Berberis vulgaris explained

Berberis vulgaris, also known as common barberry, European barberry or simply barberry, is a shrub in the genus Berberis native to the Old World. It produces edible but sharply acidic berries, which people in many countries eat as a tart and refreshing fruit.

Description

It is a deciduous shrub growing up to 4m (13feet) high. The leaves are small oval, NaNcm (-2,147,483,648inches) long and NaNcm (-2,147,483,648inches) broad, with a serrated margin; they are borne in clusters of 2–5 together, subtended by a three-branched spine NaNmm long. The flowers are yellow, NaNmm across, produced on NaNcm (-2,147,483,648inches) long panicles in late spring. The fruit is an oblong red berry NaNmm long and NaNmm broad, ripening in late summer or autumn.

Subspecies

, Plants of the World Online accepted three subspecies:[1]

Distribution and habitat

The shrub is native to central and southern Europe, southern England,[2] northwest Africa and western Asia;[3] it is also naturalised in northern Europe and North America. In the United States and Canada, it has become established in the wild over an area from Nova Scotia to Nebraska, with additional populations in Colorado, Idaho, Washington state, Montana, and British Columbia.[4] It is also cultivated in many countries.

Ecology

The berries are an important food for many small birds, which disperse the seeds in their droppings.

B. vulgaris is the alternate host species of the wheat stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici), a grass-infecting rust fungus that is a serious fungal disease of wheat and related grains. For this reason, cultivation of B. vulgaris is prohibited in Canada[5] and some areas of the US (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, and New Hampshire).

Uses

The edible berries,[6] though rich in vitamin C, have a very sharp or sour flavour and are not widely consumed because the thorny shrubs make them difficult to harvest.

In Europe, the berries have been traditionally used as an ingredient in making jam. The berries are high in pectin which makes the jam congeal as it cools after having been boiled. In southwestern Asia, especially Iran, the berries are used for cooking, as well as for jam-making. In Iran, barberries are commonly used as a currant in rice pilaf.

Persian: [[wikt:زرشک#Persian|زرشک]] zerešk is the Persian name for the dried fruit of Berberis spp., particularly also that of Berberis integerrima called Persian: زرشک [[wikt:بی‌دانه#Persian|بی‌دانه]] zerešk bi-dâne, literally 'seedless barberry',[7] which is widely cultivated in Iran. Iran is the largest producer of zerešk.

The South Khorasan province in Iran is the main area of zerešk and saffron production in the world, especially around Birjand and Qaen. About 85% of production is in Qaen and about 15% in Birjand. There is evidence of cultivation of seedless barberry in South Khorasan two hundred years ago.[8] A garden of zerešk is called Persian: زرشکستان zerešk-estân. Zerešk is widely used in cooking, imparting a tart flavour to chicken dishes. It is usually cooked with rice, called Persian: زرشک [[wikt:پلو#Persian|پلو]] zerešk polo, and provides a meal with chicken.

Other uses

The plant has been widely cultivated for hedges in New Zealand.[9]

A decoction of the plant has been used as a folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal ailments and coughs,[10] although its use has been limited due to the bitter taste of the bark and root.[11] [12]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Berberis vulgaris L... 328527-2. 2024-03-13. cs1.
  2. https://plantatlas2020.org/atlas/2cd4p9h.8ca Plant Atlas 2020
  3. http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=berberis+vulgaris Altervista Flora Italiana, Crespino comune, Sowberry, Common Barberry, vinettier, espino cambrón, Sauerdorn, Berberis vulgaris L.
  4. http://www.efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=5734&flora_id=1 Flora of North America vol 3
  5. Web site: 2012-04-03 . D-01-04: Plant protection import and domestic movement requirements for barberry (Berberis, Mahoberberis and Mahonia spp.) under the Canadian Barberry Certification Program . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101550/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plant-protection/directives/horticulture/d-01-04/eng/1333479606359/1333480359713 . 2015-04-02 . 2015-03-07.
  6. Book: Elias . Thomas S. . Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods . Dykeman . Peter A. . . 2009 . 978-1-4027-6715-9 . New York . 219 . 244766414 . 1982.
  7. Alemardan . Ali . Asadi . Wahab . Rezaei . Mehdi . Tabrizi . Leila . Mohammadi . Siavash . 2013 . Cultivation of Iranian seedless barberry (Berberis integerrima 'Bidaneh'): A medicinal shrub . Industrial Crops and Products . 50 . 276–87 . 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.07.061.
  8. Book: Tehranifar . A. . XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Asian Plants with Unique Horticultural Potential: Genetic Resources, Cultural Practices, and Utilization . 2003 . 978-90-66054-00-4 . Lee . J-M. . ISHS Acta Horticulturae 620 . 193–5 . Barberry Growing in Iran . Zhang . D. . http://www.actahort.org/books/620/620_21.htm . 15 January 2014 . 27 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150927200358/http://www.actahort.org/books/620/620_21.htm . dead .
  9. Book: An Illustrated Guide to Common Weeds of New Zealand . New Zealand Plant Protection Society . 2010 . 978-0-473-16285-6 . Popay . Ian . 3rd . Christchurch . Berberis glaucocarpa barberry . Champion . Paul . James . Trevor . http://www.rnzih.org.nz/pages/berberisglaucocarpa.htm.
  10. Book: Schauenberg . P . Guide to Medicinal Plants . Paris . F . Keats Publishing, Inc. . 1977 . New Canaan, CT.
  11. Book: Duke, JA . Handbook of Medicinal Herbs . CRC Press . 1985 . Boca Raton, Florida.
  12. Hartwell . JL . 1971 . Plants used against cancer. A survey. . Lloydia . 34 . 4 . 386–425 . 5173435.