E. M. Antoniadi Explained

Eugène Michel Antoniadi
Birth Date:	1 March 1870
Birth Place:	Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Death Place:	Paris, France
Nationality:	Greek-French
Occupation:	Astronomer
Years Active:	1893–1944
Known For:	Maps of Mars and Mercury
Notable Works:	La planète Mars, 1659-1929

Eugène Michel Antoniadi (Greek: Ευγένιος Αντωνιάδης; 1 March 1870  - 10 February 1944) was a Greek-French astronomer.

Biography

Antoniadi was born in Istanbul (Constantinople) but spent most of his adult life in France, after being invited there by Camille Flammarion.^[1]

He became a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society on 10 February 1899, and in 1890 he became one of the founding members of the British Astronomical Association (BAA). In 1892, he joined the BAA's Mars Section and became that section's Director in 1896.

He became a member of the Société astronomique de France (SAF) in 1891.^[2]

Flammarion hired Antoniadi to work as an assistant astronomer in his private observatory in Juvisy-sur-Orge in 1893.^[3] Antoniadi worked there for nine years. In 1902, he resigned from both the Juvisy observatory and from SAF.

Antoniadi rejoined SAF in 1909. That same year, Henri Deslandres, Director of the Meudon Observeratory, provided him with access to the Grande Lunette (83-cm Great Refractor)^[4]

He became a highly reputed observer of Mars, and at first supported the notion of Martian canals, but after using the 83 centimeter telescope at Meudon Observatory during the 1909 opposition of Mars, he came to the conclusion that canals were an optical illusion. He also observed Venus and Mercury.

He made the first map of Mercury, but his maps were flawed by his incorrect assumption that Mercury had synchronous rotation with the Sun. The first standard nomenclature for Martian albedo features was introduced by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) when they adopted 128 names from the 1929 map of Antoniadi named La Planète Mars.^[5]

He is also famed for creating the Antoniadi scale of seeing, which is commonly used by amateur astronomers. He was also a strong chess player. His best result was equal first with Frank Marshall in a tournament in Paris in 1907, a point ahead of Savielly Tartakower.

He died in Paris, aged almost 74.

Name

His full name was Eugène Michel Antoniadi (Greek, Modern (1453-);: Ευγένιος Μιχαήλ Αντωνιάδης|Evgénios Michaíl Antoniádis), however he was also known as Eugenios Antoniadis. His name is also sometimes given as Eugène Michael Antoniadi or even (incorrectly) as Eugène Marie Antoniadi.

Awards and honors

• 1925 - Prix Jules Janssen from the Société astronomique de France.
• 1926 – Prix Guzman of 2,500 Francs from the Académie des Sciences.
• 1932 - Prix La Caille from the Académie des Sciences.
• 1970 - Antoniadi crater on the Moon named in his honor by the International Astronomical Union.^[6]
• 1973 - Antoniadi crater on Mars named in his honor by the International Astronomical Union.^{[7] [8]}
• 1976 - Antoniadi Dorsum wrinkle ridge on Mercury named in his honor by the International Astronomical Union.^[9]

Publications

Antoniadi was a prolific writer of articles and books (the Astrophysics Data System lists nearly 230 that he authored or co-authored).^[10] The subjects included astronomy, history, and architecture. He frequently wrote articles for L'Astronomie of the Société astronomique de France, Astronomische Nachrichten, and the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, among others.

Notable works include:

• Sur une Anomalie de la phase dichotome de la planète Vénus (Paris: Gauthier-Villars, (s. d.)).^[11]
• La planète Mars, 1659-1929 (Paris: Hermann & Cie, 1930).^[12]
• La Planète Mercure et la rotation des satellites. Etude basée sur les résultats obtenus avec la grande lunette de l'observatoire de Meudon (Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1934).^[13]

See also

• Demetrios Eginitis

Bibliography

• McKim. Richard J.. 1993a . The Life and Times of E.M. Antoniadi, 1870-1944. Part I: an Astronomer in the Making. Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 103 . 4. 1993JBAA..103..164M. 15 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230415125154/https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_key=AST&bibcode=1993JBAA..103..164M&letter=0&classic=YES&defaultprint=YES&whole_paper=YES&page=164&epage=164&send=Send+PDF&filetype=.pdf. 15 April 2023.
• McKim. Richard J.. 1993b . The Life and Times of E.M. Antoniadi, 1870-1944. Part II: The Meudon years. Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 103 . 5. 1993JBAA..103..219M. 15 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230415130104/https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_key=AST&bibcode=1993JBAA..103..219M&letter=0&classic=YES&defaultprint=YES&whole_paper=YES&page=219&epage=219&send=Send+PDF&filetype=.pdf. 15 April 2023.
• Book: Sheehan. William. Bell. Jim. 2021. The Planet Mars A History of Observation and Discovery. Phoenix, Arizona. University of Arizona Press. 9780816546862.

Further reading

• Encyclopedia: Abetti . Giorgio . Antoniadi, Eugène M. . . 1 . 172 . . New York . 1970 . 978-0-684-10114-9 .
• McKim . Richard J. . The Life and Times of E.M. Antoniadi, 1870-1944. Part I: An Astronomer in the Making . Journal of the British Astronomical Association . 103 . 1993 . 164–170 . 1993JBAA..103..164M .
• McKim . Richard J. . The Life and Times of E.M. Antoniadi, 1870-1944. Part II: The Meudon Years . Journal of the British Astronomical Association . 103 . 1993 . 219–227 . 1993JBAA..103..219M .

External links

• Edward Winter, A Chessplaying Astronomer (2002)
• Pictures of Mars kept at the Library of Paris Observatory

Notes and References

1. Book: Hockey, Thomas. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. 83–85. 2009. Springer Publishing. 978-0-387-31022-0. 10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_58. Antoniadi, Eugène Michael.
2. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9667257k/f433.item L'Astronomie (magazine)|Bulletin de la Société Astronomique de France 1896, p. 415.
3. https://alidade.obspm.fr/ead.html?id=FR751142302-ANTO0001#! "Antoniadi, Eugène Michel - Archives," cote Ms 1138, Bibliothèque de l'Observatoire de Paris - site de Paris (France), Alidade database, consulted 16 March 2018.
4. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1993JBAA..103..219M McKim, Richard J. “The life and times of E.M. Antoniadi, 1870-1944. Part II: The Meudon years.” Journal of the British Astronomical Association 1993, vol. 103, no. 5, pp. 219-227.
5. Encyclopedia: Shirley, James H.. Fairbridge, Rhodes Whitmore. Nomenclature. 978-0-412-06951-2. Encyclopedia of planetary sciences. 543–550. Springer. 1997.
6. Web site: Antoniadi . . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . 15 March 2022.
7. The life and times of E.M. Antoniadi, 1870-1944. Part I: an astronomer in the making . McKim . R. J. . Journal of the British Astronomical Association . 103 . 4 . 164−170 . August 1993 . 1993JBAA..103..164M . See the introduction.
8. Web site: Antoniadi . . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . 15 March 2022.
9. Web site: Antoniadi Dorsum . . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . 15 March 2022.
10. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/basic_connect?qsearch=Eugene+Michel+Antoniadi&version=1&nr_to_return=250 Harvard Astrophysics Data System, retrieved 5 May 2018
11. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb31724940t Bibliothèque nationale de France Gallica catalog entry.
12. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k134436j/f4.image Bibliothèque nationale de France Gallica catalog entry.
13. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb317249388 Bibliothèque nationale de France Gallica catalog entry.