| Group: | European Peruvians Peruanos europeos |
| Pop: | 1,366,931 (2017 census)[1] 5.89% of the Peru's population |
| Popplace: | Principally in La Libertad, Cajamarca, Piura, Lima, Lambayeque, Oxapampa and Arequipa . |
| Langs: | SpanishOther European languages |
European Peruvians, also known as White Peruvians, are Peruvians who have predominantly or total European ancestry (formerly called Criollos or Castizos in the viceregal era). Traditionally, this group had been more dominant in the political, commercial, and diplomatic sectors of Peruvian society. According to the most recent 2017 census where ethnic self-identification was used, it makes up about 5.9% of the total population aged 12 years and above of Peru.[2]
European immigration to Peru began with the Spanish colonization of the Americas and continued during the Republic of Peru in the 19th century with the immigration of people from other countries of Europe (especially, Spain, Italy,[3] Portugal,[4] [5] France,[6] England and Germany, among others).[7]
See main article: Spanish immigration to Peru. Spanish settlement of Peru began in the early 1530s (continuing until 1821 as a viceroyalty of Spain) and continues to the present day. Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro founded the first Spanish settlement in Peru, San Miguel de Piura in July 1532.[8] [9] According to historian Napoleón Cieza Burga, the conquistador Diego de Almagro founded the second Spanish settlement of Trujillo in November 1534 and one of the first cities in the Americas founded by the Spanish conquistadors.[10] calling it "Villa Trujillo de Nueva Castilla" (Trujillo of New Castile) after Trujillo, the birthplace of Francisco Pizarro.[11]
Spanish cultural influence is the most notable of all European cultural groups in Peruvian culture. Spanish heritage has left an indelible mark in the country and signs of this cultural exchange can be found everywhere, from the official language, the dominant Roman Catholic religion, bullfighting, musical genres to the local culinary styles.[12]
See main article: Italian Peruvians. Among Peruvians of European descent, Italians were the second largest group of immigrants to settle in the country.[13] Italian immigration in Peru began in the colonial era, during the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru.[14] However, the peak of Italian immigrants occurred after Peruvian independence, between 1840 and 1880, with the guano export boom.[15]
See main article: British Peruvians. One cultural influence is Inca Kola, a soft drink that was created in Peru in 1935 by an English immigrant Joseph Robinson Lindley. In 1911, in Rímac, one of Lima's oldest and most traditional neighborhoods, an English family began a small bottling company under their family name, Lindley. In 1928, the company was formally chartered in Peru as Corporación José R. Lindley S.A., whereupon Joseph R. Lindley became its first General Manager.[16] [17] [18] Today it is still a family business with the great-grandson Johnny Lindley Suarez being the current president.[19]
According to the 2017 census 5.9% or 1.3 million (1,336,931) people 12 years of age and above self-identified as white. There were 619,402 (5.5%) males and 747,528 (6.3%) females. This was the first time a question for ethnic origins had been asked. The regions with the highest proportion of self-identified whites were in La Libertad Region (10.5%), Tumbes Region and Lambayeque Region (9.0% each), Piura Region (8.1%), Callao (7.7%), Cajamarca Region (7.5%), Lima Province (7.2%), Lima Region (6.0%), Ica Region and Ancash Region (5.8% each), and Arequipa Region (4.9%).[20]
| Population by region, 2017 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Population | % | |||
| La Libertad | 144,606 | 10.5% | |||
| Tumbes | 15,383 | 9.0% | |||
| Lambayeque | 83,908 | 9.0% | |||
| Piura | 114,682 | 8.1% | |||
| Callao | 61,576 | 7.7% | |||
| Cajamarca | 76,953 | 7.5% | |||
| Lima Province | 507,039 | 7.2% | |||
| Lima | 43,074 | 6.0% | |||
| Ica | 38,119 | 5.8% | |||
| Ancash | 49,175 | 5.8% | |||
| Arequipa | 55,093 | 4.9% | |||
| 12,470 | 4.4% | ||||
| 24,130 | 4.4% | ||||
| San Martín | 24,516 | 4.0% | |||
| Moquegua | 5,703 | 4.0% | |||
| Pasco | 7,448 | 3.8% | |||
| Junín | 34,700 | 3.6% | |||
| 3,444 | 3.3% | ||||
| 8,678 | 3.2% | ||||
| Ucayali | 8,283 | 2.3% | |||
| Ayacucho | 9,516 | 2.0% | |||
| Huancavelica | 5,222 | 2.0% | |||
| Loreto | 11,884 | 1.9% | |||
| Cusco | 12,458 | 1.3% | |||
| Apurímac | 3,034 | 1.0% | |||
| 5,837 | 0.6% | ||||
 | Republic of Peru | 1,336,931 | 5.9% | ||
The following European ethnic backgrounds form the majority of white Peruvians: Spanish, Italian, German (includes Poles due to the partitions of Poland), French, British, Croatian, and Irish. Peru is also home to some 2,600 Jews, whose ancestors came (mainly) from Germany, Poland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Moldova and Russia, among others.[21]