Europe of 100 Flags is a concept developed by Breton nationalist Yann Fouéré in his 1968 book, L'Europe aux Cent Drapeaux.[1] [2] It proposes a redrawing of European borders in a way that more resembles a map of the region during the Middle Ages, including the creation of states for Basques, Bretons, and Flemings.[1] [3] These regions would be designed to promote regionalism and European federalism as a replacement for nationalism, and redefine extreme European boundaries more strictly in terms of ethnically homogeneous "authentic" historic regions. These individually ethnically "pure" states would then be incorporated under a "post-liberal-pan-European framework".[4] [3] [5]
It has been embraced by many in the far-right, such as those among the Identitarian movement and the Nouvelle Droite - the French New Right - and has been described as a "multiculturalism of the right", one based on exclusion,[6] homogeneity,[7] and ethnoregionalism.[3] The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right describes it as a minor exception to the radical right's preference for ethnic nationalism. Political scientist Alberto Spektorowski described it as a way for the radical-right to publicly recognize outsiders while preventing them from assimilating or gaining political power.[3] It has also been described as a form of "ultra-regionalism" as a re-framing of the ultra-nationalism common to fascism.[3] [8] The Dictionary of Irish Biography noted however that Fouéré was influenced by the mutualist anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. [9]
