European emigration explained

Region1:
Pop1:204,277,273 (2020)
31,134,234 (Mixed)
Ref1:[1] [2]
Region2:
Pop2:88,252,121 (2022)
92,083,286 (Mixed)
Ref2:[3] [4]
Region3:
Ref3:[5]
Region4:
Pop4:39,137,000
Ref4:[6]
Region5: Siberia
Pop5:33,210,040
Region6:
Pop6:27,364,000 (2021)
Ref6:[7]
Region7:
Pop7:21,800,000
Ref7:[8]
Region8:
Pop8:21,500,000
Ref8:[9]
Pop9:13,169,949 (2011)
Ref9:[10] [11] [12]
Region11:
Pop11:10,520,000
Region12:
Pop12:7,160,000
Ref12:[13]
Region13:
Pop13:4,504,252 (2022)
5,052,349 (Mixed)
Ref13:[14]
Region14:
Pop14:3,735,874
Ref14:[15]
Region15:
Pop15:3,383,742 (2023)
Ref15:[16]
Region16:
Pop16:3,319,082
Region17:
Pop17:3,101,095
Ref17:[17]
Region18:
Pop18:2,800,000
Ref18:[18]
Pop19:2,172,944
Ref19:[19]
Region20:
Pop20:1,900,000
Ref20:[20]
Region21:
Pop21:1,780,000
Ref21:[21]
Region22:
Pop22:1,750,000
Region23:
Pop23:1,366,931 (2017)
13,965,254 (Mixed)
Ref23:[22]
Region24:
Pop24:1,100,000
Ref24:[23]
Region25:
Pop25:1,087,000
Region26:
Pop26:780,000
Ref26:[24]
Region27:
Pop27:560,592 (2020)
Ref27:[25]
Region28:
Pop28:374,925 (2022)
14,672,530 (Mixed)
Ref28:[26]
Pop29:548,000
Region30:
Pop30:352,889
Ref30:[27]
Region31:
Pop31:300,000
Ref31:[28]
Region32:
Pop32:250,000
Ref32:[29]
Region33:
Pop33:150,000
Ref33:[30]
Region34:
Pop34:120,000
Region35:
Pop35:80,000
Ref35:[31]
Pop36:60,000
Pop37:60,000
Langs:Languages of Europe (mostly English, Spanish, Portuguese, minority of French, Dutch, and Russian, also Polish, German and Italian)
Rels: Majority Christianity[32]
(mostly Catholic and Protestant, some Orthodox). Minority includes Islam and Judaism.
Irreligion Other Religions
Related:Europeans

European emigration is the successive emigration waves from the European continent to other continents. The origins of the various European diasporas[33] can be traced to the people who left the European nation states or stateless ethnic communities on the European continent.

From 1500 to the mid-20th century, 60–65 million people left Europe, of which less than 9% went to tropical areas (the Caribbean, Asia, and Africa).[34]

From 1815 to 1932, 65 million people left Europe (with many returning home), primarily to areas of European settlement in North and South America,[35] in addition to South Africa, Australia,[36] New Zealand, and Siberia. These populations also multiplied rapidly in their new habitat; much more so than the populations of Africa and Asia. As a result, on the eve of World War I, 38% of the world's total population was of European ancestry.[37] Most European emigrants to the New World came from mainly Italy, Germany, Ireland, United Kingdom, Spain, Poland, and Portugal, as well as France, Hungary, the Netherlands, Austria, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Armenia, Greece, Lithuania, Russia, and Ukraine.

More contemporary, European emigration can also refer to emigration from one European country to another, especially in the context of the internal mobility in the European Union (intra-EU mobility) or mobility within the Eurasian Union.

History

8th - early 5th century BC: Greek settlement

In Archaic Greece, trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes from the Black Sea, Southern Italy (the so-called "Magna Graecia") and Asia Minor propagated Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. Greek city-states were established in Southern Europe, northern Libya and the Black Sea coast, and the Greeks founded over 400 colonies in these areas.[38] Alexander the Great's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period, which was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization in Asia and Africa; the Greek ruling classes established their presence in Egypt, southwest Asia, and Northwest India.[39] Many Greeks migrated to the new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as geographically dispersed as Uzbekistan[40] and Kuwait.[41]

1450-1800: Emigration to the Americas

The European continent has been a central part of a complex migration system, which included swaths of North Africa, the Middle East and Asia Minor well before the modern era. Yet, only the population growth of the late Middle Ages allowed for larger population movements, inside and outside of the continent.[42] The European exploration of the Americas stimulated a steady stream of voluntary migration from Europe.

Spain and Portugal

About 200,000 Spaniards settled in their American provinces prior to 1600, a small settlement compared to the 3 to 4 million Amerindians who lived in Spanish territory in the Americas.

During the 1500s, Spain and Portugal sent a steady flow of government and church officials, members of the lesser nobility, people from the working classes and their families averaging roughly three-thousand people per year from a population of around eight million. A total of around 437,000 left Spain in the 150-year period from 1500 to 1650 mainly to Mexico,[43] Peru in South America, and the Caribbean Islands. It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to South America in the period between 1492 and 1824, one million in the 18th century, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence.[44]

Between 1500 and 1700, 100,000 Portuguese crossed the Atlantic to settle in Brazil. However, with the discovery of numerous highly productive gold mines in the Minas Gerais region, the Portuguese emigration to Brazil increased by fivefold. From 1500, when the Portuguese reached Brazil, until its independence in 1822, from 500,000 to 700,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil, 600,000 of whom arrived in the 18th century alone. From 1700 until 1760, over half a million Portuguese immigrants entered Brazil. In the 18th century, thanks to the gold rush, the capital of the province of Minas Gerais, the town of Vila Rica (today, Ouro Preto) became for a time one of the most populous cities in the New World. This massive influx of Portuguese immigration and influence created a city which remains to this day, one of the best examples of 18th century European architecture in the Americas.However, the development of the mining economy in the 18th century raised wages and employment opportunities in the Portuguese colony and emigration increased: in the 18th century alone, about 600,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil.[45]

General European emigration

See also: European immigration to the Americas.

Roughly one and a half million Europeans settled in the New World between 1500 and 1800 (see table). The table excludes European immigrants to the Spanish Empire from 1650 to 1800 and Portuguese immigration to Brazil from 1760 to 1800. While the absolute number of European emigrants during the Early Modern period was very small compared to later waves of migration in the 19th and 20th centuries, the relative size of these early modern migrations was nevertheless substantial.

Between one-half and two-thirds of European immigrants to the Thirteen Colonies between the 1630s and the American Revolution came under indentures.[46] The practice was sufficiently common that the Habeas Corpus Act 1679, in part, prevented imprisonments overseas; it also made provisions for those with existing transportation contracts and those "praying to be transported" in lieu of remaining in prison upon conviction.[47] In any case, while half the European immigrants to the Thirteen Colonies had been indentured servants, at any one time they were outnumbered by workers who had never been indentured, or whose indenture had expired. Free wage labor was more common for Europeans in the colonies.[48]

Indentured persons were numerically important, mostly in the region from Virginia north to New Jersey. Other colonies saw far fewer of them. The total number of European immigrants to all 13 colonies before 1775 was about 500,000–550,000; of these, 55,000 were involuntary prisoners. Of the 450,000 or so European arrivals who came voluntarily, Tomlins estimates that 48% were indentured.[49] About 75% were under the age of 25. The age of legal adulthood for men was 24 years; those over 24 generally came on contracts lasting about 3 years. Regarding the children who came, Gary Nash reports that, "many of the servants were actually nephews, nieces, cousins and children of friends of emigrating Englishmen, who paid their passage in return for their labour once in America."[50]

Figures for immigration in the Spanish Empire in 1650–1800 and in Brazil in 1700–1800 are not given in the table.

Numbers of European Emigrants 1500–1783! Country of origin! Number! Period
437,0001500–1650
100,000 1500–1700
500,000 1700–1760
Great Britain400,0001607–1700
Great Britain (totals) 322,0001700–1780
     Scotland, Ireland
190,000–25,000
France51,0001608–1760
Germany (Southwestern, totals)100,0001683–1783
     Switzerland
, Alsace–Lorraine
Totals 1,410,000 1500–1783
Source:[35]

In North America, immigration was dominated by British, German, Irish and other Northern Europeans.[51] Emigration to New France laid the origins of modern Canada, with important early immigration of colonists from Northern France.

Emigration in the 19th and 20th centuries

There was mass European emigration to the Americas, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand in the 19th and 20th centuries, as a result of a dramatic demographic transition in 19th-century Europe, subsequent wars and political changes on the continent. From the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 to the end of World War I in 1918, millions of Europeans emigrated. Of these, 71% went to North America, 21% to Central and South America and 7% to Australia. About 11 million of these people went to Latin America, of whom 38% were Italians, 28% were Spaniards and 11% were Portuguese.[52]

In Brazil, the proportion of immigrants in the national population was much smaller. Immigrants tended to be concentrated in the central and southern parts of the country. The proportion of foreigners in Brazil peaked in 1920, at just 7 percent or 2 million people, mostly Italians, Portuguese, Germans and Spaniards. However, the influx of 4 million European immigrants between 1870 and 1920 significantly altered the racial composition of the country. From 1901 to 1920, immigration was responsible for only 7 percent of Brazilian population growth, but in the years of high immigration, from 1891 to 1900, the share was as high as 30 percent (higher than Argentina's 26 percent in the 1880s).

The countries in the Americas that received a major wave of European immigrants from 1820s to the early 1930s were: the United States (32.5 million), Argentina (6.5 million), Canada (5 million), Brazil (4.5 million), Venezuela (2.2 million), Cuba (1.3 million), Chile (728,000), Uruguay (713,000). Other countries that received a more modest immigration flow (accounting for less than 10 percent of total European emigration to Latin America) were: Mexico (226,000), Colombia (126,000), Puerto Rico (62,000), Peru (30,000), and Paraguay (21,000).[53] [54]

Arrivals in the 19th and 20th centuries

European emigrants 1800–1960! Destination! Percent
70.0%
12.0%
Russian Siberia9.0%
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa9.0%
Total 100.0%
Source:[55]
DestinationYearsArrivals
1821–193232,244,000[56]
1856–19326,405,000
1831–19325,206,000
1818–19324,431,000
1821–19322,913,000
1901–1931857,000
1881–1932852,000
1882–1932726,000
1836–1932713,000
1821–1932594,000
1911–1931226,000

Legacy

Distribution

After the Age of Discovery, different ethnic European communities began to emigrate out of Europe with particular concentrations in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba, Costa Rica, Brazil, Chile, and Puerto Rico where they came to constitute a European-descended majority population.[55] [57] [58] [59] It is important to note, however, that these statistics rely on identification with a European ethnic group in censuses, and as such are subjective (especially in the case of mixed origins). Nations and regions outside Europe with significant populations:[60]

Canada

In the first Canadian census in 1871, 98.5% chose a European origin with it slightly decreasing to 96.3% declared in 1971.[61] [62] In the 2016 census, 19,683,320 self-identified with a European ethnic origin, the largest being of British Isles origins (11,211,850). Individually, they are English (6,320,085), Scottish (4,799,005), French (4,680,820), Irish (4,627,000), German (3,322,405), Italian (1,587,965).[63]

United States

The 2020 United States census data revealed that English Americans 46.5 million (19.8%), German Americans 45m (19.1%), Irish Americans 38.6m (16.4%) and Italian Americans 16.8m (7.1%) were the four largest self-reported European ancestry groups at 62.4% of the white alone or in combination population, reflecting the early settlement.[64] At the time of the first U.S. census in 1790, 80.7% of the American people self-identified as White, where it remained above that level, even reaching as high as 90% prior to the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. However, numerically it increased from 3.17 million (1790) to 199.6 million exactly two hundred years later (1990).[65]

Mexico

The European Mexican population is estimated by the government in 2010 as 47% of the population (56 million) using phenotypical traits (skin color) as the criteria.[66] [67] [68] [69] The use of skin color palettes as the primary criteria to estimate the ethnoracial groups that inhabit a given country has its origin in the investigations produced by Princeton and Vanderbilt Universities, which found it to be more accurate than self-identification particularly in Latin America, where the different discourses that exist in regards to national identity have rendered previous attempts to estimate ethnic groups unreliable.[70] If the criterion used is the presence of blond hair, it is 18%[71] [72] - 23%.[73]

Caribbean and Central America

Cubans of European origin (primarily Spanish) reached its highest proportion during the early to mid twentieth century. In 1943 the census showed 74.3% (3,553,312 people) self identified as (blanco) white.[74] [75]

In Costa Rica 83.7% of the population is White and Mestizo.[76] Other sources estimate different results between whites and mestizos.[77] [78] [79] Most are of Spanish and Italian descent,[80] however there are also German,[81] Polish[82] and French communities. During the last half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it welcomed more than 100,000 Europeans, mainly from Spain and Italy. It is estimated that about 50,000 Spaniards and Italians, 10,000 Germans and 40,000 Europeans of other nationalities, especially from France, Poland and England.[83] [84] [85] [86] Costa Rica had the greatest European migratory impact in Central America. When Costa Rica became independent, the population was barely 60,000 inhabitants.[87]

In El Salvador 12.7% of the population identifies as "white",[88] 86.3% of the population were mestizo or people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry. The majority being Spanish descendants from Galicia and Asturias. In El Salvador, settlement peaked between 1880 and 1920, when 120,000 European and Arab immigrants entered the country, the Europeans being mostly Italians, Spanish and Germans.[89] [90]

In Guatemala, 5% of the population is of European descent, primarily of either Spanish and German origins. Many German, Italian and Spanish Families arrived in Guatemala, the Germans for their part were the largest group, Immigration had a massive character[91] [87]

South America

In Argentina, 85% of the population or 39,137,000 are estimated to be of European descent.[6]

In Brazil, according to the 2022 census, 88.8% (180 million) of Brazilians are of full or partial European descent.43.46% (88 million) are of European descent only and identify as White.45.34% (92 million) are descendants of Europeans mixed with Africans or indigenous people and declare themselves as Pardo.

The Falkland Islanders are mainly of European descent, especially British, and can trace their heritage back 9 generations or 200 years. In 2016, the census showed that 42.9 percent were native born and 27.4 percent were born in the U.K. (the second largest birthplace) for a total of more than 70 percent.[92] The Falkland Islands were entirely unoccupied and were first claimed by Britain in 1765.[93] Settlers largely from the United Kingdom, especially Scotland and Wales arrived after the 1830s. The total population of then islands grew from a 287 estimate in 1851 to 3,200 in the most recent 2016 census.[94] [95] The Origins of Falkland Islanders historically had a Gaucho presence.

In Peru the official 2017 census, 5.9% or (1.3 mil) 1,336,931 people 12 years of age and above self-identified their ancestors as White or of European descent.[96] This was the first time a question on race or ancestors had been asked since the 1940 census.[97] There were 619,402 (5.5%) males and 747,528 (6.3%) females. The region with the highest proportion of Peruvians with self-identified European or white origins was in the La Libertad Region (10.5%), Tumbes Region and Lambayeque Region (9.0%). Most are descendants of early Spanish settlers with substantial numbers of Italians and Germans.[97]

Australia and New Zealand

Using data from the 2016 census, it was estimated that around 58% of the Australian population were Anglo-Celtic Australians with 18% being of other European origins, a total of 76% for European ancestries as a whole.[98] As of 2016, the majority of Australians of European descent are of English (36.1%), Irish (11.0%), Scottish (9.3%), Italian (4.6%), German (4.5%), Greek (1.8%) and Dutch (1.6%) ancestries. A large proportion —33.5%— chose to identify as 'Australian', however the census Bureau has stated that most of these are of old Anglo-Celtic colonial stock.[99] [100] [101]

Europeans historically (especially Anglo-Celtic) and presently are still the largest ethnic group in New Zealand. Their proportion of the total New Zealand population has been decreasing gradually since the 1916 census where they formed 95.1 percent.[102] The 2018 official census had over 3 million people or 71.76% of the population were ethnic Europeans, with 64.1% choosing the New Zealand European option alone.[103]

African coast (Macaronesia)

Canary Islanders are the descendants of Spaniards who settled the Canary Islands. The Canarian people include long-tenured and new waves of Spanish immigrants, including Andalucians, Galicians, Castilians, Catalans, Basques and Asturians of Spain; and Portuguese, Italians, Dutch or Flemings, and French. As of 2019, 72.1% or 1,553,078 were native Canary islanders with a further 8.2% born in mainland Spain.[104] Many of European origins including those of Isleño (islander) lineage have also moved to the islands, such as those from Venezuela and Cuba. Presently there are 49,170 from Italy, 25,619 from Germany, United Kingdom (25,521) and others from Romania, France and Portugal.[105]

Asia

In Asia, European-derived populations (specifically Russians), predominate in North Asia and some parts of northern Kazakhstan.[106]

Approximately 5–7 million Muslim migrants from the Balkans (from Bulgaria 1.15 million-1.5 million; Greece 1.2 million; Romania, 400,000; Former Yugoslavia, 800,000), Russia (500,000), the Caucasus (900,000 of whom 2/3 remained the rest going to Syria, Jordan and Cyprus) and Syria (500,000 mostly as a result of the Syrian Civil War) arrived in Ottoman Anatolia and modern Turkey from 1783 to 2016 of whom 4 million came by 1924, 1.3 million came post-1934 to 1945 and more than 1.2 million before the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War. Today, between a third and a quarter of Turkey's population of almost 80 million have ancestry from these Muhacirs.

In the Philippines, a genetic study by the National Geographic, shows that about 5% of the ancestry of Filipinos comes from Southern Europe (mostly Spanish) that had arrived during the Spanish colonisation of the archipelago.[107] [108]

References

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Web site: August 12, 2021. 2022 American Community Survey. 2024-06-28. Census Reporter. EN-US.
  2. Includes Hispanic whites
  3. Web site: Tabela 9605: População residente, por cor ou raça, nos Censos Demográficos . 2024-01-11 . sidra.ibge.gov.br.
  4. Web site: Azevedo. Ana Laura Moura dos Santos. IBGE - Educa Jovens. 2020-12-19. IBGE Educa Jovens. pt-br.
  5. http://www.conapred.org.mx/userfiles/files/Enadis-2010-RG-Accss-002.pdf "Encuesta Nacional Sobre Discriminación en Mexico”
  6. Lizcano Fernández . Francisco . Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI . Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the XXI Century . es . Convergencia . August 2005 . 12 . 38 . 185–232 .
  7. Web site: The Daily — The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity . Statistics Canada . October 26, 2022 . October 29, 2022.
  8. Web site: Australian Human Rights commission 2018. 2018. 23 July 2020.
  9. Web site: Colombia a country study. library of congress. pdf. 2 March 2022.
  10. Web site: Resultado Basico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011. Basic Results of the XIV National Population and Housing Census 2011. es. National Institute of Statistics of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Caracas. 14. 9 August 2012. 1 March 2017.
  11. Web site: Demográficos: Censos de Población y Vivienda: Población Proyectada al 2016 - Base Censo 2011. Demographics: Population and Housing Censuses: Population Projected to 2016 - Census Base 2011. es. National Institute of Statistics. 1 March 2017 . adaption of the 42.2% white people from the census with current estimates
  12. Web site: Ethnic groups. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 14 September 2013. 6 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010801/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html. dead.
  13. Web site: Cuba - The World Factbook. www.cia.gov. 14 December 2021.
  14. Web site: Mid-year population estimates 2022 . 27 August 2022.
  15. Web site: Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2024 года . 22 April 2024.
  16. Web site: 2023 Census population counts (by ethnic group, age, and Māori descent) and dwelling counts Stats NZ . 2024-05-29 . www.stats.govt.nz.
  17. Book: Juan José Calvo. Wanda. Cabella. Mathías Nathan. Mariana Tenenbaum. Atlas sociodemográfico y de la desigualdad del Uruguay, Fascículo 2: La población afro-uruguaya en el Censo 2011: Ancestry. Atlas of socio-demographics and inequality in Uruguay, Part 2: The Afro-Uruguayan population in the 2011 Census. es. Uruguay National Institute of Statistics. December 2013. 978-9974-32-625-5. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140209083630/http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/Atlas_Sociodemografico/Atlas_fasciculo_2_Afrouruguayos.pdf. 9 February 2014.
  18. Web site: Latest Population Statistics for Israel . 2024-06-04 . www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
  19. Web site: Población por comunidades y ciudades autónomas y sexo. . 15 November 2022.
  20. Web site: September 2021. Santo Domingo . Breve Encuesta Nacional de Autopercepción Racial y Étnica en la República Dominicana . Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas. 22. November 3, 2022.
  21. http://www.prolades.com/Ethnic_Religious_Diversity_CAM-Holland.pdf Ethnic and Religious Diversity in Central America
  22. Web site: Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico . 214 . Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. 5 February 2020.
  23. Web site: Nicaragua Demographics Profile.
  24. Web site: Population – Country of Birth, Citizenship Category, Country of Citizenship, Language, Religion, Ethnic/Religious Group, 2011. Statistical Service of the Republic of Cyprus. 26 April 2016. 12 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612211105/http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_22main_en/populationcondition_22main_en?OpenForm&sub=2&sel=2. dead.
  25. Web site: Puerto Rico ponders race amid surprising census results. Los Angeles Times. 16 October 2021. 22 September 2022.
  26. Web site: 21 September 2023. Ecuador: Censo de Población y Vivienda 2022. censoecuador.gob.ec. 22 May 2024.
  27. Web site: National composition of the population of the Kyrgyz Republic for 2022.
  28. Web site: Angola threat to end special relations with Portugal. 31 October 2013.
  29. Anthropometric evaluations of body composition of undergraduate students at the University of La Réunion. 4. 248–253. Advances in Physiology Education. 30. dmy-all. 10.1152/advan.00069.2005. 17108254. December 2006. Tarnus. Evelyne. Bourdon. Emmanuel. 19474655.
  30. Web site: Namibia vows to change 'status-quo' of white-farm ownership. News24.
  31. Web site: Communauté d'appartenance – INSEE – ISEE / Recensement de la population de 2009 en Nouvelle-Calédonie . XLS . 2015-08-24 . Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (ISEE-NC) . Nouméa.
  32. Philip Jenkins, from "The Christian Revolution," in The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity, Oxford University Press, 2002.
  33. The use of the term "diaspora" in reference to people of European national or ethnic origins is contested and debated- Book: Diaspora and transnationalism : concepts, theories and methods. 2010. Amsterdam University Press. Bauböck, Rainer . Faist, Thomas . 9789089642387. Amsterdam. 657637171.
  34. Web site: Pour une approche démographique de l'expansion coloniale de l'Europe Bouda Etemad Dans Annales de démographie historique 2007/1 (n° 113), pages 13 à 32.
  35. https://books.google.com/books?id=SRWSe7s_xUIC&q=european+emigration%22To Make America": European Emigration in the Early Modern Period
  36. Book: De Lazzari. Chiara. Bruno Mascitelli. Bruno Mascitelli. Sonia Mycak. Gerardo Papalia. The European Diaspora in Australia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. https://books.google.com/books?id=zrT6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203. 28 February 2017. 2016. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 978-1-4438-9419-7. 203. Migrant "Assimilation" in Australia: The Adult Migrant English Program from 1947 to 1971.
  37. Web site: European Migration and Imperialism. historydoctor.net. 14 September 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101122193228/http://historydoctor.net/Advanced%20Placement%20European%20History/Notes/european_migration_and_imperiali.htm. 22 November 2010. The population of Europe entered its third and decisive stage in the early eighteenth century. Birthrates declined, but death rates also declined as the standard of living and advances in medical science provided for longer life spans. The population of Europe including Russia more than doubled from 188 million in 1800 to 432 million in 1900. From 1815 through 1932, sixty million people left Europe, primarily to "areas of European settlement," in North and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Siberia. These populations also multiplied rapidly in their new habitat; much more so than the populations of Africa and Asia. As a result, on the eve of World War I (1914), 38 percent of the world's total population was of European ancestry. This growth in population provided further impetus for European expansion, and became the driving force behind emigration. Rising populations put pressure on land, and land hunger and led to "land hunger." Millions of people went abroad in search of work or economic opportunity. The Irish, who left for America during the great Potato famine, were an extreme but not unique example. Ultimately, one third of all European migrants came from the British Isles between 1840 and 1920. Italians also migrated in large numbers because of poor economic conditions in their home country. German migration also was steady until industrial conditions in Germany improved when the wave of migration slowed. Less than one half of all migrants went to the United States, although it absorbed the largest number of European migrants. Others went to Asiatic Russia, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Australia and New Zealand..
  38. Jerry H. Bentley, Herbert F. Ziegler, "Traditions and Encounters, 2/e," Chapter 10: "Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase" (McGraw-Hill, 2003)
  39. http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/10hellenism.html Hellenistic Civilization
  40. "Menander became the ruler of a kingdom extending along the coast of western India, including the whole of Saurashtra and the harbour Barukaccha. His territory also included Mathura, the Punjab, Gandhara and the Kabul Valley", Bussagli p101
  41. Web site: Failaka Island. John Pike. Globalsecurity.org. 20 April 2016.
  42. Book: Liberal states and the freedom of movement : selective borders, unequal mobility. 2012. Palgrave Macmillan. Mau, Steffen . 9780230277847. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire. 768167292.
  43. Axtell . James . September–October 1991 . The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America . Humanities . 12 . 5 . 12–18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080517052031/http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART . May 17, 2008 . 2008-10-08.
  44. Book: MacIas . Rosario Marquez . La emigración española a América, 1765-1824 . MacÍas . Rosario Márquez . 1995 . Universidad de Oviedo . 9788474688566.
  45. Book: Francis, R. D. . Origins : Canadian history to Confederation . 1988 . Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada . Jones, Richard, 1943-, Smith, Donald B. . 978-0039217051 . Toronto . 16577780 . registration.
  46. Galenson 1984: 1
  47. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp935-938#h3-0012 Charles II, 1679: An Act for the better secureing the Liberty of the Subject and for Prevention of Imprisonments beyond the Seas.
  48. Donoghue . John . October 2013 . Indentured Servitude in the 17th Century English Atlantic: A Brief Survey of the Literature: Indentured Servitude in the 17th Century English Atlantic . History Compass . 11 . 10 . 893–902 . 10.1111/hic3.12088.
  49. Tomlins . Christopher . February 2001 . Reconsidering Indentured Servitude: European Migration and the Early American Labor Force, 1600–1775 . Labor History . 42 . 1 . 5–43 . 10.1080/00236560123269 . 153628561.
  50. Gary Nash, The Urban Crucible: The Northern Seaports and the Origins of the American Revolution (1979) p 15
  51. Boris Fautos – Fazer a América: a imigração em massa para a América Latina."
  52. Marília D. Klaumann . Cánovas . A grande emigração européia para o Brasil e o imigrante espanhol no cenário da cafeicultura paulista: aspectos de uma (in)visibilidade . The great European immigration to Brazil and immigrants within the Spanish scenario of the Paulista coffee plantations: one of the issues (in) visibility . pt . Sæculum . 11 . 2004 . 115–136 .
  53. Book: Baily. Samuel L.. Míguez. Eduardo José. Mass Migration to Modern Latin America. 2003. Rowman & Littlefield. Wilmington, Delaware. 978-0-8420-2831-8. 14. 27 February 2017.
  54. Web site: Blanca Sánchez-Alonso. European Immigration into Latin America, 1870-1930. docentes.fe.unl.pt. 2005. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20081022094058/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf. 22 October 2008.
  55. https://books.google.com/books?id=v0E4DQAAQBAJ&dq=european+emigration+1500+-&pg=PA456 World Civilizations: Volume II:
  56. Book: Samuel L. Baily. Eduardo José Míguez. Mass Migration to Modern Latin America. 20 December 2015. 2003. Rowman & Littlefield. 978-0-8420-2831-8. xiv.
  57. Web site: Francisco Hernández Delgado. María Dolores Rodríguez Armas. La emigración de Lanzarote y sus causas. Archivo Histórico Municipal de Teguise (www.archivoteguise.es). Departamento de Cultura y Patrimonio, Ayuntamiento de Teguise. 27 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160727180641/http://www.archivoteguise.es/publicacion/2/la-emigracion-de-lanzarote-y-sus-causas. 27 July 2016. Teguise, Lanzarote, Canary Islands. es. 2010.
  58. .
  59. .
  60. https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003008/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html Ethnic groups by country.
  61. Web site: Ethnic origins of the population 1871 to 1971. Statcan.gc.ca. 17. 13 November 2023.
  62. Web site: Table 1: Population by Ethnic Origin, Canada, 1921-1971. 2. Government of Canada. 13 November 2023.
  63. Web site: Statistics Canada Census Profile, 2016 Census: Ethnic origin population. Statcan.gc.ca. 13 November 2023.
  64. Web site: Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups. September 21, 2023. October 21, 2023.
  65. Web site: Official census statistics of the United States race and Hispanic origin population . https://web.archive.org/web/20100327163915/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf . March 27, 2010 . US Statistics Bureau . dead .
  66. http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf "21 de Marzo Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial" pag.7
  67. http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf "Resultados del Modulo de Movilidad Social Intergeneracional"
  68. http://bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/3525/JASC%2520IBD%2520MMSI%25202016%2520V1.0.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y "Visión INEGI 2021 Dr. Julio Santaella Castell"
  69. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/entrada-de-opinion/articulo/ricardo-fuentes-nieva/nacion/2017/07/6/ser-blanco "Ser Blanco"
  70. http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/insights/IO873en.pdf "Americas Latinobarometer Insights: 2012"
  71. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20799484 "Stratification by Skin Color in Contemporary Mexico"
  72. http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572 "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals" table 1
  73. Ortiz-Hernández . Luis . Compeán-Dardón . Sandra . Verde-Flota . Elizabeth . Flores-Martínez . Maricela Nanet . Racism and mental health among university students in Mexico City . Salud Pública de México . April 2011 . 53 . 2 . 125–133 . 10.1590/s0036-36342011000200005 . 21537803 . free .
  74. Web site: El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas - ONEI P17 . 22 January 2022 . Spanish.
  75. Book: Fernandez, Nadine T. Revolutionizing Romance: Interracial Couples in Contemporary Cuba. 18 February 2010. Rutgers University Press. 9780813549231. 21 January 2022.
  76. Web site: Resultados Generales Censo 2011 . 2011 . August 5, 2021.
  77. Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI . Lizcano Fernández . Francisco . es . Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century . Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales . May–August 2005 . 12 . 38 . 185–232 . . Toluca, México.
  78. Web site: Costa Rica | Location, Geography, People, Culture, Economy, & History . Encyclopedia Britannica.
  79. Book: Latinoamerica: Su civilizacion y su cultura. 978-1111801472. Chang-Rodriguez. Eugenio. 29 October 2007. Cengage Learning .
  80. Web site: Italiana. August 5, 2021.
  81. Web site: Herzlich Willkommen: Bienvenidos a la Expo Feria Alemana — Expo Feria Alemana . 21 May 2021 . 31 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200731114727/https://expoferiaalemana.com/blog/herzlich-willkommen-bienvenidos-a-la-expo-feria-alemana . dead .
  82. Migraciones Judías en Centroamérica y el Caribe: Proyección Epidemiológica de la Enfermedad de Gaucher . es . Jewish Migrations in Central America and the Caribbean: Epidemiological Projection of Gaucher Disease . VITAE Academia Biómedica Digital . Vitae.ucv.ve . January–March 2011 . 1317-987X . 45 . 2022-04-06.
  83. Web site: Mis libros con notas.: Inmigración española en Costa Rica.. Carlos. Porras. 13 June 2016.
  84. Book: Acta académica (eJournal / eMagazine) . [WorldCat.org] . 2019-01-04 . 232114133 . 2022-04-06.
  85. Book: México Francia: Memoria de una sensibilidad común; siglos XIX-XX. Tomo II. 9789686029789. Perez-Siller. Javier. 1998. El Colegio de Michoacán A.C. .
  86. Web site: Los inmigrantes y el poder en Costa Rica . 29 June 2021 . 3 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150703224114/http://revistahistoria.historia.ucr.ac.cr/Numeros%20Anteriores/11/Herrera%20Balharry%2C%20Eugenio.%20Los%20inmigrantes%20y%20el%20poder%20en%20C.R.pdf . dead .
  87. Web site: Carlos Garcia684 . Inmigracion Europea En Centroamérica Después De La Colonia (1) : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive . 2022-04-06.
  88. Web site: El Salvador - The World Factbook. www.cia.gov. 29 March 2022.
  89. Web site: Ser extranjero en Centroamérica. Génesis y evolución de las leyes de extranjería y migración en El Salvador: siglos XIX y XX . 2022-04-06.
  90. Web site: Inmigrantes italianos en el Salvador_ Historia y cultura.PDF - Google Drive . 29 June 2021 . 29 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210629193601/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1k1MEHwutKXsTAoRBcf_DM_2gDel52ahk/view?usp=sharing . dead .
  91. Web site: Revista D - D fondo . 29 June 2021 . 28 October 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141028034013/http://servicios.prensalibre.com/pl/domingo/archivo/revistad/2005/julio05/240705/dfondo.shtml . dead .
  92. Web site: 2016 Falkland Island census report. Falklandislandstimeline. 28. 10 August 2020.
  93. Web site: Our People. Local life, traditions and services on the Islands.. Falklands.gov.fk. 10 August 2020.
  94. Web site: Falkland Island census data tables. Fig.gov.fk. 10 August 2020.
  95. Web site: 2016 Falkland Island census report. Falklandislandstimeline. 10 August 2020.
  96. Web site: Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico . Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. March 16, 2020.
  97. Book: Valdivia . Néstor . El uso de categorías étnico/raciales en censos y encuestas en el Perú: balance y aportes para una discusión . The use of ethnic / racial categories in censuses and surveys in Peru: balance and contributions for a discussion . es . 2011 . GRADE Group for the Analysis of Development . 978-9972-615-57-3 .
  98. Web site: Australian Human Rights commission 2018. 2018. 12 December 2019.
  99. Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who list "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the "Anglo-Celtic" group. Web site: Feature Article - Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article) . 2008-06-24 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160420205113/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182%21OpenDocument . 20 April 2016 . dmy . January 1995.
  100. Web site: THE ANCESTRIES OF AUSTRALIANS Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016. abs.gov.au. 29 April 2020.
  101. Web site: Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Ancestry 2016. abs.gov.au. 29 April 2020.
  102. Web site: Historical and statistical survey (P. 18). 29 April 2020.
  103. Web site: 2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights. 23 September 2019. Stats NZ. 12 December 2019. 23 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190923102431/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights. dead.
  104. Web site: Estadística del Padrón Continuo a 1 de enero de 2019. Datos a nivel nacional, comunidad autónoma y provincia . 20 February 2020.
  105. https://www.canarias7.es/sociedad/canarias-gana-en-un-ano-24-905-habitantes-el-66-de-otros-paises-AX7033828 Canarias gana en un año 24.905 habitantes, el 66% de otros países
  106. Web site: Fiona. Hill. Fiona Hill (presidential advisor). Russia — Coming In From the Cold?. The Globalist. 23 February 2004. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110715022142/http://www.theglobalist.com/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=3727. 15 July 2011.
  107. Web site: Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation. https://web.archive.org/web/20160407092418/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/. dead. April 7, 2016. December 21, 2017. National Geographic Genetic Study
  108. Go MC, Jones AR, Algee-Hewitt B, Dudzik B, Hughes C . Classification Trends among Contemporary Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1 . Human Biology . 2 . 4 . 1–11 . University of Florida Press . 2019 . en . 10.5744/fa.2019.1005 . 159266278 . [Page 1] ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our study indicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture. . September 13, 2020 . January 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210107133718/https://www.academia.edu/38744342/Classification_Trends_Among_Modern_Filipino_Crania_Using_Fordisc_3_1 . live .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "European emigration".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.