Exsupervisor:Christian Clausen
Exproducer:Moya Doherty
Host:Irish: [[RTÉ|Radio Telefís Éireann]]|i=unset (RTÉ)
Venue:Point Theatre,
Dublin, Ireland
Winner:
""
Vote:Each country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 point(s) to their 10 favourite songs
Entries:25
Return:None
Map Relegation:Y

The Eurovision Song Contest 1994 was the 39th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held on 30 April 1994 at the Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Irish: [[RTÉ|Radio Telefís Éireann]]|i=unset (RTÉ), and presented by Cynthia Ní Mhurchú and Gerry Ryan, the contest was held in Ireland following the country's victory at the with the song "In Your Eyes" by Niamh Kavanagh. It was the first time that any country had hosted two successive editions of the contest, following the previous year's contest held in Millstreet.

Twenty-five countries participated in the contest, which for the first time featured a relegation system to reduce the number of interested participating countries. Seven new countries participated in the event, with entries from,,,,, and featuring for the first time. However,,,,, and were unable to compete due to the new relegation rules as the lowest-scoring countries at the previous event, whereas decided against participating by choice.

For the third time in a row, won the contest with the song "Rock 'n' Roll Kids", written by Brendan Graham and performed by Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan. Never before had a country won three times in a row in the history of the contest; at the same time, it was also a record sixth win, cementing Ireland as the country with the most wins in Eurovision history up till that point. Poland,, Hungary and rounded out the top five positions, with Poland achieving the most successful result for a début entry in the contest's history.

The 1994 contest also featured the first appearance of Riverdance. Originally a seven-minute performance of traditional Irish and modern music, choral singing and Irish dancing featured as part of the contest's interval act, it was subsequently developed into a full stage show which has since become a worldwide phenomenon and catapulted the careers of its lead dancers Jean Butler and Michael Flatley.

Location

The 1994 contest took place in Dublin, Ireland, following the country's victory at the with the song "In Your Eyes", performed by Niamh Kavanagh. It was the fifth time that Ireland had hosted the contest, following the, and events also held in Dublin, and the previous year's event held in Millstreet.[1] Ireland thus became the first country to host two successive contests.[2]

The selected venue was the Point Theatre, a concert and events venue located among the Dublin Docklands and originally built as a train depot and warehouse to serve the nearby port. Opened as a music venue in 1988, it was closed for redevelopment and expansion in 2008 and is now known as the 3Arena.[3] At the time of the contest, the arena could seat around 3,200 audience members.

Participating countries

Twenty-five countries were permitted to participate in the contest. As the number of countries interested in participating in the contest grew, and following the use of a qualifying round in the previous year's event, a relegation system was introduced to the contest for the first time, which would prevent the lowest-scoring countries from the previous year's event from participating in the subsequent contest.[4] In the summer of 1993 the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) confirmed that the seven lowest-scoring countries in the 1993 event would be barred from entering the 1994 contest, to make way for seven countries which would participate for the first time. As a result,,,,,,, and were unable to enter the contest, and in the contest's largest single expansion of new participating countries since the first edition in,,,,,,, and made their début appearances.[5] Estonia, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia had all previously participated in the 1993 qualifying round Slovenian: Kvalifikacija za Millstreet. Belgium thus failed to participate in the contest for the first time, leaving and as the only countries to have competed in every edition of the contest so far. Later in 1993 's broadcaster RAI subsequently announced that it would not participate in the event, leading to Cyprus being readmitted as the relegated country with the best result at the 1993 contest.

Four performers who had competed in previous editions of contests featured among the participating artists at this year's event: Marie Bergman, representing with Roger Pontare, had been a member of the group Family Four that had represented the country in the and ; Cyprus's Evridiki made a second appearance in the contest, following her entry at the ; Sigga returned to the contest for for a third time, having previously competed as part of Stjórnin in and Heart 2 Heart in 1992; and Elisabeth Andreasson, competing in this event with Jan Werner Danielsen for, also participated for the third time, having been a member of the group Chips, which represented Sweden in, and Bobbysocks!, which had represented Norway and were the winners of the . A number of artists which had previously competed in the contest also returned as backing performers: Rhonda Heath, who was a member of the group Silver Convention that had represented Germany in the, performed as a backing singer for the German entry MeKaDo;[6] and, who represented Iceland at the alongside Stefán Hilmarsson, returned as a backing singer for Sigga.[7] Additionally, having supported 's William Mangion as backing performers in the previous year's event, Moira Stafrace and Christopher Scicluna returned to the Eurovision stage as the country's entrants at this year's contest.[8]

Production and format

The Eurovision Song Contest 1994 was produced by the Irish public broadcaster Irish: [[RTÉ|Radio Telefís Éireann]]|i=unset (RTÉ). Moya Doherty served as executive producer, Patrick Cowap served as director, Paula Farrell served as designer, and Noel Kelehan served as musical director, leading the RTÉ Concert Orchestra. A separate musical director could be nominated by each country to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director also available to conduct for those countries which did not nominate their own conductor.

Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the country which it represented.[11] [12] A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance, and all participants were required to have reached the age of 16 in the year of the contest.[13] Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only backing tracks; however, any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage being mimed by the performers.[14]

Following the confirmation of the twenty-five competing countries, the draw to determine the running order was held on 16 November 1993 at the Point Theatre and was conducted by Niamh Kavanagh and Fionnuala Sweeney.[15] [16]

The results of the 1994 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in : each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry.[17] The points awarded by each country were determined by an assembled jury of sixteen individuals, which was required to be split evenly between members of the public and music professionals, between men and women, and by age. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing.

With the Point Theatre situated on the banks of the River Liffey, rivers were an integral part of the overall creative vision for the show and were a key theme of the opening and interval acts as well as the stage design.[18] Paula Farrell's design, which was four times the size of the stage constructed for the Millstreet contest, provided a scene of a futuristic Dublin at night, featuring representations of skyscrapers which incorporated video screens and lighting effects and underfloor lighting representing the Liffey and Dublin Bay. On either side of the stage podium-lined platforms were used by the presenters in-between songs and during the voting segment.[19] [20]

Rehearsals at the contest venue began on 25 April 1994. Each participating delegation took part in two technical rehearsals in the week approaching the contest, with countries rehearsing in the order in which they would perform. In each country's first rehearsal, held on 25 and 26 April, the delegations were provided with a 15-minute stage-call to prepare the stage and to brief the orchestra, followed by a 25-minute rehearsal. This was then followed by an opportunity to review footage of the rehearsal on video screens and to conduct a 20-minute press conference. The second rehearsals on 27 and 28 April consisted of a 10-minute stage-call and a 20 minute rehearsal. Three dress rehearsals were held with all artists, two in the afternoon and evening of 29 April and one final rehearsal in the afternoon of 30 April, with an audience present at the evening rehearsal on 29 April. The competing delegations were additionally invited to a welcome reception during the week of the event, held on the evening of 25 April in the Dining Hall of Trinity College Dublin.

During the final dress rehearsal on 30 April, the Polish entrant Edyta Górniak performed the second half of her song "To nie ja!" in English. As this rehearsal was also heard by the juries this constituted a break of the contest rules. Although discussions were held on whether to sanction or disqualify the country, Poland was ultimately allowed to compete.

Contest overview

The contest took place on 30 April 1994 at 20:00 (IST) and lasted 3 hours and 3 minutes. The show was presented by the Irish journalist and television presenter Cynthia Ní Mhurchú and the Irish radio and television presenter Gerry Ryan. Ní Mhurchú and Ryan had been considered as hosts for the 1993 event before the eventual choice of Fionnuala Sweeney.

The contest was opened with a segment by the Galway-based arts and theatre company Macnas, featuring a mixture of pre-recorded and live footage of a replica Viking longship on the river Liffey, and dancers, flag-bearers and performers in caricature masks of notable Irish personalities in various locations in central Dublin and in the Point Theatre.[21] [22] [23] The interval act, "Riverdance", was a seven-minute composition by the Irish composer Bill Whelan, and took inspiration from "Timedance", the interval act from the also held in Dublin.[24] "Riverdance" featured a mix of traditional Irish and modern music by the RTÉ Concert Orchestra, choral singing from the Celtic ensemble Anúna, and Irish dancing led by the Irish-American dancers Jean Butler and Michael Flatley.[25] [26] The trophy awarded to the winners, entitled "Wavelength", was designed by the Irish sculptor Grace Weir of the Temple Bar Gallery, and was presented by the previous year's winning artist Niamh Kavanagh.[27]

The winner was represented by the song "Rock 'n' Roll Kids", written by Brendan Graham and performed by Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan. This marked Ireland's sixth contest wina new contest recordand also gave the country its third win in a rowthe first time a country had won three successive contests.[28] "Rock 'n' Roll Kids" became the highest scoring winner in Eurovision history to date with 226 points, and was the first song to receive over 200 points. It was also the first time that a song had won without using the orchestra. Harrington and McGettigan additionally became the oldest winning performers and the first winning male duo. First-time participating countries Poland, Hungary and Russia all finished in the top ten, placing second, fourth and ninth respectively, while conversely the four other débuting countries all placed within the bottom seven entries, with Lithuania scoring nul points with its first ever entry.[29] Poland achieved the most successful début performance of any country in the contest's history at the time, and its second-place finish in this event remains the country's best ever Eurovision placing.[30]

+ Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1994[31]
CountryArtistSongPointsPlace
1 and Roger Pontare"Swedish: Stjärnorna|i=unset"4813
2CatCat"Bye Bye Baby"1122
3 and Charlie McGettigan"Rock 'n' Roll Kids"2261
4Evridiki"Greek, Modern (1453-);: Ime anthropos ki ego|i=unset"5111
5Sigga"Icelandic: Nætur|i=unset"4912
6"We Will Be Free (Lonely Symphony)"6310
7"Croatian: Nek' ti bude ljubav sva|i=unset"2716
8Sara"Portuguese: Chamar a música|i=unset"738
9Duilio"Italian: Sto pregando|i=unset"1519
10"Estonian: Nagu merelaine|i=unset"224
11"Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: [[Dincolo de nori]]|i=unset"1421
12"More than Love"975
13"Dutch; Flemish: Waar is de zon|i=unset"423
14Mekado"German: Wir geben 'ne Party|i=unset"1283
15 and Tublatanka"Slovak: Nekonečná pieseň|i=unset"1519
16"Lithuanian: Lopšinė mylimai|i=unset"025
17 and Jan Werner Danielsen"Norwegian: Duett|i=unset"766
18Alma and Dejan"Bosnian: Ostani kraj mene|i=unset"3915
19 and the Sea Lovers"Greek, Modern (1453-);: To trehandiri|i=unset (Diri Diri)"4414
20"German: Für den Frieden der Welt|i=unset"1917
21"Spanish; Castilian: Ella no es ella|i=unset"1718
22Friderika"Hungarian: [[Kinek mondjam el vétkeimet?]]|i=unset"1224
23Youddiph"Russian: Vechny strannik|i=unset"709
24"Polish: [[To nie ja!]]|i=unset"1662
25"French: Je suis un vrai garçon|i=unset"747

Spokespersons

Each country nominated a spokesperson who was responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country. For the first time, the spokespersons were connected to the venue via satellite rather than through telephone lines, allowing them to appear in vision during the broadcast. Spokespersons at the 1994 contest are listed below.

    1. Solveig Herlin
  1. Eileen Dunne[32]
  2. Anna Partelidou
  3. Sigríður Arnardóttir
  4. Colin Berry
  5. Helga Vlahović[33]
  6. Isabel Bahia
  7. Sandra Studer
  8. Urve Tiidus[34]
    1. John Demanuele[35]
  9. Joop van Os
  10. Carmen Nebel
  11. Juraj Čurný
  12. Gitana Lapinskaitė[36]
    1. Diana Grković-Foretić
  13. Fotini Giannoulatou
    1. María Ángeles Balañac
    2. Irina Klenskaya
  14. Jan Chojnacki
  15. Laurent Romejko

Detailed voting results

Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries. The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order. The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.

+ Detailed voting results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1994[37] [38]
scope="col"
Sweden48 2 7 2 3 6 5 5 10 5 1 2
Finland11 1 10
Ireland226 10 7 8 12 10 12 12 12 10 8 5 12 12 6 10 12 10 10 10 10 12 8 8
Cyprus51 10 3 5 2 5 12 4 2 5 3
Iceland49 8 1 6 6 3 3 1 3 3 6 1 4 4
United Kingdom63 1 5 6 8 8 5 2 4 3 2 4 1 3 3 5 3
Croatia27 10 12 5
Portugal73 5 5 8 8 8 5 1 3 12 7 4 1 6
Switzerland15 8 2 5
Estonia2 2
Romania14 6 2 6
Malta97 4 6 10 2 1 7 4 6 7 10 1 3 10 7 12 7
Netherlands4 4
Germany128 6 3 5 6 7 7 10 10 3 12 4 7 4 1 7 2 8 12 7 7
Slovakia15 12 3
Lithuania0
Norway76 7 3 10 1 4 3 1 8 4 7 2 1 6 1 5 5 8
Bosnia and Herzegovina39 2 4 7 8 7 1 10
Greece44 2 4 12 6 4 1 5 4 4 2
Austria19 1 7 3 2 1 5
Spain17 5 2 8 2
Hungary122 12 12 12 10 2 5 1 4 4 2 10 7 8 3 8 3 12 7
Russia70 4 3 4 5 1 2 1 3 5 6 6 3 4 6 6 10 1
Poland166 8 7 1 6 12 8 7 10 12 7 2 8 10 4 12 6 8 12 8 6 12
France74 3 2 4 5 6 6 8 8 7 2 7 10 6

12 points

The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold. Ireland received the maximum score of 12 points from eight of the voting countries, with Poland receiving five sets of 12 points, Hungary receiving four sets, Germany two sets, and Croatia, Cyprus, Malta, Portugal and Slovakia each receiving one maximum score.

+ Distribution of 12 points awarded at the Eurovision Song Contest 1994
N.ContestantNation(s) giving 12 points
8 ,,,,,,,
5,,,,
4,,,
2,
1

Broadcasts

Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers. Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.

+ Broadcasters and commentators in non-participating countries
CountryBroadcasterChannel(s)Commentator(s)
SBSSBS TV[71]
BRTNTV2André Vermeulen[72]
RTBFRTBF1Jean-Pierre Hautier[73]
DRDR TVJørgen de Mylius[74]
KNRKNR[75]
SVF[76]
IBAChannel 1[77]
JRTVJTV2[78]
RTVSLO[79]
Val 202[80]
TRTTRT 1[81]
YugoslaviaRTS[82]

Legacy

Although the winning song had modest success, peaking in the Irish Singles Chart at number 2 and also entering the Dutch and Flemish charts following the contest,[83] [84] it was largely overshadowed by the contest's interval act. The music to "Riverdance" was subsequently released as a single shortly after the contest and shot straight to number 1 on the Irish charts where it remained for 18 weeks.[85] [86] "Riverdance" remains the second best selling single in Ireland ever, behind Elton John's "Something About the Way You Look Tonight"/"Candle in the Wind 1997".[87] An invite was subsequently given to feature the original seven-minute performance at the Royal Variety Performance in November 1994 at the Dominion Theatre in London in the presence of Prince Charles.[88] At the same time preparations were underway to develop the seven-minute performance into a stage show, preparations led by Moya Doherty, who had been the executive producer of Eurovision 1994, and her husband John McColgan.[89] [90] Opening in February 1995 at the Point Theatre and featuring original lead dancers Michael Flatley and Jean Butler, the full length show ran for an initial run of five weeks, with tickets selling out within three days of going on sale, followed by another sold-out run at the Hammersmith Apollo in London and in March 1996 its first performance in the United States, at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City.[91] [92] It is estimated that Riverdance has now been seen live by over 27.5 million people at performances worldwide, and that over 10 million home videos of Riverdance performances have been sold.

The relegation system introduced to the contest in this edition continued to be used in various forms for the next ten years and allowed even more new countries to join the event, with, and competing for the first time in, and respectively.[93] [94] [95] However, as the contest continued to develop, and as even more countries began to express an interest in competing, the relegation system proved unable to meet the needs required to allow for an equitable solution for all countries. Ultimately this led to the introduction of a semi-final to the contest format in, allowing all interested countries to participate once again, which was eventually expanded to two semi-finals from .[96] [97]

Notes and references

Bibliography

Notes and References

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  35. News: Malta fifth in Euro contest . . 1 May 1994 . 1.
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  37. Web site: Results of the Final of Dublin 1994 . European Broadcasting Union . 17 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210417122205/https://eurovision.tv/event/dublin-1994/final/results . 17 April 2021 . live.
  38. Web site: Eurovision Song Contest 1994 – Scoreboard . European Broadcasting Union . 25 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043416/http://www.eurovision.tv/page/history/by-year/contest?event=309#Scoreboard . 24 September 2015 . dead.
  39. News: Halbhuber . Axel . Ein virtueller Disput der ESC-Kommentatoren . A virtual dispute between Eurovision commentators . 8 July 2022 . . 22 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150523031620/http://kurier.at/kultur/song-contest/ein-virtueller-disput-der-esc-kommentatoren/131.875.853 . 23 May 2015 . de . live.
  40. News: Program HRT – subota HRT 1 . HRT program – Saturday HRT 1 . 13 May 2024 . Glas Podravine . 29 April 1994 . 9 . sh . . 14 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514001724/https://library.foi.hr/dbook/novine.php?C=20&godina=1994&broj=000017&page=013 . live.
  41. News: Eurosong seli u Belfast kao glazbeni zalog miru? . Eurovision to move to Belfast as a musical pledge for peace? . 12 November 2022 . . 5 May 1994 . hr . . subscription . 12 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221112100352/https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/pvpages/pvpages/viewPage/?page=37&pv_page_id=680780 . live.
  42. News: Ραδιοτηλεοραση – Σαββατο . Radio-Television – Saturday . 5 March 2024 . Greek, Modern (1453-);: [[Simerini|I Simerini]]|i=unset . 30 April 1994 . Nicosia, Cyprus . 6 . el . . 25 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240525223952/https://www.pressarchive.cy/s/en/item/911120#?c=&m=&s=&cv= . live.
  43. News: Ραδιοφωνο – Τριτο . Radio – Trito . 5 March 2024 . Greek, Modern (1453-);: [[Phileleftheros|O Phileleftheros]]|i=unset . 9 May 1992 . Nicosia, Cyprus . 22 . el . . 25 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240525225015/https://www.pressarchive.cy/s/en/item/595197#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-4318%2C-376%2C13339%2C7507 . live.
  44. News: Televisioon . Television . 4 November 2022 . Post . 30 April 1994 . Tallinn, Estonia . 4 . et . .
  45. News: Vello Rand: väga raske on ennustada, milline laul Dublinis võidab . Vello Rand: It's very difficult to predict which song will win in Dublin . 4 November 2022 . Post . 28 April 1994 . Tallinn, Estonia . 1 . et . . 4 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221104140358/https://dea.digar.ee/?a=d&d=postrahvatoelinehaal19940428 . live.
  46. News: Televisio & Radio . Television & Radio . 23 December 2022 . . 30 April 1994 . D11–D12 . fi . subscription . 4 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221104162225/https://nakoislehti.hs.fi/54822c5e-a702-4008-b8d5-359c830ff348/48 . live.
  47. News: Télévision . Television . 27 October 2023 . . . 30 April 1994 . Lausanne, Switzerland . 32 . fr . . 27 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231027111136/https://scriptorium.bcu-lausanne.ch/zoom/85339/view?page=32&p=separate&tool=info&view=0,0,3589,5340 . live.
  48. News: Televízió – szombat április 30. . Television – Saturday 30 April . 23 July 2022 . Rádió és TeleVízió újság . 25 April 1994 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220723120433/https://archivum.mtva.hu/news_archive/item/NEWS-L244UkxESndsUFMrQjZqU1hQQlJQemNvbFNuRm9pcnZHTThGamdZNUVkQT0 . 23 July 2022 . 47 . hu . live . MTVA Archívum.
  49. News: Laugurdagur 30. apríl . Saturday 30 April . 28 May 2024 . . 30 April 1994 . Reykjavík, Iceland . is . 54 . Timarit.is.
  50. News: Saturday: Television and Radio . 19 December 2022 . . 30 April 1994 . 6 . subscription.
  51. Web site: Walsh . Niamh . Pat Kenny: 'As Long As People Still Want Me I'll Keep Coming To Work' . evoke.ie . 2 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220702142708/https://evoke.ie/2017/09/03/entertainment/celebrity/pat-kenny . 2 July 2022 . 3 September 2017 . live.
  52. News: TV – sobota, 30 kwietnia . TV – Saturday, 30 April . 28 October 2022 . . 30 April 1994 . 11 . pl . Polonijna Biblioteka Cyfrowa . 28 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221028160255/http://www.pbc.uw.edu.pl/15372/1/84%20(12362)%20Kurier%20Wile%C5%84ski%20sobota%2030%20kwietnia%201994.pdf . live.
  53. News: Television . . 30 April 1994 . 28.
  54. News: Programma's RTV Zaterdag . Radio TV programmes on Saturday . 4 November 2022 . . nl . 30 April 1994 . 8 . 4 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221104104103/https://leiden.courant.nu/issue/LD/1994-04-30/edition/0/page/8 . live.
  55. News: TV – Lørdag 30. april . TV – Saturday 30 April . 4 November 2022 . . 30 April 1994 . Moss, Norway . 36 . no . . 4 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221104104055/https://www.nb.no/items/22aac88a22ea41725fbd7b9205e0e624?page=35 . live.
  56. Web site: Norgeskanalen P1 – Kjøreplan lørdag 30. april 1994 . The Norwegian channel P1 – Schedule Saturday 30 April 1993 . . 4 November 2022 . 17 . no . 30 April 1994 . . 4 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221104104100/https://www.nb.no/nbsok/nb/acda0325219d74e63f16237eb998ab25?index=2#16 . live.
  57. News: Program telewizyjny 29.04–5.05 – Sobota 30.04 . Television schedule 29/04–5/05 – Saturday 30/04 . 28 June 2024 . . 29 April 1994 . 11 . pl . . live.
  58. Web site: Artur Orzech - Eurowizja, żona, dzieci, wiek, wzrost, komentarze . Artur Orzech - Eurovision, wife, children, age, height, comments . . 8 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210617194356/https://www.eska.pl/news/artur-orzech-eurowizja-zona-dzieci-wiek-wzrost-komentarze-aa-ZTAx-o4SH-yU1E.html . 17 June 2021 . pl . 18 May 2021 . live.
  59. News: Programa da televisão . Television schedule . 4 November 2022 . A Comarca de Arganil . 28 April 1994 . Arganil, Portugal . 8 . pt . 29 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220629153016/https://www.acomarcadearganil.cm-arganil.pt/a-comarca-de-arganil-10116/ . live.
  60. Web site: Firmino . Tiago . O número do dia. Quantos festivais comentou Eládio Clímaco na televisão portuguesa? . Number of the day. How many festivals did Eládio Clímaco comment on on Portuguese television? . N-TV . 4 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221104125852/https://www.n-tv.pt/eurovisao/o-numero-do-dia-quantos-festivais-comentou-eladio-climaco-na-televisao-portuguesa/269763/ . 4 November 2022 . pt . 7 April 2018 . live.
  61. Televiziune – sâmbătă 30 aprile 1994 . Television – Saturday 30 April 1994 . Panoramic Radio-TV . 20 . ro.
  62. News: Abia o recunoşti! Cum arăta Gabi Cristea în urmă cu 20 de ani, la debutul în televiziune. You can barely recognize her! How did Gabi Cristea look 20 years ago when she made her television debut. Libertatea. Romanian. 2 October 2015. 15 April 2015. Vacaru, Clara. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160319163056/http://www.libertatea.ro/monden/abia-o-recunosti-cum-arata-gabi-cristea-in-urma-cu-20-de-ani-la-debutul-in-televiziune-e-singura-poza-6453. 19 March 2016.
  63. News: Неделя телевизионного экрана . Weekly television screen . 27 October 2022 . . 22 April 1994 . 6 . ru . https://web.archive.org/web/20210523155516/http://tvp.netcollect.ru/tvps/ckmourchtjai.pdf . 23 May 2021 . live.
  64. News: Лучшие певцы Европы . The best singers in Europe . 27 October 2022 . . 22 April 1994 . 7 . ru . https://web.archive.org/web/20210523155516/http://tvp.netcollect.ru/tvps/ckmourchtjai.pdf . 23 May 2021 . live.
  65. News: sobota 30. dubna – Zahraniční televize – Slovensko / STV 2 / . Saturday 30 April – Foreign television – Slovakia / STV 2 / . 30 May 2024 . . 18 April 1994 . 18 . 14 . cs . .
  66. News: Televisión . Television . 29 November 2022 . . 30 April 1994 . 6 . es . subscription . 29 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221129130049/https://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1994/04/30/pagina-8/34419895/pdf.html . live.
  67. Web site: HerGar . Paula . Todos los comentaristas de la historia de España en Eurovisión (y una única mujer en solitario) . All the commentators in the history of Spain in Eurovision (and only a single woman) . . 19 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210926203750/https://los40.com/los40/2018/03/27/album/1522166894_094380.html . 26 September 2021 . es . 28 March 2018 . live.
  68. News: TV + Radio – Samstag . TV + Radio – Saturday . 4 November 2022 . . 22 . 30 April 1994 . Biel, Switzerland . de . E-newspaperarchives.ch.
  69. News: Eurovision Song Contest – BBC One . 4 November 2022 . . 30 April 1994 . . 4 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221104104103/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/24454d7645b04e50999c7e261e2285c8 . live.
  70. News: Eurovision Song Contest – BBC Radio 2 . 4 November 2022 . . 30 April 1994 . . 4 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221104104105/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/c34838ab58f4488da58a4413e8b059db . live.
  71. News: Today's television . 4 November 2022 . . 1 May 1994 . . 32 . . 4 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221104104103/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/13354862 . live.
  72. News: Zaterdag 30 april . Saturday 30 April . 4 July 2024 . . 29 April 1994 . Bruges, Belgium . 66 . nl . .
  73. Web site: Francophone Belgian Commentator Passes Away . European Broadcasting Union . 8 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180513025226/https://eurovision.tv/story/francophone-belgian-commentator-passes-away . 13 May 2018 . 15 October 2012 . live.
  74. Web site: Alle tiders programoversigter – Lørdag den 30. april 1994 . All-time programme overviews – Saturday 30th April 1994 . . 9 April 2024 . 9 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240409191825/https://www.dr.dk/alletidersprogramoversigter/?date=1994-04-30 . live.
  75. News: KNR Aallakaatitassat – Arfininngorneq 30. april/KNR Programmer – Lørdag 30. april . KNR Programmes – Saturday 30th April . 15 July 2024 . . 28 April 1994 . Nuuk, Greenland . kl, da . 13 . Timarit.is.
  76. News: Sjónvarp – Sjónvarpsskráin – 29. apríl - 5. mai . Television – TV Schedule – 29 April - 5 May . 15 July 2024 . . 29 April 1994 . Hoyvik, Faroe Islands . fo, da . 12–13 . .
  77. News: على الشاشة الصغيرة - السبت ٣٠\٤\٩٤ - التلفزيون الإسرائيلي - القناة الأولى . On the small screen – Saturday 30/4/94 – Israeli TV – Channel One . 22 May 2023 . . 29 April 1994 . Haifa, Israel . ar . 6 . . 3 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231103104137/https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/?a=d&d=alittihad19940429-01.1.6 . live.
  78. News: JTV Channel 2 Weekly Preview Monday, May 23 . 11 June 2024 . . 19–20 May 1994 . . 6 . Internet Archive.
  79. Sobota 30. april 1994 – Slovenija 1 . Saturday 30 April 1994 – Slovenija 1 . 4 June 2024 . Vikend magazin . . 30 April – 6 May 1994 . Ljubljana, Slovenia . 20 . sl . Digital Library of Slovenia.
  80. News: Spored za soboto . Schedule for Saturday . 26 October 2023 . . 30 April 1994 . Ljubljana, Slovenia . 14 . sl . . 26 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026143152/https://www.dlib.si/listalnik/URN_NBN_SI_DOC-8DQN7GEA/14/index.html . live.
  81. News: TV Programları . TV Programmes . 12 December 2022 . . 30 April 1994 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221212141406/https://egazete.cumhuriyet.com.tr/Archive/CUMHURIYET/GAZETE_ARSIVI/1994/4/30/88944DF8-AA56-4851-84CB-AEF613BCA91A_3213427_22.jpeg . 12 December 2022 . 4 . tr . live.
  82. News: TV Subota – TV Beograd Treći kanal . TV Saturday – TV Belgrade Third channel . 25 May 2024 . . 30 April 1994 . . 18 . Serbian . Pretraživa digitalna biblioteka . 24 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240324152716/https://istorijskenovine.unilib.rs/view/index.html#panel:ppissue:UB_00064_19940430page:46 . live.
  83. Web site: The Irish Charts - Paul Harrington . irishcharts.ie . 26 October 2023 . 3 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231103105228/http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=artist&placement=Paul+Harrington . live .
  84. Web site: Dutch Charts - Paul Harrington & Charlie McGettigan - Rock 'n' Roll Kids . dutchcharts.nl . 26 October 2023 . 25 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240525225023/https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Paul+Harrington+%26+Charlie+McGettigan&titel=Rock+%27n%27+Roll+Kids&cat=s . live .
  85. Web site: The Irish Charts - Riverdance . irishcharts.ie . 26 October 2023 . 27 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231027000427/http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=title&placement=Riverdance . live .
  86. News: River Dance Facts . 26 October 2023 . . 31 March 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026231840/https://www.independent.ie/regionals/wexford/enniscorthy-news/river-dance-facts/27236074.html . 26 October 2023 . live.
  87. Web site: The Irish Charts - Top 20 of all time . irishcharts.ie . 26 October 2023 . 2 June 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090602203810/http://irishcharts.ie/top_twenty/toptwenty.htm . live .
  88. Web site: Riverdance at Royal Variety Performance 28 November 1994 . Riverdance . 20 November 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150316212939/http://riverdance.com/blog/2014/11/20/riverdance-royal-variety-performance-28-november-1994/ . 16 March 2015 . live.
  89. News: Egan . Barry . Riverdance: The couple behind seven minutes that shook the world . 26 October 2023 . . 25 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026233938/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/weekend/riverdance-the-couple-behind-seven-minutes-that-shook-the-world/38889417.html . 26 October 2023 . live.
  90. Web site: Meet The Team of Creatives . Riverdance . 26 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130805174717/http://riverdance.com/the-show/creatives/ . 5 August 2013 . live.
  91. News: MR riverdance steps up a gear . 26 October 2023 . . 25 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231026234659/https://www.independent.ie/life/mr-riverdance-steps-up-a-gear/29150321.html . 26 October 2023 . live.
  92. News: Riverdance: 25th anniversary show coming to Hull . 26 October 2023 . The Hull Story . 8 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211008160919/https://www.thehullstory.com/allarticles/riverdance-bonus-arena . 8 October 2021 . live.
  93. Web site: North Macedonia – Participation history . . 29 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220621202230/https://eurovision.tv/country/fyr-macedonia . 21 June 2022 . live.
  94. Web site: Latvia – Participation history . . 29 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220605123840/https://eurovision.tv/country/latvia . 5 June 2022 . live.
  95. Web site: Ukraine – Participation history . . 29 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220601010216/https://eurovision.tv/country/ukraine . 1 June 2022 . live.
  96. 23 May 2003 . Eurovision Song Contest – New format . dead . European Broadcasting Union . https://web.archive.org/web/20031011162558/http://www.ebu.ch/news/press_archive/press_breves_2003_120_esc1.php . 11 October 2003 . 23 October 2023.
  97. 1 October 2007 . Eurovision Song Contest: Two Semi-Finals in 2008 . dead . European Broadcasting Union . https://web.archive.org/web/20071011091101/http://ebu.ch/en/union/news/2007/tcm_6-54152.php . 11 October 2007 . 23 October 2023.