Nephrozoa Explained

Nephrozoa (tube-animals) is a proposed major clade of bilaterian animals. It includes all bilaterians other than Xenacoelomorpha. It contrasts with the Xenambulacraria hypothesis, which instead posits that Xenacoelomorpha is most closely related to Ambulacraria.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]} Which hypothesis is correct is controversial. Authors supporting the Xenambulacraria hypothesis have suggested that the genetic evidence used to support Nephrozoa may be due to systematic error.

Below is a proposed phylogenetic tree of Nephrozoa:

Further reading

• Balavoine . G. . EVOLUTION: One or Three Cambrian Radiations? . Science . 17 April 1998 . 10.1126/science.280.5362.397 . 0036-8075 . 280 . 5362 . 397–398 . 84468701 . none.
• Bourlat . S . Nielsen . C . Economou . A . Telford . M . Testing the new animal phylogeny: A phylum level molecular analysis of the animal kingdom . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . October 2008 . 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.008 . 18692145 . 1055-7903 . 49 . 1 . 23–31 . none.
• Jondelius . Ulf . Ruiz-Trillo . Inaki . Baguna . Jaume . Riutort . Marta . The Nemertodermatida are basal bilaterians and not members of the Platyhelminthes . Zoologica Scripta . April 2002 . 10.1046/j.1463-6409.2002.00090.x . 0300-3256 . 31 . 2 . 201–215 . 84015834 . none.

Notes and References

1. Philippe . Hervé . Poustka . Albert J. . Chiodin . Marta . Hoff . Katharina J. . Dessimoz . Christophe . Tomiczek . Bartlomiej . Schiffer . Philipp H. . etal . 2019 . Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria . Current Biology . 29 . 11 . 1818–1826.e6 . 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009 . 0960-9822 . 31104936 . 155104811 . free . 21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1.
2. Marlétaz . Ferdinand . 2019-06-17 . Zoology: Worming into the Origin of Bilaterians . Current Biology . 29 . 12 . R577–R579 . 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.006 . 0960-9822 . 31211978 . free.
3. Kapli . Paschalia . Telford . Maximilian J. . 11 Dec 2020 . Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha . Science Advances . 6 . 10 . eabc5162 . 10.1126/sciadv.abc5162 . 7732190 . 33310849 . free.
4. Kapli . Paschalia . Natsidis . Paschalis . Leite . Daniel J. . Fursman . Maximilian . Jeffrie . Nadia . Rahman . Imran A. . Philippe . Hervé . Copley . Richard R. . Telford . Maximilian J. . 2021-03-19 . Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria . Science Advances . en . 7 . 12 . eabe2741 . 2021SciA....7.2741K . 10.1126/sciadv.abe2741 . 2375-2548 . 7978419 . 33741592.
5. Marlétaz . Ferdinand . Peijnenburg . Katja T.C.A. . Goto . Taichiro . Satoh . Noriyuki . Rokhsar . Daniel S. . 2019-01-21 . A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans . Current Biology . en . 29 . 2 . 312–318.e3 . 10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042 . 30639106 . free.