Eurabia conspiracy theory explained

Eurabia conspiracy theory should not be confused with Eurybia (disambiguation).

"Eurabia" (portmanteau of Europe and Arabia) is a far-right, anti-Muslim conspiracy theory that posits that globalist entities, led by French and Arab powers, aim to Islamize and Arabize Europe, thereby weakening its existing culture and undermining its previous alliances with the United States and Israel.[1] [2]

The theory was developed by Bat Ye'or (the pen name of Gisèle Littman) in the early 2000s and it is described in her 2005 book titled Eurabia: The Euro‐Arab Axis. Benjamin Lee of the Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats at the University of Lancaster described her work as arguing that Europe "has surrendered to Islam and is in a state of submission (described as dhimmitude) in which Europe is forced to deny its own culture, stand silently by in the face of Muslim atrocities, accept Muslim immigration, and pay tribute through various types of economic assistance." According to the theory, the blame rests with a range of groups including communists, fascists, the media, universities, mosques and Islamic cultural centres, European bureaucrats, and the Euro-Arab Dialogue.[3]

The term has gained some public interest and it has also been used and discussed by activists across a wide range of the political spectrum, including right-wing activists, self-described "conservatives" and counter-jihad and other anti-Islamism activists. Bat Ye'or's "mother conspiracy theory" has been used as the basis for other subtheories. The narrative grew important among people who expressed anti-Islamist sentiments and it was also used by members and supporters of movements like Stop Islamisation of Europe. It gained renewed interest after the use of the term by 2011 Norway attacker, Anders Behring Breivik. Ye'or's thesis has come under criticism by scholars, which intensified after Breivik's crime.[3] The conspiracy has been described as having a resemblance to the anti-Semitic Protocols of the Elders of Zion.[4] [5] [6]

Eurabia has also been discussed by believers in classical anti-Europeanism, a strong influence on the culture of the United States as well as by believers in the notion of American exceptionalism,[7] which sometimes sees Europe on the decline or as a rising rival power, or, as is the case here, both.

Basic narrative

In Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis, Bat Ye'or says that Eurabia is the result of the Euro-Arab Dialogue, based on an allegedly French-led European policy intended to increase European power against the United States by aligning its interests with those of the Arab countries. During the 1973 oil crisis, the European Economic Community (predecessor of the European Union), had entered into the Euro-Arab Dialogue (EAD) with the Arab League.[8] Ye'or says it was a primary cause of alleged European hostility to Israel, referring to joint Euro-Arab foreign policies that she characterises as anti-American and anti-Zionist. Ye'or purported a close connection of a Eurabia conspiracy and used the term "dhimmitude", denoting alleged "western subjection to Islam". The term itself is based on a newsletter published in the 1970s by the Comité européen de coordination des associations d'amitié avec le monde Arabe, a Euro-Arab friendship committee.[9]

Bat Ye'or's Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis was the first print publication in the Eurabia genre, which has since grown to a number of titles, including Melanie Phillips's Londonistan,[10] Oriana Fallaci's The Force of Reason,[11] and Bruce Bawer's While Europe Slept.[12] The term is often used by the writers Oriana Fallaci,[13] [14] Mark Steyn[15] [16] [17] and several web sites, many of them affiliated with the counterjihad movement. Defeating Eurabia by Fjordman (the pen name of Peder Are Nøstvold Jensen)[18] earned him a high standing among far-right extremists.[19]

An important part of the narrative is the idea of a demographic threat, the fear that, at some time in the future, Islam will take over Europe.[20] or as Bernard Lewis put it, "Europe will be Islamic by the end of the century."[21] Walter Laqueur's The Last Days of Europe: Epitaph for An Old Continent is quoted often among the Eurabia literature.

Impact

Post-9/11 significance

Bat Ye'or first used the term "Eurabia" in 2002 and again in another 2005 book.[22] The conservative historian Niall Ferguson referred to the concept, which he took as the potential future Islamisation of Europe based on demographic facts and ideational lack of the continent.[23]

2010s Europe

The idea of a Eurabian conspiracy has become a basic theme in the European extremist and populist right and expresses as well a significant strategy change. José Pedro Zúquete writes that

Muslim minority populations and Muslim immigration gained new political significance. This has led to the adoption of political positions that were previously considered fringe or third rail on either side. The main anti-Islamic theme has also penetrated into mainstream European politics, for instance in the case of Dutch populist Party for Freedom leader Geert Wilders:

Issues

The Eurabia concept is an Islamophobic conspiracy theory. Eurabia shortcuts the complex interaction between the US, France, Israel, the Arabic and Muslim countries on an "us against them" basis. The Eurabia theories are dismissed as Islamophobic, extremist and conspiracy theories in the academic community.[24] At first academics showed little interest in the Eurabia theories due to their lack of factual basis.[25] [26] The theme was treated in studies of rightist extremism and Middle East politics.[27] This changed after the 2011 Norway attacks, which resulted in the publication of several works specifically treating the Eurabia conspiracy theories.[28] Janne Haaland Matláry went as far as to say that "it is poor use of time to analyse something so primitive".[29]

Demography

The Pew Research Center said in 2011 that "the data that we have isn't pointing in the direction of 'Eurabia' at all",[30] and predicts that the percentage of Muslims is estimated to rise to 8% in 2030. In 2007 academics who analysed the demographics dismissed the predictions that the EU would have Muslim majorities.[31] It is completely reasonable to assume that the overall Muslim population in Europe will increase, and Muslim citizens have and will have a significant imprint on European life.[32]

Justin Vaïsse seeks to discredit what he calls, "four myths of the alarmist school", using Muslims in France as an example. Specifically he has written that the Muslim population growth rate was lower than that predicted by Eurabia, partly because the fertility rate of immigrants declines with integration.[33] He further points out that Muslims are not a monolithic or cohesive group,[34] and that many Muslims do seek to integrate politically and socially. Finally, he wrote that despite their numbers, Muslims have had little influence on French foreign policy.[35]

Furthermore, leading European Muslims are rather outspoken against religious fundamentalism and are far from acknowledging Arab countries as a role model at all.[36] [37]

Spread of conspiracies and further influences

Examples of proponents use:

Europe

Germany

See also: Germany Abolishes Itself.

In 2010, German politician Thilo Sarrazin released Germany Abolishes Itself. The book contends that with continued Islamic immigration, Germany will become a majority Muslim nation.[38] Journalist Simon Kuper has argued that, with over 1 million copies sold, Sarrazin had done more to publicize the concept of Eurabia than anybody else in Europe.[39]

In political campaigning for the 2019 European Parliament election, Germany's far-right party AfD used Jean-Léon Gérôme's 1886 painting The Slave Market with the slogan "Europeans vote AfD!" and "So Europe doesn't become Eurabia!".[40] Deutsche Welle reported that the reproduction of the painting suggestively depicted dark-skinned men with beards and foreign-dress "inspecting the teeth of a nude white woman".[41]

Italy

In 2004, journalist Oriana Fallaci claimed that Muslim immigration and high fertility was part of the conspiracy theory.[42] In 2005, Fallaci told The Wall Street Journal that "Europe is no longer Europe", adding "it is 'Eurabia,' a colony of Islam".[43]

In 2011, Francesco Speroni, a sitting MEP for Lega Nord, stated that he shared the same view as Anders Behring Breivik's idea "that we are going towards Eurabia".[44] In the aftermath of the shooting, Speroni confirmed his agreement with Breivik on the conspiracy theory in an interview with Radio 24.[45]

In 2018, Giulio Meotti used the theory in relation to the demographics of Europe, writing that "Europe is over. Its future will be a mix of Eurabia and a geriatric ward."[46]

In May 2019, ahead of the European elections, Lega Nord leader for Sarzana claimed that both the European People's Party and the Party of European Socialists were attempting to bring about Eurabia.[47] The day before the vote, Italian Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini endorsed the theory as a genuine threat. He insisted that a state of Eurabia had already occurred in Sweden, a claim which the Swedish embassy promptly denied with an official statement.[48] Invoking the memory of Oriana Fallaci,[49] he released an anti-migrant speech on Twitter, accompanied by the message "No to Eurabia".[50]

Netherlands

In 2008, journalist Arthur van Amerongen described Molenbeek as "Brussels: Eurabia". Despite alleging that writer Wim van Rooy had already coined the phrase, Amerongen faced severe peer and media criticism for endorsing the conspiracy theory.[51] After the November 2015 Paris attacks and discovery of a Brussels ISIL terror cell, photojournalist Teun Voeten agreed with Amerongen's description, calling the municipality an "ethnic and religious enclave".[52]

Party for Freedom leader Geert Wilders, who serves in the Dutch House of Representatives, has openly stated that "if we do not stop Islamification now, Eurabia and Netherabia will just be a matter of time."[53] [54] A supporter of the conspiracy theory, Wilders believes Muslim immigration to Europe is being driven by an agreement between the European Union and Islamic countries.[55] He has delivered speeches in the Dutch parliament about Eurabia.[56]

Norway

In 2008, Peder Are Nøstvold Jensen, writing under his pseudonym Fjordman, published Defeating Eurabia. The book contends that one in three babies born in France are from a Muslim-background, and that there are hundreds of "Muslim ghettos" following Sharia law in the country, which Fjordman believes will either be overrun or face an impending civil war.[57]

2083: A European Declaration of Independence, the manifesto of Anders Behring Breivik, the perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks, includes a lengthy discussion of and support for the "Eurabia" theory. It also contains several articles on the Eurabia theme by Bat Ye'or and Fjordman.[58] As a result, the theory received widespread mainstream media attention following the attacks.[59] In the verdict against Breivik, the court said that "many people share Breivik's conspiracy theory, including the Eurabia theory. The court finds that very few people, however, share Breivik's idea that the alleged "Islamization" should be fought with terror."[60]

Breivik has later stated that he previously had exploited "counterjihad" rhetoric in order to protect "ethno-nationalists", thereby instead launching a media drive against what he deemed "anti-nationalist counterjihad"-supporters.[61] [62]

United Kingdom

North America

Canada

Author Mark Steyn, described as a "champion of 'Eurabia' myth" by Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail,[65] has predicted an emerging Eurabia region, captured by the religion of Islam and hostile to U.S. interests.[66] Steyn's promotion of the conspiracy theory centres on European demographics, where he believes a culturally asserted Muslim mass will become the majority population and demand the assimilation of white Europeans.[67]

United States

See also: White genocide conspiracy theory.

In the United States, the theories have found strong proponents in the Islamophobia movement,[68] [69] among them the president of Stop Islamization of America, Robert Spencer[70] [71] and political commentator Daniel Pipes.[72]

In May 2006, Fox News host John Gibson called for white Americans to have more babies, referencing a decline in the "native population" of Europe as an apparent demographic warning for the U.S. regarding Hispanic birthrates.[73] In what Media Matters reported as fearmongering, he claimed that Eurabia was occurring in Europe.[74]

In his 2011–2012 run for the Republican presidential nomination, senator Rick Santorum warned that Europe was "creating an opportunity for the creation of Eurabia", and that the continent was "losing, because they are not having children."[75] Classicist Bruce Thornton is also a strong advocate for the theory.[76]

A 2007 film outline by Steve Bannon, who would later become the chief strategist for President Donald Trump and a member of the U.S. National Security Council, proposed that Muslims were trying to turn the United States into the "Islamic States of America".[77]

Criticism

The Economist rejected the concept of Eurabia as "scaremongering".[78] Simon Kuper in the Financial Times described Ye'or's book as "little-read but influential", and akin to "Protocols of the Elders of Zion in reverse", adding that "though ludicrous, Eurabia became the spiritual mother of a genre".[79]

David Aaronovitch acknowledges that the threat of "jihadist terror" may be real, but that there is no threat of Eurabia. Aaronovitch concludes that those who study conspiracy theories will recognize Eurabia to be a theory that adds the "Sad Dupes thesis to the Enemy Within idea".[80]

Conservative US military analyst Ralph Peters has criticized the Eurabia narrative on the grounds that it is unlikely to happen as posited, citing the historical precedent of genocides frequently occurring in Europe, such as in the Balkans during the 1990s, and the Holocaust during World War II. Peters stated that if Muslims "taking over" Europe were imminent, Europeans would either forcibly deport their Muslims at best or engage in a genocide of them at worst,[81] possibly leading to a U.S. intervention on behalf of persecuted Muslims.[81]

In his 2007 book Wars of Blood and Faith, Peters states that far from being about to take over Europe through demographic change, "Europe's Muslims are living on borrowed time" and that in the event of a major terrorist attack in Europe, thanks to the "ineradicable viciousness" of Europeans and what he perceives as a historical tendency to over-react to real or perceived threats, European Muslims "will be lucky if they're only deported".[82]

According to Marján and Sapir, the very idea of "Eurabia" is "based on an extremist conspiracy theory, according to which Europe and the Arab states would join forces to make life impossible for Israel and Islamize the old continent."[83]

Writing in Race & Class in 2006, author and freelance journalist Matt Carr argued that Eurabia had moved from "an outlandish conspiracy theory" to a "dangerous Islamophobic fantasy". Carr states,

The Eurabia conspiracy theory has many similarities to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.[84] [85] [86] Arun Kundnani, writing for the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, notes that "Eurabia" fulfills the counter-jihad movement's "structural need" for a conspiracy theory, and compares "Eurabia" to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion,[87] while Carr compares it to the Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory.

Doug Saunders argues that pro-Al-Qaeda writers, and those who promote the Eurabia theory as truth, have a common extremism and world view, where "there is one creature called 'the Muslim' and another called 'the Westerner. He proposes that there is no such distinction and that Muslims can become secular in the Western world.[88]

See also

Notes and References

  1. News: The myth of Eurabia: how a far-right conspiracy theory went mainstream . Brown . Andrew . The Guardian . 16 August 2019 . 24 August 2019.
  2. Book: Bergmann, Eirikur. Europe: Continent of Conspiracies. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003048640-3/eurabia-conspiracy-theory-eirikur-bergmann. The Eurabia Conspiracy Theory. 2021. 36–53. Routledge. 10.4324/9781003048640-3. 9781003048640. 233612661. en.
  3. Lee. Benjamin. Why we fight: Understanding the counter-jihad movement. Religion Compass. October 2016. 10. 10. 257–265. 10.1111/rec3.12208.
  4. News: Schwartz. Adi. The Protocols of the Elders of Brussels. 8 December 2017. Haaretz. 20 June 2006. en.
  5. Zia-Ebrahimi . Reza . When the Elders of Zion relocated to Eurabia: conspiratorial racialization in antisemitism and Islamophobia . Patterns of Prejudice . 2018 . 52 . 4 . 314–337 . 10.1080/0031322X.2018.1493876. 148601759 .
  6. Meer. Nasar. Racialization and religion: race, culture and difference in the study of antisemitism and Islamophobia. Ethnic and Racial Studies. March 2013. 36. 3. 385–398. 10.1080/01419870.2013.734392. 144942470. The protocols of Eurabia.
  7. http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/2767/04_25.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Anti-Europeanism and Euroscepticism in the United States
  8. Web site: Euro-Arab dialogue . MEDEA . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150709040540/http://www.medea.be/?doc=55&lang=en . July 9, 2015 .
  9. Web site: Bat . Ye'or. Le dialogue Euro-Arabe et la naissance d'Eurabia. Observatoire du monde juif. fr. The Euro-Arab Dialogue and the Birth of Eurabia. December 2002. May 11, 2012. Bat Ye'or. English translation
  10. Book: Phillips, Melanie . Londonistan: How Britain is creating a terror state within. Encounter. London. 2006. 9781594031441. Londonistan (book).
  11. Book: Fallaci, Oriana . La forza della ragione. it. The Force of Reason. Rizzoli. Milano. 2004. 9788817002967. Oriana Fallaci.
  12. Book: Bawer, Bruce . While Europe Slept. Anchor/Random House. New York. 2007. 978-0767920056. Bruce Bawer.
  13. Web site: Tunku. Varadarajan. Prophet of Decline. Ms. Fallaci speaks in a passionate growl: 'Europe is no longer Europe, it is "Eurabia", a colony of Islam. The Wall Street Journal. June 23, 2005. Tunku Varadarajan. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20220922035423/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB111948571453267105. 2022-09-22.
  14. Web site: Dopo. Londra. Il nemico che trattiamo da amico. Sono quattr' anni che parlo di nazismo islamico, di guerra all' Occidente, di culto della morte, di suicidio dell' Europa. Un' Europa che non è più Europa ma Eurabia e che con la sua mollezza, la sua inerzia, la sua cecità, il suo asservimento al nemico si sta scavando la propria tomba. . For four years I have been talking about Islamic Nazism, the war on the West, the cult of death, the suicide of Europe. A Europe that is no longer Europe but Eurabia, which with its softness, its inertia, its blindness, its servitude to the enemy is digging its own grave.. Corriere della Sera. September 15, 2006. May 13, 2012. it.
  15. Book: Steyn, Mark. America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It . Regnery . Washington, D.C. . 2006 . 978-0847827534. America Alone. Mark Steyn.
  16. Web site: Mark . Steyn . It's the Demography, Stupid . . January 2, 2006 . May 13, 2012 . Mark Steyn.
  17. Web site: Mark. Steyn. The future belongs to Islam. Macleans. October 10, 2006. May 13, 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090722075647/http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20061023_134898_134898. July 22, 2009. Mark Steyn.
  18. Book: Jensen, Peder Are Nøstvold . Defeating Eurabia. Lulu.com. 2008. 9781409247159 .
  19. Web site: Fjordman hevder han vil hjelpe politiet i terroretterforskningen . . 3 August 2011. Siv. Sandvik . 8 August 2011.
  20. Web site: Muslims 'about to take over Europe'. David . Machlis . Tovah . Lazaroff . January 29, 2007. Jerusalem Post. 2 October 2022.
  21. News: Europa wird Islamisch . de . Europe is becoming Islamic. Die Welt . April 18, 2006.
  22. Fekete. Liz. The Muslim conspiracy theory and the Oslo massacre. Race & Class. 53. 3. 2012. 30–47. 10.1177/0306396811425984. 146443283.
  23. News: Niall Ferguson. The way we live now: Eurabia?. The New York Times. April 4, 2004. February 1, 2013. Niall Ferguson.
  24. See:
    • Fekete. Liz. The Muslim conspiracy theory and the Oslo massacre. Race & Class. 53. 3. 2012. 30–47. 10.1177/0306396811425984. 146443283.
    • Carland. Susan. Islamophobia, fear of loss of freedom, and the Muslim woman. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations. 22. 4. 2011. 469–473. 10.1080/09596410.2011.606192. 145063957.
    • Book: David Lagerlöf. Jonathan Leman. Jonathan Leman. Alexander Bengtsson. Alexander Bengtsson. The Anti-Muslim Environment - The ideas, the Profiles and the Concept. Expo Research. Stockholm. 2011. June 8, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120503092912/http://expo.se/www/download/research_the_anti_muslim_environment_final.pdf. 2012-05-03. dead. David Lagerlöf.
    • Encyclopedia: Shooman. Yasemin. Spielhaus, Riem. Jocelyne Cesari. Muslims in the West after 9/11: religion, politics, and law. The concept of the Muslim enemy in the public discourse. 2010. Routledge. 978-0-415-77654-7. 198–228.
    • Fekete. Liz. Enlightened fundamentalism? Immigration, feminism and the Right. Race & Class. 48. 1. 2006. 1–22. 10.1177/0306396806069519. 145578004.
    • Carr . M. . 10.1177/0306396806066636 . You are now entering Eurabia . Race & Class . 48 . 1–22. 2006 . 145303405 .
  25. News: Eurabiske vers. no. Eurabian verses. Morgenbladet. August 19, 2011. April 27, 2012.
  26. News: Kuper. Simon. The end of Eurabia. Financial Times. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/1c825298-d8f7-11e0-aff1-00144feabdc0.html . 2022-12-10 . subscription. September 9, 2011. May 11, 2012. Simon Kuper.
  27. Book: Roy, Olivier. Olivier Roy (professor). The Politics of Chaos in the Middle East. Columbia University Press. New York. 2008. 978-0-231-80043-3.
  28. Book: Gardell, Mattias. Islamofobi. no. Oslo. Spartacus. 2011. 9788243006683.
  29. News: Advarer mot å ta Breivik seriøst. no. Warns against taking Breivik seriously. Norsk Rikskringkasting. Norsk Telegrambyrå. May 2, 2012. May 12, 2012.
  30. News: World Muslim population doubling, report projects . CNN . 2011-01-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330213557/https://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/27/world-muslim-population-doubling-report-projects/ . 2023-03-30.
  31. Web site: Simon Kuper. Head count belies vision of 'Eurabia'. Financial Times. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/123ade02-4e6f-11dc-85e7-0000779fd2ac.html . 2022-12-10 . subscription. August 19, 2007. August 12, 2011. Simon Kuper.
  32. Kaufmann, Eric (20 March 2010). "Europe's Muslim Future", Prospect, Issue 169.
  33. See also Randy McDonald, France, its Muslims, and the Future, 2004-04-13, Doug Saunders, "The 'Eurabia' myth deserves a debunking ", The Globe and Mail, 2008-09-20, Fewer differences between foreign born and Swedish born childbearing women, Statistics Sweden, 2008-11-03, Mary Mederios Kent, Do Muslims have more children than other women in western Europe? , Population Reference Bureau, prb.org, February 2008; for fertility of Muslims outside Europe, see the sentence "The dramatic decline in Iran's fertility provides a recent example of how strict Islamic practices can coexist with widespread use of family planning.", and (the articles) Farzaneh Roudi-Fahimi and Mary Mederios Kent, Fertility Declining in the Middle East and North Africa , prb.org, April 2008, especially the figure 2, Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi, Recent changes and the future of fertility in Iran, especially the figure 1;
  34. See also "Merely speaking of a 'Muslim community in France' can be misleading and inaccurate: like every immigrant population, Muslims in France exhibit strong cleavages based on the country of their origin, their social background, political orientation and ideology, and the branch or sect of Islam that they practice (when they do)." in Justin Vaisse, Unrest in France, November 2005 , 2006-01-12
  35. See also Justin Vaïsse, La France et les musulmans: une politique étrangère sous influence? , April 2007
  36. Europas muslimische Eliten: Wer sie sind und was sie wollen Jytte Klausen, Campus Verlag, 13.03.2000
  37. [Walter Laqueur]
  38. Book: Judis . John . The Nationalist Revival; Trade Immigration, and the Revolt Against Gobalization . 2018 . . 9780999745403 . 99.
  39. News: The end of Eurabia. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/1c825298-d8f7-11e0-aff1-00144feabdc0 . 2022-12-10 . subscription . live. Financial Times. Simon Kuper. September 9, 2011. Simon Kuper.
  40. News: Haaretz. U.S. Museum Condemns Far-right German Party for Using Their Painting for anti-Muslim Campaign. May 1, 2019. May 10, 2019. April 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200425132603/https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/u-s-museum-condemns-far-right-germany-party-for-using-their-painting. dead.
  41. News: AfD in hot water with US museum over campaign billboard. Deutsche Welle. April 26, 2019.
  42. Web site: How Oriana Fallaci's Writings on Islamism Are Remembered—and Reviled . en. The Atlantic. December 15, 2017.
  43. Web site: Oriana Fallaci, Incisive Italian Journalist, Is Dead at 77 . en. The New York Times. September 16, 2006.
  44. Web site: Ukip faces questions about its far-right friends in Europe . en. The Guardian. March 10, 2014.
  45. Web site: La matanza de Oslo descoloca a la extrema derecha europea . es. The Oslo massacre dislodges the European far right. Público (Spain). July 30, 2011.
  46. Web site: Europe's future: A combination of Eurabia and a geriatric ward. en. Arutz Sheva. December 8, 2018.
  47. Web site: Sarzana, il capogruppo del Carroccio: "Votare Lega per evitare l'Eurabia" . it. Sarzana, the leader of the Carroccio: "Vote Lega to avoid the Eurabia". Il Secolo XIX. May 21, 2019.
  48. Web site: Le proteste della Svezia per un servizio del Tg2 . it. The protests of Sweden for a Tg2 service. Il Post. May 21, 2019.
  49. Web site: Salvini rompe il silenzio elettorale su Rai3. Pd e sinistra attaccano. . it. Salvini breaks the election silence on Rai3. Pd and left attack.. la Repubblica. May 25, 2019.
  50. Web site: Lettons, Maltais et Slovaques convoqués aux urnes pour les élections européennes. fr. Latvians, Maltese and Slovaks called to ballot for European elections. Le Devoir. May 25, 2019.
  51. Web site: Arthur van Amerongen: 'Misschien dat er dit jaar nog iets in Amsterdam gebeurt'. nl. Arthur van Amerongen: "Maybe something else will happen in Amsterdam this year". de Volkskrant. November 23, 2015.
  52. Web site: A former resident reflects on his struggles with Brussels' most notorious neighborhood. Politico. Teun Voeten. November 21, 2015. Teun Voeten.
  53. News: Disgraced Ukip MEP Janice Atkinson Joins Far-Right Front National Group In European Parliament . Aubrey . Allegretti . . June 16, 2015.
  54. Web site: The "Dutch Trump" Is Even More Toxic Than the Real Thing. en. The Intercept. Mehdi Hasan. March 8, 2017. Mehdi Hasan.
  55. Web site: Geert Wilders: maverick who could ride anti-Islam wave to the top of Dutch politics. The Conversation. September 6, 2016.
  56. Web site: Geert Wilders. Speech in the Dutch parliament. Geert Wilders' blog. September 16, 2009. June 8, 2012. Geert Wilders.
  57. News: Suspect admired bloggers who believe Europe is drowning in Muslims. CNN. July 27, 2011.
  58. See:
  59. Web site: Psykiater om Breivik: – Så komplisert at vi først i historiens lys kan få svar . no. Psychiatrist on Breivik: - So complicated that answers will only come in light of history. Tv2.no . July 28, 2011. August 7, 2011.
  60. http://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/article3458481.ece Smilende Breivik fornøyd med dommen
  61. News: Breivik vill deportera "illojala judar" [Breivik wants to deport "disloyal Jews"]]. Expo. 10 January 2014. sv. Daniel Vergara. 18 July 2015. 13 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171013184339/http://expo.se/2014/breivik-vill-deportera-illojala-judar_6336.html. dead.
  62. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-breivik-idUSKBN0H01NG20140905 "Mass killer Breivik says wants to create fascist party"
  63. Web site: Justin Vaïsse. Eurabian Follies. Foreign Policy. The FP Group, a The Washington Post subsidiary. January–February 2010. July 17, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120903024824/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/04/eurabian_follies?page=full. September 3, 2012. dead. mdy-all. Justin Vaïsse.
  64. For instance in:
  65. Web site: The 'Eurabia' myth deserves a debunking. en. The Globe and Mail. September 20, 2008.
  66. Web site: Dispelling the Myth of Eurabia. en. Newsweek. July 10, 2009.
  67. Web site: Apocalypse now. New Statesman. 12 March 2007.
  68. "anti-Islam groups received more than $119 million in funding between 2008 and 2011." Furthermore, the report asserts that many of these prolific anti-Islam groups are "tightly linked" and some of the "top players" receive huge paychecks. The founder of Jihad Watch, Robert Spencer, a renowned anti-Islam scholar, is said to have received a salary of more than $150,000, while the organization's revenues in the year 2012 were over $200,000.

    In an investigative paper published in 2011 and titled "Fear Inc.," the Center of American Progress (CAP) reveals a detailed list of donors that help support think tanks that perpetrate misinformation about Muslims and Islam. One such think tank is the Middle East Forum (MEF), led by academic and scholar Daniel Pipes. In 2009, the MEF is said to have received funding of nearly $6 million.

    Pipes and his anti-Muslim hyperbole are well known."https://www.mic.com/articles/65337/inside-the-big-money-movement-to-fund-islamophobia-in-america

  69. "Leading Islamophobic figures like Pamela Geller, lawyer David Yerushalmi, Daniel Pipes of the Middle East Forum, commentator Steven Emerson, Robert Spencer and Frank Gaffney play a major role in the anti-Islamic lobby " https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2017/05/islamophobia-usa-170501131435789.html
  70. Carr . Matt . You are now entering Eurabia . . 1 July 2006 . 48 . 1 . 9–10 . 10.1177/0306396806066636 . 5 February 2021 . SAGE. 145303405 .
  71. Book: Bergmann . Eirikur . Conspiracy & Populism . Eirikur Bergmann . 21 August 2018 . . 978-3-319-90359-0 . 144 . https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-90359-0_6 . subscription . subscription . 5 February 2021 . en . The Eurabia Doctrine. 10.1007/978-3-319-90359-0_6 .
  72. see for instance:
  73. Book: Sandra E. Weissinger. Dwayne A. Mack. Law Enforcement in the Age of Black Lives Matter: Policing Black and Brown Bodies (Critical Perspectives on Race, Crime, and Justice). Lexington Books. 6. 120. 2017. 9781498553599.
  74. Web site: Fox News' long history of race-baiting. Media Matters. 27 July 2010.
  75. News: Max Blumenthal. Santorum warns of 'Eurabia,' issues call to 'evangelize and eradicate' Muslims. Al-Akhbar English. January 5, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120108234839/http://english.al-akhbar.com/blogs/gadfly/santorum-warns-eurabia-issues-call-evangelize-and-eradicate-muslims. dead. January 8, 2012. May 12, 2012.
  76. Web site: Bruce Thornton. The Civilization of Dhimmitude - A review of Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis, by Bat Ye'or. Victor Davis Hanson on the web. March 26, 2005. June 8, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120305162421/http://victorhanson.com/articles/thornton032605.html. March 5, 2012. dead. mdy-all.
  77. News: Bannon film outline warned U.S. could turn into 'Islamic States of America'. The Washington Post. February 2, 2017.
  78. News: Tales from Eurabia. The Economist. June 22, 2006. December 19, 2008. Integration will be hard work for all concerned. But for the moment at least, the prospect of Eurabia looks like scaremongering..
  79. News: Simon Kuper. The Crescent and the Cross. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/4cf288ba-8c13-11dc-af4d-0000779fd2ac . 2022-12-10 . subscription. Financial Times. October 11, 2007. May 13, 2012. Simon Kuper.
  80. News: It's the latest disease: sensible people saying ridiculous things about Islam. live. 2008-03-08. David. Aaronovitch. 2005-11-15. The Times. London. https://web.archive.org/web/20080907211712/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/david_aaronovitch/article590235.ece. 7 September 2008. David Aaronovitch.
  81. Book: Peters, Ralph. Wars of Blood and Faith: The Conflicts That Will Shape the Twenty-First Century. 2007. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. Stackpole Books. 332–334. Ralph Peters. September 18, 2018. 9781461752073.
  82. Book: Peters, Ralph. Wars of Blood and Faith: The Conflicts That Will Shape the Twenty-First Century. 333–334. Stackpole Books. 2007. 978-0-8117-0274-4.
  83. Book: Marján, Attila. Europe's Destiny. André Sapir. 2010. Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland. 978-0-8018-9547-0. 161.
  84. Zia-Ebrahimi . Reza . When the Elders of Zion relocated to Eurabia: conspiratorial racialization in antisemitism and Islamophobia . Patterns of Prejudice . 2018 . 52 . 4 . 314–337 . 10.1080/0031322X.2018.1493876. 148601759 .
  85. Book: Bangstad . Sindre . Routledge Handbook of Islam in the West . 2022 . Routledge . 978-0-429-26586-0 . 2 . Western Islamophobia: The origins of a concept. The “Eurabia” theory is a conspiracy theory directly analogous to the twentieth-century antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion..
  86. Book: Meer . Nasar . Key Concepts in Race and Ethnicity . 2014 . SAGE Publications Ltd . 70–74 . Third . These assessments have led Matt Carr (2011, p. 14) to note the ways in which ‘Eurabia bears many of the essential features of the invented antisemitic tract, the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, in its presentation of European Muslims as agents in a conspiracy of world domination..
  87. Web site: Arun Kundnani. Blind Spot? Security Narratives and Far-Right Violence in Europe. International Centre for Counter-terrorism. June 2012. July 23, 2012. July 10, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120710061407/http://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Kundnani-Blind-Spot-June-2012.pdf. dead.
  88. News: Doug Saunders: The groundless fear of Muslim immigration. The Globe and Mail. Doug. Saunders. August 25, 2012. Doug Saunders.

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