European People's Party Group Explained

European People's Party Group
To:present
Englishabbr:EPP Group
(22 June 2009 – present)
Frenchabbr:PPE
(22 June 2009 – present)
Formalname:Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats)
(22 June 2009 – present)
Chairs:Manfred Weber[1]

The European People's Party Group (EPP Group) is a political group of the European Parliament consisting of deputies (MEPs) from the member parties of the European People's Party (EPP). Sometimes it also includes independent MEPs and/or deputies from unaffiliated national parties.[2] [3] [4] The EPP Group comprises politicians of Christian democratic, conservative and liberal-conservative orientation.[5] [6] [7]

The European People's Party was officially founded as a European political party in 1976. However, the European People's Party Group in the European Parliament has existed in one form or another since June 1953, from the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community, making it one of the oldest European-level political groups. It has been the largest political group in the European Parliament since 1999.

History

The Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (the predecessor of the present day European Parliament) first met on 10 September 1952[8] and the first Christian Democratic Group was unofficially formed the next day, with Maan Sassen as president.[9] [10] The group held 38 of the 78 seats, two short of an absolute majority.[9] [11] On 16 June 1953, the Common Assembly passed a resolution[12] enabling the official formation of political groups; further, on 23 June 1953 the constituent declaration[13] of the group was published and the group was officially formed.[9] [11]

The Christian Democrat group was the biggest group at formation, but as time wore on, it lost support and was the second-biggest group by the time of the 1979 elections. As the European Community expanded into the European Union, the dominant centre-right parties in the new member states were not necessarily Christian democratic, and the EPP (European People's Party, the pan-continental political party founded in 1976, to which all group members are now affiliated) feared being sidelined.[14] To counter this, the EPP expanded its remit to cover the centre-right regardless of tradition and pursued a policy of integrating liberal-conservative parties.[14]

This policy led to Greek New Democracy and Spanish People's Party MEPs joining the EPP Group.[14] The British Conservative Party and Danish Conservative People's Party tried to maintain a group of their own, named the European Democrats (ED), but lack of support and the problems inherent in maintaining a small group forced ED's collapse in the 1990s, and its members crossed the floor to join the EPP Group.[14] The parties of these MEPs also became full members of the EPP (with the exception of the British Conservative Party, which did not join) and this consolidation process of the European centre-right continued during the 1990s with the acquisition of members from the Italian party . However, the consolidation was not unalloyed and a split emerged with the Eurosceptic MEPs who congregated in a subgroup within the Group, also called the European Democrats (ED).

Nevertheless, the consolidation held through the 1990s, assisted by the group being renamed the European People's Party – European Democrats (EPP-ED) Group; after the 1999 European elections, the EPP-ED reclaimed its position as the largest group in the Parliament from the Party of European Socialists (PES) Group.

Size was not enough, however: the group did not have a majority. It continued therefore to engage in the Grand Coalition (a coalition with the PES Group, or occasionally the Liberals) to generate the majorities required by the cooperation procedure under the Single European Act.

Meanwhile, the parties in the European Democrats subgroup were growing restless, with the establishment in July 2006 of the Movement for European Reform,[15] and finally left following the 2009 elections, when the Czech Civic Democratic Party and British Conservative Party formed their own right-wing European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group on 22 June 2009, abolishing the European Democrats subgroup from that date. The EPP-ED Group reverted to its original name – the EPP Group – immediately.

7th European Parliament

In the 7th European Parliament, the EPP Group remained the largest parliamentary group with 275 MEPs. It is currently the only political group in the European parliament to fully represent its corresponding European political party, i.e. the European People's Party. The United Kingdom was the only member state to not be represented in the group; this state of affairs ceased temporarily on 28 February 2018, when two MEPs suspended from the British Conservative Party left the ECR Group and joined the EPP.[16] The two MEPs later joined a breakaway political party in the UK, The Independent Group.[17]

8th European Parliament

After twelve member parties in the EPP called for Hungary's Fidesz's expulsion or suspension, Fidesz's membership was suspended with a common agreement on 20 March 2019.[18] [19] The suspension was applied only to the EPP but not to its group in the Parliament.[20] On 3 March 2021, Fidesz decided to leave the EPP group, after the group's new rules, however still kept their membership in the party.[21] [22] On 18 March 2021, Fidesz decided to leave the European People's Party.[23]

9th European Parliament

In the 9th European Parliament, the EPP won 182 seats[24] out of a total of 751. They formed a coalition with Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats and Renew Europe to elect Ursula von der Leyen as president of the European Commission.[25]

10th European Parliament

On June 18, 6 new parties joined the group, including the Hungarian Respect and Freedom Party (TISZA) and their 7 MEPs, the Dutch Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) and Czech Mayors and Independents (STAN), each with 2 MEPs, as well as the Danish Liberal Alliance, Dutch New Social Contract (NSC), and the German Family Party, each with 1 MEP. Combined, the group expanded by 14 MEPs.[26]

Later that day, The Hungarian Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP) announced their departure from the EPP Group, due to the admission of the Tisza Party.[27] [28] [29]

On 19 June, the group re-elected Manfred Weber as Chairman of the group, and the 10 Vice-Chairpersons.[30]

Membership at formation

The 38 members in the group on 11 September 1952 were as follows:

Structure

Organisation

The EPP Group is governed by a collective (referred to as the Presidency) that allocates tasks. The Presidency consists of the Group Chair and a maximum of ten Vice-Chairs, including the Treasurer. The day-to-day running of the EPP Group is performed by its secretariat in the European Parliament, led by its Secretary-General. The Group runs its own think-tank, the European Ideas Network, which brings together opinion-formers from across Europe to discuss issues facing the European Union from a centre-right perspective.

The EPP Group Presidency includes:

NamePositionSources
Manfred WeberChair[32]
François-Xavier BellamyVice-Chair
Andrzej HalickiVice-Chair
Jeroen LenaersVice-Chair
Dolors MontserratVice-Chair
Siegfried MureșanVice-Chair
Lídia PereiraVice-Chair
Massimiliano SaliniVice-Chair
Tomas TobéVice-Chair
Romana TomcVice-Chair
Željana ZovkoVice-Chair

The chairs of the group and its predecessors from 1952 to 2024 are as follows:

ChairTook officeLeft officeCountry
(Constituency)
Party
Maan Sassen19531958 Netherlands
Catholic People's Party
Pierre Wigny19581958 Belgium
Christian Social Party
Alain Poher19581966 France
Popular Republican Movement
Joseph Illerhaus19661969
Christian Democratic Union
Hans Lücker19691975
Christian Democratic Union
Alfred Bertrand19751977 Belgium
Christian People's Party
Egon Klepsch19771982
Christian Democratic Union
Paolo Barbi19821984 Italy
Christian Democracy
Egon Klepsch19841992
/ Germany

Christian Democratic Union
Leo Tindemans19921994 Belgium
(Dutch)

Christian People's Party
Wilfried Martens19941999 Belgium
(Dutch)

Christian People's Party
Hans-Gert Pöttering19992007 Germany
Christian Democratic Union
Joseph Daul20072014 France
(East)

Union for a Popular Movement
Manfred Weber2014present Germany
Christian Social Union

MEPs

10th European Parliament

See main article: List of members of the European Parliament (2024–2029).

StateNational partyMEPs[33]
AustriaAustrian People's Party
Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP)
EPP
BelgiumChristian Democratic and Flemish
Christen-Democratisch & Vlaams (CD&V)
EPP
Christian Social Party
Christlich Soziale Partei (CSP)
None
BulgariaCitizens for European Development of Bulgaria
Граждани за европейско развитие на България (GERB)
EPP
Union of Democratic Forces
Съюз на демократичните сили (SDS)
EPP
Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria
Демократи за силна България (DSB)
EPP
CroatiaCroatian Democratic Union
Hrvatska demokratska zajednica (HDZ)
EPP
CyprusDemocratic Rally
Δημοκρατικός Συναγερμός (DISY)
EPP
Czech RepublicTOP 09
TOP 09
EPP
Mayors and Independents
Starostové a nezávislí (STAN)
None
Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party
Křesťanská a demokratická unie – Československá strana lidová (KDU–ČSL)
EPP
DenmarkConservative People's Party
Konservative Folkeparti (KF)
EPP
Liberal Alliance
Liberal Alliance (LA)
EPP
EstoniaFatherland
Isamaa
EPP
FinlandNational Coalition Party
Kansallinen Kokoomus (KK)
EPP
FranceThe Republicans
Les Républicains (LR)
EPP
GermanyChristian Democratic Union
Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU)
EPP
Christian Social Union in Bavaria
Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern e.V. (CSU)
EPP
Ecological Democratic Party
Ökologisch-Demokratische Partei (ÖDP)
EFA individual member
Family Party of Germany
Familienpartei Deutschlands (FAMILIE)
ECPM
GreeceNew Democracy
Νέα Δημοκρατία (ND)
EPP
HungaryRespect and Freedom Party
Tisztelet és Szabadság Párt (Tisza)
None
IrelandFine Gael
Fine Gael (FG)
EPP
ItalyForward Italy
(FI)
EPP
South Tyrolean People's Party
Südtiroler Volkspartei (SVP)
EPP
LatviaNew Unity
Jaunā Vienotība (JV)
EPP
LithuaniaHomeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats
Tėvynės sąjunga – Lietuvos krikščionys demokratai (TS-LKD)
EPP
LuxembourgChristian Social People's Party
Chrëschtlech Sozial Vollekspartei (CSV)
EPP
MaltaNationalist Party
Partit Nazzjonalista (PN)
EPP
NetherlandsChristian Democratic Appeal
Christen-Democratisch Appèl (CDA)
EPP
Farmer–Citizen Movement
BoerBurgerBeweging (BBB)
EPP
New Social Contract
Nieuw Sociaal Contract (NSC)
EPP
PolandCivic Platform
Platforma Obywatelska (PO)
EPP[34]
Polish People's Party
Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe (PSL)
EPP
PortugalSocial Democratic Party
Partido Social Democrata (PPD/PSD)
EPP
Democratic and Social Center - People's Party
Centro Democrático e Social - Partido Popular (CDS–PP)
EPP
RomaniaNational Liberal Party
Partidul Național Liberal (PNL)
EPP
Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség (RMDSZ)
Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România (UDMR)
EPP
SlovakiaChristian Democratic Movement
Kresťanskodemokratické Hnutie (KDH)
EPP
SloveniaSlovenian Democratic Party
Slovenska Demokratska Stranka (SDS)
EPP
New Slovenia – Christian Democrats
Nova Slovenija – Krščanski demokrati (NSi)
EPP
SpainPeople's Party
Partido Popular (PP)
EPP
SwedenModerate Party
Moderata Samlingspartiet (M)
EPP
Christian Democrats
Kristdemokraterna (KD)
EPP
Total

9th European Parliament

See main article: List of members of the European Parliament (2019–2024).

StateNational partyMEPs[35]
AustriaAustrian People's Party
Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP)
EPP
BelgiumChristian Democratic and Flemish
Christen-Democratisch & Vlaams (CD&V)
EPP
The Committed Ones
Les Engagés (LE)
EPP
Christian Social Party
Christlich Soziale Partei (CSP)
None
BulgariaCitizens for European Development of Bulgaria
Граждани за европейско развитие на България (GERB)
EPP
Union of Democratic Forces
Съюз на демократичните сили (SDS)
EPP
Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria
Демократи за силна България (DSB)
EPP
CroatiaCroatian Democratic Union
Hrvatska demokratska zajednica (HDZ)
EPP
CyprusDemocratic Rally
Δημοκρατικός Συναγερμός (DISY)
EPP
Czech RepublicKDU-ČSL
KDU–ČSL
EPP
TOP 09
TOP 09
EPP
Mayors and Independents
Starostové a nezávislí (STAN)
None
DenmarkConservative People's Party
Konservative Folkeparti (KF)
EPP
EstoniaFatherland
Isamaa
EPP
FinlandNational Coalition Party
Kansallinen Kokoomus (KK)
EPP
FranceThe Republicans
Les Républicains (LR)
EPP
The Centrists
Les Centristes (LC)
None
GermanyChristian Democratic Union
Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU)
EPP
Christian Social Union in Bavaria
Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern e.V. (CSU)
EPP
Family Party of Germany
Familienpartei Deutschlands (FAMILIE)
ECPM
GreeceNew Democracy
Νέα Δημοκρατία (ND)
EPP
HungaryChristian Democratic People's Party
Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt (KDNP)
EPP
IrelandFine Gael
Fine Gael (FG)
EPP
ItalyForward Italy
(FI)
EPP
South Tyrolean People's Party
Südtiroler Volkspartei (SVP)
EPP
LatviaUnity
Vienotība
EPP
LithuaniaHomeland Union
Tėvynės Sąjunga (TS-LKD)
EPP
LuxembourgChristian Social People's Party
Chrëschtlech Sozial Vollekspartei (CSV)
EPP
MaltaNationalist Party
Partit Nazzjonalista (PN)
EPP
NetherlandsChristian Democratic Appeal
Christen-Democratisch Appèl (CDA)
EPP
Christian Union
ChristenUnie (CU)
ECPM
PolandCivic Platform
Platforma Obywatelska (PO)
EPP
Polish People's Party
Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe (PSL)
EPP
Independents
Magdalena Adamowicz, Janina Ochojska
Independent
PortugalSocial Democratic Party
Partido Social Democrata (PSD)
EPP
Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party
Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular (CDS–PP)
EPP
RomaniaNational Liberal Party
Partidul Național Liberal (PNL)
EPP
Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség (RMDSZ)
Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România (UDMR)
EPP
People's Movement Party
Partidul Mișcarea Populară (PMP)
EPP
SlovakiaChristian Democratic Movement
Kresťanskodemokratické Hnutie (KDH)
EPP
Democrats
Demokrati (D)
EPP
Slovakia
Slovensko
EPP
SloveniaSlovenian Democratic Party
Slovenska Demokratska Stranka (SDS)
EPP
New Slovenia – Christian Democrats
Nova Slovenija – Krščanski demokrati (NSi)
EPP
Slovenian People's Party
Slovenska ljudska stranka (SLS)
EPP
SpainPeople's Party
Partido Popular (PP)
EPP
SwedenModerate Party
Moderata Samlingspartiet (M)
EPP
Christian Democrats
Kristdemokraterna (KD)
EPP
The People's List
Folklistan
None
Total

Former members

CountryPartyEuropean partydata-sort-type=numberMEPs
Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance
Fidesz – Magyar Polgári Szövetség (Fidesz)
None
50PLUS (50+)None

7th and 8th European Parliament

CountryNamesNames (English)MEPs 2009–14MEPs 2014–19
German: Österreichische VolksparteiAustrian People's Party6 5
Dutch; Flemish: Christen-Democratisch & VlaamsChristian Democratic and Flemish3 2
French: link=no|Centre Démocrate HumanisteHumanist Democratic Centre1 1
German: link=no|Christlich Soziale ParteiChristian Social Party1 1
Bulgarian: Граждани за европейско развитие на България
(Bulgarian: Grazhdani za Evropeysko Razvitie na Balgariya)
Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria5 6
Bulgarian: Съюз на демократичните сили
(Bulgarian: Sayuz na Demokratichnite Sili)
Union of Democratic Forces1 0
Bulgarian: Демократи за силна България
(Bulgarian: Demokrati za Silna Balgariya)
Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria1 1
Croatian: Hrvatska demokratska zajednicaCroatian Democratic Union4 4
Croatian: Hrvatska seljačka strankaCroatian Peasant Party1 1
Greek, Modern (1453-);: Δημοκρατικός Συναγερμός
(Greek, Modern (1453-);: Dimokratikós Sinayermós)
Democratic Rally2 1
Czech: Křesťanská a demokratická unie – Československá strana lidováChristian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party2 3
TOP 09TOP 09 3
Czech: Starostové a nezávislíMayors and Independents[36] 1
Danish: Det Konservative FolkepartiConservative People's Party1 1
Estonian: Erakond IsamaaPro Patria1 1
Finnish: Kansallinen KokoomusNational Coalition Party3 3
Finnish: Suomen kristillisdemokraatitChristian Democrats1 0
French: Les RépublicainsThe Republicans27 18
French: Union des Démocrates et IndépendantsUnion of Democrats and Independents6 0
Independent 2
German: Christlich Demokratische Union DeutschlandsChristian Democratic Union34 29
German: Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern e.V.Christian Social Union of Bavaria8 5
Greek, Modern (1453-);: Νέα Δημοκρατία
(Greek, Modern (1453-);: Néa Dimokratiá)
New Democracy7 5
Hungarian: Kereszténydemokrata NéppártChristian Democratic People's Party1 1
Irish: Fine GaelFine Gael4 4
Italian: Forza ItaliaForza Italia19 12
Italian: Alternativa PopolarePopular Alternative 1
Italian: Unione di CentroUnion of the Centre6 1
German: Südtiroler VolksparteiSouth Tyrolean People's Party1 1
Latvian: VienotībaUnity4 4
Lithuanian: Tėvynės Sąjunga – Lietuvos Krikščionys DemokrataiHomeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats4 2
Independent 1
Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch: Chrëschtlech Sozial Vollekspartei
French: link=no|Parti Populaire Chrétien Social
German: link=no|Christlich Soziale Volkspartei
Christian Social People's Party3 3
Maltese: Partit NazzjonalistaNationalist Party2 3
Dutch; Flemish: Christen-Democratisch AppèlChristian Democratic Appeal5 5
Polish: Platforma ObywatelskaCivic Platform25 18
Polish: Polskie Stronnictwo LudowePolish People's Party4 4
Portuguese: Partido Social DemocrataSocial Democratic Party8 6
Portuguese: Centro Democrático e Social – Partido PopularDemocratic and Social Centre – People's Party2 1
Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Partidul Național LiberalNational Liberal Party12 8
Hungarian: Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség
Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România
Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania3 2
Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Partidul Mișcarea PopularăPeople's Movement Party
Independent 2
Slovak: Kresťanskodemokratické HnutieChristian Democratic Movement2 3
Slovak: Strana Maďarskej Koalície – Magyar Koalício PártjaParty of the Hungarian Community2 1
Slovak: Most–HídMost–Híd 1
Independent 1
Slovenian: Slovenska Demokratska StrankaSlovenian Democratic Party3 3
Slovenian: Nova Slovenija – Krščanska Ljudska StrankaNew Slovenia – Christian People's Party1 1
Slovenian: Slovenska ljudska strankaSlovenian People's Party 1
Spanish; Castilian: link=no|Partido PopularPeople's Party24 16
Independent 1
Swedish: Moderata SamlingspartietModerate Party4 3
Swedish: KristdemokraternaChristian Democrats1 1
Change UKChange UK (defection from Conservative Party/ECR)[37] 0 1
Renew Party (defection from Conservative Party/ECR)[38] 0 1
Total274219

Activities

In the news

Activities performed by the group in the period between June 2004 and June 2008 include monitoring elections in Palestine[39] and Ukraine;[40] encouraging transeuropean rail travel,[41] telecoms deregulation,[42] energy security,[43] a common energy policy,[44] the accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the Union,[45] partial reform of the CAP[46] and attempts to tackle illegal immigration;[47] [48] [49] denouncing Russian involvement in South Ossetia;[50] [51] [52] [53] [54] supporting the Constitution Treaty[55] [56] [57] and the Lisbon Treaty;[58] [59] debating globalisation,[44] [60] relations with China,[61] and Taiwan;[62] backing plans to outlaw Holocaust denial;[63] nominating Anna Politkovskaya for the 2007 Sakharov Prize;[64] expelling Daniel Hannan from the Group;[65] the discussion about whether ED MEPs should remain within EPP-ED or form a group of their own;[66] [67] [68] criticisms of the group's approach to tackling low turnout for the 2009 elections;[69] the group's use of the two-President arrangement;[70] and the group's proposal to ban the Islamic Burka dress across the EU.

Parliamentary activity profile

The debates and votes in the European Parliament are tracked by its website[71] and categorised by the groups that participate in them and the rule of procedure that they fall into. The results give a profile for each group by category and the total indicates the group's level of participation in Parliamentary debates. The activity profile for each group for the period 1 August 2004 to 1 August 2008 in the Sixth Parliament is given on the diagram on the right. The group is denoted in blue.

The website shows the group as participating in 659 motions, making it the third most active group during the period.

Publications

The group produces many publications, which can be found on its website.[72] Documents produced in 2008 cover subjects such as dialogue with the Orthodox Church, study days, its strategy for 2008–09, Euro-Mediterranean relations, and the Lisbon Treaty. It also publishes a yearbook and irregularly publishes a presentation, a two-page summary of the group.

Academic analysis

The group has been characterised as a three-quarters-male group that, prior to ED's departure, was only 80% cohesive and split between centre-right Europhiles (the larger EPP subgroup) and right-wing Eurosceptics (the smaller ED subgroup). The group as a whole is described as ambiguous on hypothetical EU taxes, against taxation, environmental issues, social issues (LGBT rights, abortion, euthanasia) and full Turkish accession to the European Union, and for a deeper Federal Europe, deregulation, the Common Foreign and Security Policy and controlling migration into the EU.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Weber elected new EPP leader . 5 June 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140606180749/http://euobserver.com/tickers/124493 . 6 June 2014.
  2. Book: Staab, Andreas . The European Union Explained, Second Edition: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact. 5 August 2013. 2011. Indiana University Press. 978-0-253-00164-1. 67.
  3. Book: Robert Thomson. Resolving Controversy in the European Union: Legislative Decision-Making Before and After Enlargement. 9 August 2013. 2011. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-139-50517-8. 103.
  4. Book: Senem Aydin-Düzgit. Constructions of European Identity: Debates and Discourses on Turkey and the EU. 2012. Palgrave Macmillan. 978-1-137-28351-1. 16.
  5. Book: Tapio Raunio. Political Interests: the European Parliament's Party Groups. John Peterson. Michael Shackleton. The Institutions of the European Union. https://books.google.com/books?id=oaD01PaTFE0C&pg=PA340. 7 August 2013. 2012. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-957498-8. 340.
  6. Book: Lluís Maria de Puig. International Parliaments. 9 August 2013. 2008. Council of Europe. 978-92-871-6450-6. 61.
  7. Book: Lori Thorlakson. Federalism and the European party system. Alexander H. Trechsel. Towards a Federal Europe. https://books.google.com/books?id=mTndAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT72. 2013. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-317-99818-1. 72.
  8. Web site: Composition of the Common Assembly (10–13 September 1952). live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140108181442/http://www.cvce.eu/obj/composition_of_the_common_assembly_10_13_september_1952-en-5dd0109a-0c6f-47a3-833a-1c482b599a89.html. 8 January 2014.
  9. Web site: EPPED Chronology 02 . Epp-ed.eu . 17 June 2010 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20090815070808/http://www.eppgroup.eu/group/en/chronology02.asp . 15 August 2009 .
  10. Web site: Sassen, Emanuel Marie Joseph Anthony (1911–1995) . 17 June 2010.
  11. Web site: Microsoft Word – 2006EN-3-DEF-CH.doc . 17 June 2010 . 3 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193037/http://www.epp-ed.eu/Activities/docs/chronologie-historique-en.pdf . dead .
  12. http://www.cvce.eu/obj/common_assembly_resolution_16_june_1953-en-fe53a389-5c07-410f-a190-78e9dcab80d6.html Common Assembly Resolution (16 June 1953) in Journal officiel de la CECA, 21 July 1953, S. 155
  13. Web site: Statement of formation of the Christian-Democratic Group (Strasbourg, 23 June 1953) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140318125226/http://www.cvce.eu/obj/statement_of_formation_of_the_christian_democratic_group_strasbourg_23_june_1953-en-09478896-b282-4020-b454-dbb7253951c3.html . 18 March 2014.
  14. Web site: "Shaping Europe – 25 years of the European People's Party" by Wilfried Martens, President of the European People's Party . dead . Epp-ed.europarl.eu.int . 17 June 2010 . https://archive.today/20121212233218/http://www.eppgroup.eu/Activities/Forum/doc/martens_en.asp . 12 December 2012.
  15. News: Mulvey . Stephen . Tories urged to make EPP split . BBC News . 11 July 2006 . 17 June 2010 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20060718142135/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5169268.stm . 18 July 2006.
  16. Web site: Manfred Weber on Twitter. Twitter. 28 April 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180428121147/https://twitter.com/ManfredWeber/status/968802968874123264. 28 April 2018.
  17. News: Change UK party approved for European elections. 16 April 2019. 16 April 2019. BBC News.
  18. Web site: Orbán emelte a tétet a Néppárt vitájában . Őry . Mariann . 2 March 2021 . magyarhirlap.hu . Magyar Hírlap Kiadói Kft . 20 March 2021 . 2 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210302043646/http://magyarhirlap.hu/kulfold/20210302-orban-emelte-a-tetet-a-neppart-vitajaban . dead.
  19. News: Politics this week . 24 March 2019 . The Economist . 23 March 2019 . 7 . "The European People's Party, a grouping of centre-right parties at the European Parliament, voted to suspend Fidesz, Hungary's ruling party, as a protest against what many in the parliament believe are repeated attempts by the government to undermine the rule of law".
  20. https://www.politico.eu/article/fidesz-meps-remain-in-the-epp-group-for-now/ Fidesz MEPs remain in the EPP for now
  21. News: Hungary's Fidesz party to leave European parliament centre-right group Hungary . The Guardian . 3 March 2021 . Henley . Jon.
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