List of active nationalist parties in Europe explained

Nationalist parties in Europe have been on the rise since the early 2010s[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] due to, according to some, austerity measures and immigration.[6] [7]

Analyses

Linguist Ruth Wodak has stated that the populist parties rising across Europe do so for different reasons in different countries. In an article published in March 2014, she divided these political parties into four groups: "parties [which] gain support via an ambivalent relationship with fascist and Nazi pasts" (in, e.g., Austria, Hungary, Italy, Romania, and France), parties which "focus primarily on a perceived threat from Islam" (in, e.g., the Netherlands, Denmark, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland), parties which "restrict their propaganda to a perceived threat to their national identities from ethnic minorities" (in, e.g., Hungary, Greece, Italy, and the United Kingdom), and parties which "endorse a fundamentalist Christian conservative-reactionary agenda" (in, e.g., Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria).[8] According to The Economist, the main attraction of far-right parties in the Scandinavian countries is the perception that their national culture is under threat.[9]

Different parts of Europe have nationalist parties with various ideologies and goals. Most nationalist parties in Central and Western Europe are described as "right-wing populists".[10] According to Thomas Klau of the European Council on Foreign Relations "as antisemitism was a unifying factor for far-right parties in the 1910s, 20s and 30s, Islamophobia has become the unifying factor in the early decades of the 21st century."[11] At the other side, there are non-rightist nationalist forces, many of them are leftist, civic or big-tent parties, which often advocate regionalism.

Overview

There are several nationalist political parties of all kinds in Europe, with different cases among the countries.

In Cyprus, because of the complicated situation on the island nation, most of the political forces are described as nationalist but on a different perspective each: leftist-nationalist AKEL supports Cypriotism, social-democratic EDEK, green KOSP and centrist DIKO are Greek-Cypriot nationalist, while national-populist ELAM supports Hellenic nationalism and union with Hellas.

In Belarus (Belaya Rus) and in Azerbaijan (New Azerbaijan Party), the dominant ruling parties are also big-tent nationalist, while in Russia both the ruling big-tent party (United Russia) and the main opposition parties (leftist Commnist Party and far-right LDPR) are nationalist. In Turkey, almost all the political parties, from centre-left kemalists to the far-right, are nationalist, including the government parties (conservative AKP, far-right MHP) and the main opposition (kemalist CHP, civic nationalist İYİ).

Right-wing or far-right nationalist parties are the biggest party in Switzerland (Swiss People's Party) and the ruling party in Italy (Brothers of Italy, Lega), in Hungary (Fidesz), part of the government in Finland (Finns Party), while in Sweden (Swedish Democrats) and in Serbia (United Serbia) they support the government. Also, in North Macedonia, nationalist VMRO-DPMNE is one of the two major parties in the country.

In the UK, Scotland's government is ruled by SNP, a catch-all and mostly social-democratic nationalist party that supports Scottish independence. In Spain, the centre-left government is supported by leftist nationalist ERC (Catalonia) and EH-Bildu (Basque) that seeking Catalan and Basque independence prospectively and also by the centrist nationalist and pro-Basque-independence BNP. In Norway (civic nationalist Centre Party) and in Cyprus (centrist DIKO, social-democratic EDEK), non-rightist nationalist parties are coalition partners on the governments. Also in Moldova, leftist nationalist PSRM is one of the two major political forces.

In all other countries, nationalist parties are in opposition. In some countries, opposition nationalist parties are major or significant players in politics, such as France's National Rally and La France Insoumise, Germany's AfD, Spain's Vox, Hellas' Hellenic Solution, Serbia's Oathkeepers and Dveri, Portugal's Chega, Netherlands' PVV and Forum for Democracy, Catalonia's (Esp) Junts and CUP, Ukraine's Batkivshchyna and Svoboda, Estonia's Conservative People's Party, Austria's Freedom Party, Bulgaria's Revival, Flanders' (Bel) Vlaams Belang and New Flemish Alliance, Hungary's Jobbik and Our Homeland Movement, Czechia's SPD, Norway's Progress Party, Armenia's Revolutionary Federation, Wales' (UK) Plaid Cymru, Sprska's (B&H) Alliance of Independents Social Democrats, Slovakia's National Party, Republika and Smer, Slovenia's SDS, Cyprus' AKEL and ELAM, Denmark's People's Party, Ireland's Sinn Fein, Moldova's Şor, Croatia's Homeland Movement, Luxembourg's Alternative Democratic Reform, Bosnia's Party of Democratic Action etc. In the United Kingdom, there is UK Independence Party, as a minor political player.

Separatist/regionalist nationalist parties with strong influence in the whole countries' politics are mentioned above, are ERC, Junts and CUP from Catalonia, Lega from Northern Italy, SNP from Scotland, Vlaams Belang and New Flemish Alliance from Flanders, Alliance of Independents Social Democrats from Sprska and Plaid Cymru from Wales. Also, there are some separatist nationalist parties with strong -or even majority- influence at local councils: Basqonian Geroa Bai from Navarre, Pe a Corsica from Corsica, Croatian Democratic Union from Croat-speaking Bosnia and Galician Nationalist Bloc from Galicia.

There are some cases, like Hellas's Golden Dawn, Slovakia's L'SNS, Croatia's Party of Rights or Germany's NPD, in which parties with significant role on the politics were ultra-nationalist and described as neonazist. Today, NPD is a minor extra-parliamentary party in Germany, Golden Dawn has eclipsed and condemned by the Hellenic Supreme Court as a criminal organization, Party of Rights is also almost eclipsed in Croatia, while L'SNS is still a parliamentary active political force in Slovakia. In Turkey, the government coalition partner MHP is considered ultra-conservative and neo-fascist, with links to the racist organization "Grey Wolves". In Italy, governing Brothers of Italy has post-fascist roots, while some years earlier the political parties MSI and its successor National Alliance (neo-fascist and post-fascist prospectively) were major political forces. In Hellas, the parliamentary political party of Spartans, though not neonazi/neofascist itself, entered the Parliament because of the endorsement of National Party - Hellenes and its leader Ilias Kasidhiaris, an ex-leading member of the neonazi Golden Dawn. Also, parties like Ukraine's Svoboda or Russia's LDPR have described as alleged with neonazism and neofascism.

Recent developments

Estonian General election, March 2019

The Conservative People's Party of Estonia is an Estonian far-right political party, founded in 2012. During the 2019 Estonian parliamentary election it had the largest gain overall of all parties, increasing their seat count by 12 to a total of 19 seats. Its public support is on the rise, according to opinion polls.

Spanish General election, November 2019

Vox is a Spanish right-wing to far-right political party, founded in 2012. It obtained, by surprise, 24 seats in the Spanish parliament in the April 2019 election. In the November 2019 election Vox obtained 52 seats (an increase) from what it got in early 2019. The president of Vox is Santiago Abascal and its general secretary is Javier Ortega Smith. Its public support is on the rise, according to results of subsequent regional elections, and opinion polls.

Hungarian Parliamentary Elections, 3 April 2022

Hungary held its General Parliamentary Elections on 3 April 2022, where 199 seats in the National Assembly of Hungary were filled. Two nationalist parties, emerged with seats in the new Assembly, with the new Prime Minister, Viktor Orban, being from the Fidesz-Christian Democratic People's Party. His party gained 135 seats, while the Our Homeland Movement gained 7 seats. This put 142 out of 199 seats in the Hungarian National Assembly under the control of nationalist parties..

Swedish General Elections, 11 September 2022

Sweden held its 2022 Swedish general election on 11 September 2022, where 349 seats in the Riksdag were filled. Sweden Democrats Sweden's far-right political party made gains winning 73 seats and becoming the 2nd largest party in Sweden with 20.07%. After the election Sweden Democrats joined the government.

They had two minor nationalist party's also ran Alternative for Sweden and Swedish Resistance Movement however they got a small % of the vote.

Italian General Elections, 25 September 2022

Italy held its General Elections on 25 September 2022, where 400 Deputies were elected to the Lower House and 200 Senators to the Upper House of the Italian Parliament. Italy's second largest right-wing party, the Lega Nord or "League" secured 66 seats in the Chamber of Deputies (Lower House) and 30 seats in the Senate (Upper House). The Brothers of Italy, the largest nationalist right-wing party today, obtained 119 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 65 seats in the Senate.

Observers commented that the results shifted the geopolitics of the European Union, following far-right gains in France, Spain, and Sweden.[12] [13] [14] It was also noted that the election outcome would mark Italy's first far-right-led government and the country's most right-wing government since 1945.[15] [16] [17]

Finnish General Elections, 2 April 2023

Finland held its General Elections, 2 April 2023, where 200 seats in the Eduskunta were elected to the Lower House. Finland's largest far-right party, the Finns Party secured 46 seats in the parliament, it was the second largest party with 20.07% of the vote.

They had two minor party's also ran Blue-and-Black Movement and Finnish People First but they got a small % of the votes.

Hellenic election, 2023

On the Hellenic Parliamentary elections in June 2023, far-right nationalist party Spartans entered the Parliament gaining 12/300 MP seats and around 4.5% of the popular vote. Two parties often described by some as nationalist also entered the Parliament: national-conservative Hellenic Solution gained 12/300 seats and around 4.5% of the popular vote, while christian-nationalist party Victory gained 10/300 sets with popular vote around 3.5%. Finally, Course of Freedom, an anti-establishment party which is described by some as left-wing nationalist, gained 3% of the popular vote and 8/300 seats. Totally, there are 12/300 (4%) seats belonging to a clearly far-right nationalist party, while by adding the seats of parties that sometimes described as nationalist, a total number of 42/300 (14%) of the Parliament MPs.

Prior to the election, there was an increasing coiling around National Party – Hellenes and its leader Ilias Kasidhiaris. Kasidhiaris, a former leading member of neonazi Golden Dawn party, tried to present a party with modern nationalist far-right profile, managing to reach around 5% in 2023 polls.[18] Finally, a law that exclude political parties connected to individuals sentenced as part of criminal organizations (Kasidhiaris is sentenced as leading person of Golden Dawn and serves his sentence on prison), did not allow at the party to take part on the election. Kasidiaris and his party, endorsed Spartans party, so it managed to enter the Parliament.

List

National

CountryParty Date established data-sort-type="number" % of popular vote Votes data-sort-type="number" SeatsIdeology, descriptionEuroparty
AlbaniaAlbanian National Front Party1989Albanian nationalism, national conservatism, Greater Albania
ArmeniaArmenian Revolutionary Federation189021.11% (2021)269,481Armenian nationalism, United Armenia[19] [20] PES
Republican Party of Armenia19905.22% (2021)66,650Armenian nationalism, National conservatism, Tseghakronism, RussophiliaEPP
AustriaFreedom Party of Austria195616.2% (2019)772,666National conservatism, right-wing populism, anti-immigration,[21] euroscepticismID
BelgiumNew Flemish Alliance200116.71% (2024)1,167,061Flemish nationalism, Regionalism, Separatism, Conservatism, Liberal conservatism,[22] RepublicanismEFA
Vlaams Belang200413.77% (2024)961,601Flemish nationalism[23]
Right-wing populism
Separatism
National conservatism[24]
Euroscepticism[25]
ID
BulgariaIMRO – Bulgarian National Movement1999Bulgarian nationalism, national conservatism, traditionalism
National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria2011Bulgarian nationalism, national conservatism, Euroscepticism
Attack2005Bulgarian nationalism, ultranationalism,
Bulgarian National Union – New Democracy20140.10 (2024)2,163National Socialism, Ultranationalism
Revival (Bulgarian political party)201413.78% (2024)295,915Bulgarian nationalism, national conservatism, Euroscepticism, anti-Western.
CroatiaHomeland Movement20209.56% (2024)202,714 Croatian nationalism, Right-wing populism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Conservatism, Soft Euroscepticism
Croatian Party of Rights19900.85% (2024)18,128Croatian nationalism[26] [27] [28]
CyprusNational Popular Front20086.8% (2021)24,255Greek nationalism
Czech RepublicANO 2011201227.13% (2021)1,458,140National conservatism, right-wing populism, anti-immigration
Freedom and Direct Democracy20159.56% (2021)513,900 Czech nationalism, Anti-immigrant, Anti-Muslim EurosceptismID
DenmarkDanish People's Party19952.6% (2022)93.428National conservatism, Danish nationalism, Anti-immigration,[29] [30] EuroscepticismID
The New Right20153.7 % (2022)129,524Conservatism, National conservatism, Economic liberalism, Danish nationalism, Euroscepticism, Anti-immigration, Anti-Islam
Hard Line20171.8 % (2019)63,114Ethnonationalism, Identitarianism, Anti-immigration, Anti-Islam, Hard Euroscepticism
EstoniaConservative People's Party of Estonia201217.8% (2019)99,672Estonian nationalism, national conservatism, anti-immigration, Euroscepticism, EthnopluralismID
FinlandFinns Party199520.07% (2023)620,102Finnish nationalism,[31] Anti-Immigration,[32] [33] EuroscepticismID
FranceNational Rally197229.26% (2024)9,379,092French nationalism, Anti-Immigration, Euroscepticism[34] [35] [36] ID
Reconquête20210.79% (2024)266,088French nationalism, Anti-Immigration, Euroscepticism
GeorgiaGeorgian Dream201248.22% (2020)928,004
Georgian nationalism, Anti-immigration, Social conservatism,Euroscepticism, Anti-lgbt
Georgian March20170.25% (2020)4,769Georgian nationalism, Anti-immigration, Social conservatism,Euroscepticism, Anti-lgbt
GermanyAlternative for Germany201310.3% (2021)4,803,902Euroscepticism, National conservatismID
National Democratic Party19640.1% (2021)64,574German nationalism, Neo-nazismAPF
GreeceCourse of Freedom20163.17% (2023)165,310Left-wing nationalism, Sovereigntism, Anti-austerity, Left-wing populism, Progressivism, Euroscepticism
Democratic Patriotic Movement - Victory20193.69% (2023)192,239Religious conservatism, Christian nationalism
Golden Dawn1993not able to contest, cancelled by Supreme CourtGreek nationalism, Anti-immigration, Irredintism,[37] Ultranationalism,[38] Neo-fascist,[39] Neo-nazism
Greek Solution20164.45% (2023)262,218National conservatism, Greek nationalism, Economic nationalism, Euroscepticism, Anti-immigration, Right-wing populism
National Party - Hellenes2020not able to contest, cancelled by Supreme CourtGreek nationalism, Ultranationalism, Anti-immigration, Nativism
Spartans20174.68% (2023)243,922Greek nationalism, Ultranationalism, Anti-immigration, Conservatism, Euroscepticism
HungaryFidesz198854.10% (2022)3,057,195Hungarian nationalism, national conservatism, anti-immigration, right-wing populism
Our Homeland Movement20186.18% (2022)332,440Hungarian nationalism, anti-immigration, Hungarian irredentism
IrelandAontú20191.9% (2020)40,917Irish republicanism, Social conservatism
Sinn Féin190524.5% (2020)535,595Irish republicanism, Left-wing nationalism
Fianna Fáil192622.2% (2020)484,320Irish republicanism, Conservatism, Christian democracy, Irish nationalism[40] [41]
Fine Gael193320.9% (2020)455,584Irish republicanism, Liberal conservatism, Christian democracy, Irish nationalism[42] [43] [44] [45]
Irish Freedom Party20180.3% (2020)5,495
National Party20160.2% (2020)4,773Nationalism, Anti-immigration, Anti-Islam
ItalyBrothers of Italy201226.0% (2022)7,284,952National conservatism,[46] Right-wing populismAECR
League19918.7% (2022)2,458,752Right-wing populism, Sovereigntism, ConservatismID
LatviaNational Alliance20109.40% (2022)84,939 Latvian nationalism[47] AECR
Latvian Nationalists20180.50% (2018)4,245Latvian nationalism[48]
LithuaniaYoung Lithuania2009Lithuanian nationalism, national conservatism, protectionism
LuxembourgAlternative Democratic Reform Party19879.27% (2023)348,990conservatismAECR
MaltaMoviment Patrijotti Maltin20160.36% (2017)1,117Maltese nationalism, right-wing populism, anti-immigration, anti-Islam
Imperium Europa20003.17% (2019)1,117Maltese nationalism, Pan-European nationalism, anti-immigration, anti-Zionism
NetherlandsParty for Freedom200623.69% (2023)2,414,657 Anti-immigration, Anti-Islam, EuroscepticismID
Forum for Democracy20162.24% (2023)228,822Anti-immigration, National conservatism, Euroscepticism
VMRO-DPMNE199044.54% (2024)436,036Macedonian nationalism,[49] Christian democracy, [50] EPP
NorwayProgress Party197311.7% (2021)346,053Right-wing populism, Conservative liberalism,[51] [52] Anti-immigration,[53] Euroscepticism[54]
Centre Party192013.6% (2021)402,481Norwegian nationalism (Civic nationalism),[55] Euroscepticism,[56] Agrarianism
PolandUnited Right201535.4% (2023)7,640,854 National conservatism, Christian democracy, soft euroscepticism[57] [58] AECR
Law and Justice2001Christian democracy, Soft Euroscepticism, Economic NationalismAECR
Sovereign Poland2012National conservatism, Euroscepticism, Political CatholicismAECR
Confederation Liberty and Independence20187.16% (2023)1,547,364 Hard Euroscepticism, Polish Nationalism, Ordoliberalism
National Movement2012Polish nationalism, national conservatism, anti-globalization
PortugalRise Up20000.09% (2024)6,030 Portuguese nationalism, Hard EuroscepticismAENM
Chega201918.1% (2024)1,169,781 Portuguese nationalism, national conservatismID
RomaniaGreater Romania Party19910.55% (2020)32,654Romanian nationalism, Union with Moldova, Anti-Hungarian sentiment
Rational Romania2019---Romanian rational nationalism. Neutral, Objective, Patriotic
LDPR19917.55% (2021)4,252,096Russian nationalism, Russian imperialism, anti-Americanism[59] [60]
SerbiaSerbian People's Party2014Serbian nationalism, Right-wing populism, National conservatism
Serbian Party Oathkeepers20123.87% (2022)138,260Serbian nationalism, Right-wing populism, Euroscepticism, National conservatism, Social conservatism, Russophilia
Dveri19993.84% (2022)140,100Serbian nationalism, Right-wing populism, Christian right, Conservatism, Monarchism, Economic nationalism, Eco-nationalism, Euroscepticism
Serbian Radical Party19912.23% (2022)80,218Serbian nationalism, Serbian irredentism, Right-wing populism, Hard Euroscepticism, National conservatism, Russophilia
SlovakiaSlovak National Party19895.63% (2023)166,995Slovak ultra-nationalist,[61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] Antiziganism[67] [68] [69] MELD
Kotleba - People's Party Our Slovakia20110.84% (2023)25,003 Neo-fascism APF
SloveniaSlovenian Democratic Party198923.5 (2022)279,897Slovenian nationalism, National conservatism, Right-wing populism, Social conservatismEPP
Slovenian National Party19911.5% (2022)17,736Slovenian nationalism
SpainVox201312.4% (2023)3,057,000Spanish nationalism, National Conservatism[70] AECR
Spanish Falange of the JONS19760.04% (2016)9,862Falangism
España 200020020.04% (2011)9,266Spanish nationalism
National Democracy19950.01% (2011)1,867Spanish nationalismAPF
La Falange19990.00% (2016)254Falangism, national syndicalism, Spanish nationalism
SwedenSweden Democrats198820.5% (2022)1,322,214 Swedish nationalism,[71] Anti-immigration,[72] Euroscepticism[73] AECR
Alternative for Sweden20180.26% (2022)16,646Swedish nationalism, Anti-immigration, Euroscepticism
Swedish Resistance Movement19970.03% (2018)2,106Militant national socialist[74] (part of the Nordic Resistance Movement)
SwitzerlandSwiss People's Party197127.93% (2023)713,471National conservatism, Economic liberalism, Agrarianism,[75] [76] Euroscepticism[77]
UkraineRight Sector20142.15% (2019)315,568Ukrainian nationalism
Svoboda19912.15% (2019)315,568Ukrainian nationalism, Anti-Russian[78]
Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists19922.15% (2019)315,568Ukrainian nationalism
Patriotic Alternative2019White nationalism, British nationalism, Anti-immigration

Disputed

Party Country Date established % of popular vote (legislature)Votes (legislature)SeatsIdeology
Peace to Luhansk regionalign=center 2014align=center 74.12% (2018)align=center Russian nationalism, Luhansk separatism
Donetsk Republicalign=center 2005align=center 72.38% (2018)align=center Russian nationalism, Donbass separatism
Unity Partyalign=center 2003align=center 46.3% (2009)align=center 21,246Ossetia
Free Motherlandalign=center 2005align=center 44.2% (2010)align=center 29,252Armenian nationalism, United Armenia
National Unity Party align=center 1975align=center 44.1% (2009)align=center 622,804Turkish nationalism
Vetëvendosjealign=center 2005align=center 26.27% (2019)align=center 221,001Albanian Nationalism & Greater Albania
Renewalalign=center 2000align=center % (2010)align=center 75,800Centrism, Russian Nationalism
United Abkhaziaalign=center 2004align=center % (2012)align=center Republicanism

Regional

Party Country Date established % of popular vote (legislature)Votes (legislature)SeatsIdeology
Basque National Party Basque Autonomous Communityalign=center 1895align=center 34.8% (2024)align=center 372,456Basque nationalism
Geroa Bai (Basque National Party + other minor parties) Navarrealign=center 2011align=center 15.8% (2015)align=center 53,497Basque nationalism
EH Bildu Basque Autonomous Community Navarrealign=center 2011align=center 32.1% (2024) 14.2% (2015)align=center 343,60948,166Basque nationalism
Alliance of Independent Social Democratsalign=center 1996align=center 34.6% (2022)align=center 221,554Serbian nationalism
Together for Catalonia align=center 2017align=center 21.59% (2024)align=center 681,470Catalan independence
Liberalism
Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes align=center 2017align=center 13.66% (2024)align=center 431,128Catalan independence
Social democracy
Popular Unity Candidacy align=center 2017align=center 4.09% (2024)align=center 129,059Catalan independence
Anti-capitalism
Pè a Corsica align=center 2002align=center 45.4% (2017)
(54.5% in second round)
align=center 54,212
(67,253 in second round)
Corsican nationalism
New Flemish Alliance align=center 2001align=center 23.88% (2024)align=center 1,045,950Flemish nationalism
Regionalism
Separatism
Conservatism
Liberal conservatism
Republicanism
Flemish Interest align=center 2004align=center 22.66% (2024)align=center 992,504Flemish nationalism
Right-wing populism
Separatism
National conservatism
Euroscepticism
Republicanism
ID
Martinican Independence Movement Martiniquealign=center 2002align=center 30.3% (2015)
(54.1% in second round)
align=center 36,523
(83,541 in second round)
Martinican nationalism
Scottish National Party193444.1% (2016)
(Constituency vote: 46.5%)
(Regional vote: 41.7%)
2,013,484
(Constituency vote: 1,059,897)
(Regional vote: 953,587)
Scottish independence
Scottish nationalism
Regionalism
Plaid Cymrualign=center 1925align=center 20.7% (2016)
(Constituency vote: 20.5%)
(Regional vote: 20.8%)
align=center 420,924
(Constituency vote: 209,376)
(Regional vote: 211,548)
Welsh nationalism
Welsh independence
Civil nationalism
Regionalism
Sinn Féin Northern Ireland190529.0% (2022)250,388Irish republicanism,Left-wing nationalism
Party of Democratic Action[79] align=center 1990align=center 24.4% (2022)align=center 238,111Bosniak nationalism
Croatian Democratic Unionalign=center 1990align=center 13.3% (2022)align=center 130,567Croatian nationalism
Galician Nationalist Bloc align=center 1982align=center 23.79% (2020)align=center 311,340Galician nationalism
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians align=center 1994align=center 9.29% (2020)align=center 75,218Hungarian nationalism

European political parties with mainly nationalist parties

Ultra-nationalist, neo-fascist

National-conservative

Separatist/Regionalist

There are not europarties with left-wing or civic nationalist ideology, though there are individual national parties.

Sources

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: EU president warns against rising nationalism in Europe. 2 July 2013. Today's Zaman. 11 November 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111217052315/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-226877-eu-president-warns-against-rising-nationalism-in-europe.html. 17 December 2011.
  2. News: Special report: The rise of the right in Europe. 2 July 2013. 6 June 2013. Special Broadcasting Service.
  3. News: Rising European nationalism chills investors. 2 July 2013. CBS News. 23 April 2012.
  4. News: Fascism and Ultranationalism on the Rise in Countries Across Europe. 2 July 2013. 27 June 2013. Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting.
  5. News: Peter Popham: Rise of far right threatens to pollute politics across Europe. 2 July 2013. The Independent. 7 May 2012.
  6. News: Smith-Spark. Laura. Anger at austerity, immigration feeds far right's rise in Europe. 25 June 2013. 9 May 2012. CNN.
  7. News: Rise of anti-immigration, anti-EU far right parties in Europe causes concern. 2 July 2013. Today's Zaman. 27 April 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120507104548/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=278834. 7 May 2012.
  8. News: Wodak. Ruth. Right wing populist parties on the rise. 8 March 2014. Cyprus Mail. 4 March 2014.
  9. News: Culture matters more. 1 July 2013. The Economist. 11 August 2012.
  10. News: Continent of Fear: The Rise of Europe's Right-Wing Populists. 1 July 2013. Spiegel Online. 28 September 2010.
  11. News: Far right on rise in Europe, says report. 1 July 2013. The Guardian. 6 November 2011. Walker, Peter. Taylor, Matthew.
  12. News: D'Emilio. Frances. Winfield. Nicole. Zampano. Giada. 26 September 2022. Italy shifts to the right as voters reward Meloni's party. 26 September 2022. AP News. Associated Press.
  13. News: Horowitz. Jason. Giorgia Meloni Wins Voting in Italy, in Breakthrough for Europe's Hard Right. live. 27 September 2022. The New York Times. 25 September 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220927040606/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/25/world/europe/italy-meloni-prime-minister.html. 27 September 2022.
  14. Web site: Lemire. Jonathan. 26 September 2022. White House anxiously watches Meloni's rise to power. 27 September 2022. Politico.
  15. News: 26 September 2022. Italy election: Meloni says center-right bloc has 'clear' mandate. Deutsche Welle. 26 September 2022.
  16. Web site: Leali. Giorgio. Roberts. Hannah. 25 September 2022. Italy on track to elect most right-wing government since Mussolini. 27 September 2022. Politico.
  17. News: Braithwaite. Sharon. DiDonato. Valentina. Fox. Kara. Mortensen. Antonia. Nadeau. Barbie Latza. Ruotolo. Nicola. 26 September 2022. Giorgia Meloni claims victory to become Italy's most far-right prime minister since Mussolini. CNN. 26 September 2022.
  18. Web site: Ψαλιδίζεται η διαφορά μεταξύ ΝΔ και ΣΥΡΙΖΑ .
  19. Book: Harutyunyan, Arus. Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization. 2009. 9781109120127. 89. The ARF strives for the solution of the Armenian Cause and formation of the entire motherland with all Armenians. The party made it abundantly clear that historical justice will be achieved once ethnic Armenian repatriate to united Armenia, which in addition to its existing political boundaries would include Western Armenian territories (Eastern Turkey), Mountainous Karabagh and Nakhijevan (in Azerbaijan), and the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of the southern Georgia, bordering Armenia..
  20. Web site: The Supreme Goals of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. ARF Shant Student Association. 21 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20060811154023/http://www.arfshant.org/index.aspx?PAGEACTION=Home. 11 August 2006. The boundaries of united Armenia must incorporate the territories awarded to Armenia by the Treaty of Sevres, as well as the regions of Nakhijevan, Javakhk, and Artsakh..
  21. News: Far-Right, Anti-Immigrant Parties Make Gains in Austrian Elections. 2 July 2013. New York Times. 28 September 2008.
  22. Web site: Wolfram Nordsieck . Belgium . Parties and Elections in Europe . 2017-01-16.
  23. Book: Wingfield, George. Belgium. 2008. Infobase Publishing. 978-0-7910-9670-3. 104.
  24. Book: Thompson, Wayne C.. Western Europe 2008. registration. 2008. Stryker Post Pubns. 978-1-887985-98-7. 201.
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