Demographics of Israel explained

Place:Israel (including Israelis in West Bank)
Size Of Population:9,842,000 (ca. 95th)
Population Estimate Year:December 2023
Population Figure Source:Israeli CBS[1]
Density:431/km (6th)
Growth:1.9%
Birth:21.5 births/1,000 (101st)
Death:5.2 deaths/1,000 population (174th)
Life:82.7 years (8th)
Life Male:80.7 years
Life Female:84.6 years
Fertility:3.01 children born/woman (59th)
Infant Mortality:4.03 deaths/1,000 live births (25th)
Age 0-14 Years:28%
Age 15-64 Years:60%
Age 65 Years:12%
Total Mf Ratio:1.01 males/female
Sr At Birth:1.05 males/female
Sr Under 15:1.05 males/female
Sr 15-64 Years:1.03 males/female
Sr 65 Years Over:0.78 males/female
Nation:Israelis
Major Ethnic:Jews (7,208,000, 73.6%)
Minor Ethnic:Arabs (2,080,000, 21.1%)
Other (non-Jewish, non-Arab) 554,000 (5.7%)
Official:Hebrew
Spoken:Arabic, Russian, Yiddish

The demographics of Israel, monitored by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, encompass various attributes that define the nation's populace. Since its establishment in 1948, Israel has witnessed significant changes in its demographics. Formed as a homeland for the Jewish people, Israel has attracted Jewish immigrants from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

The Israel Central Bureau of Statistics defines the population of Israel as including Jews living in all of the West Bank and Palestinians in East Jerusalem but excluding Palestinians anywhere in the rest of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and foreign workers anywhere in Israel. As of December 2023, this calculation stands at approximately 9,842,000 of whom:

Israel's annual population growth rate stood at 2.0% in 2015, more than three times faster than the OECD average of around 0.6%.[3] With an average of three children per woman, Israel also has the highest fertility rate in the OECD by a considerable margin and much higher than the OECD average of 1.7.[4]

Definitions

The definition of what constitutes the population of Israel varies depending on which territories are counted and which population groups are counted in each territory.

The Israel Central Bureau of Statistics ("CBS") definition of the Area of the State of Israel:[5]

The CBS' definition of the Population of Israel, however:[6]

Population

Total population

[7] (most current update from the Israeli Central Bureau for Statistics, via live feed)

Note: includes over 200,000 Israelis and 250,000 Arabs in East Jerusalem, about 421,400 Jewish settlers on the West Bank, and about 42,000 in the Golan Heights (July 2007 estimate). Does not include Arab populations in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Does not include 222,000 foreigners living in the country.[8]

Demographics of Israel and its Occupied Territories
Region &<br />StatusBy nationalityTotal
Population		Year
Source		By ethnoreligious groupArea (km2)
Israeli citizenTotal Israelis
(including PCI)*		Year
Source		Palestinian
non-Israeli-
citizen		YearJewishPalestinianOther
Jews and
Other		Palestinian
citizens
of Israel
(PCI)*
--

GREEN LINE ISRAEL WITHIN 1967 BORDERS

-->

Green Line

De facto 1949–1967 borders[9]

6,976,7611,689,0188,665,7792019/
-21/-3
[10] 		08,660,2092019/
-21/-3
6,422,761
74%<		-- 7,208,000 Jews in "Population of Israel" as defined by Israeli CBS, minus 517,407 Jewish settlers in West Bank Area C including Seam Zone, minus 240,832 Jewish residents in East Jerusalem, minus 27,000 Jews in Golan Heights-->1,689,018
20% <		-- CBS figure 1,734,000 "Israeli Arabs" in "Population of Israel" minus 18,982 Israeli Arabs in East Jerusalem. Do not count East Jerusalem Palestians. Minus 26,000 Israeli Arabs in Golan, almost none counted in West Bank Area C or Seam Zone except the few who live in settlements and there are no statistics for that -->554,000
6% <		-- assumption that all live in Green Zone as there is no split out for those who live in East Jerusalem, West Bank Area C or Seam Zone, and there are zero reported in Golan -->20,582
Golan HeightsPer Israel: annexed
Per UN: Occupied Syria[11] 		27,00026,00053,000
Jews 27,000
Druze 24,000
Alawite 2,000		2021
[12] 		02021
53,0002021
27,00026,000<-- Israel considers Druze and Alawite "Israeli Arabs" -->01,154
East JerusalemPer Israel: Annexed
Per UN: Occupied
[13] [14] [15] 		240,832~18,982259,8142021
351,5702021
[16] 		611,3842021
240,832 <-- = Israeli Jews -->370,552
of which
PCI* ~18,982<		-- = 18,982 Israeli Arabs + 351,570 Palestinian non-Israeli-citizens -->0336
[17]
Area of the State of Israel as per CBS definition22,072 <-- Green Line + Golan + E Jerusalem. CBS does not count any part of the Seam Zone or the rest of Area C as part of the Area of Israel, even though it counts Israeli Jews living there as part of the population of Israel -->
Seam Zone (Occupied)[18] Israelis517,4070<-- Combined Area C and Seam Zone population -->517,4071/2024
[19] [20] 		not counted in population of Israel2019
[21] [22] 		517,407 <-- sum of 517,407 settlers 1/1/2024 + est. 300K Palestinians -->2019/
1/1/24
[23] 		517,407not counted in
population of Israel		0200
West Bank Area C (Full Israeli control) Israelis3,378
[24]
Population of Israel as per CBS definition7,762,0001,734,000<--Israeli cit.-->9,496,000style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;line-height:100%;"~351,570
East Jerusalem
Palestinians		<--Total "Population of Israel" as per CBS def.-->9,842,0002023
7,208,0002,080,000
PCI* 1,734,000
Non-PCI ~346,000		554,00025,650
Others (Palestinians) in Area C incl. Seam Zone plus other regions that Israeli government includes on official maps of Israel:[25] [26] [27]
Seam Zone and Area C Palestinians<-- Combined Area C and Seam Zone population -->counted in row above0counted in row above300,0002019
[28] [29] 		300,000300,0000
West Bank Areas A & B(Some Palestinian control)02,464,5662023
[30] 		2,464,5662023
02,464,56602,808
Gaza Strip(Some Palestinian control)02,226,544mid-
2023
2,226,544mid-
2023
02,226,5440365
Total area shown on Israeli government maps of Israel
a.k.a. Region of Palestine plus Golan Heights;
a.k.a. "Greater Israel", "Eretz Israel", "Land of Israel"		14,833,110Sum7,208,000
48.6%		7,071,000
47.7%
Palestinian citizens of Israel


1,734,000 11.7%,
Palestinian non-citizen:
5,337,110 36.0%

554,000
3.7%		28,823<-- total area-->
*Palestinian citizens of Israel

Density

Geographic deployment, as of 2018:

Population growth rate

During the 1990s, the Jewish population growth rate was about 3% per year, as a result of massive immigration to Israel, primarily from the republics of the former Soviet Union. There is also a very high population growth rate among certain Jewish groups, especially adherents of Orthodox Judaism. The growth rate of the Arab population in Israel is 2.2%, while the growth rate of the Jewish population in Israel is 1.8%. The growth rate of the Arab population has slowed from 3.8% in 1999 to 2.2% in 2013, and for the Jewish population, the growth rate declined from 2.7% to its lowest rate of 1.4% in 2005. Due to a rise in fertility of the Jewish population since 1995 and immigration, the growth rate has since risen to 1.8%.[31]

Fertility

The total fertility rate (TFR) of a population is the average number of children that an average woman would have, in her lifetime.

Jewish total fertility rate increased by 10.2% during 1998–2009, and was recorded at 2.90 during 2009. During the same time period, Arab TFR decreased by 20.5%. Muslim TFR was measured at 3.73 for 2009, and 2.9 for 2022.

In 2000, the Jewish and Arab TFRs in Jerusalem were 3.79 and 4.43 respectively. By 2009, the Jewish TFR in Jerusalem was measured higher than the Arab TFR (2010: 4.26 vs 3.85, 2009: 4.16 vs 3.87). As of 2021, the Jewish and Arab TFRs in Jerusalem were 4.4 and 3.1 respectively.[32] TFR for Arab residents in the West Bank was measured at 2.91 in 2013,[33] while that for the Jewish residents was reported at 5.10 children per woman.[34]

The ethnic group with highest recorded TFR is the Bedouin of Negev. Their TFR was reported at 10.06 in 1998, and 5.73 in 2009. TFR is also very high among Haredi Jews. For Ashkenazi Haredim, the TFR rose from 6.91 in 1980 to 8.51 in 1996. The figure for 2008 is estimated to be even higher. TFR for Sephardi/Mizrahi Haredim rose from 4.57 in 1980 to 6.57 in 1996.[35] In 2020 the overall Jewish TFR in Israel (3.00) was for the first time measured higher than Arab Muslim TFR (2.99).

As of 2022, the fertility rates in Israeli cities dominated by specific demographic groups were: Haredi 6.1, Bedouin 4.4, Jewish non-Haredi 2.4, Arab 2.2, Druze 1.8.[36]

Year Jews Muslims Christians Druze Others Total
2000 2.66 4.74 2.55 3.07 2.95
2001 2.59 4.71 2.46 3.02 2.89
2002 2.64 4.58 2.29 2.77 2.89
2003 2.73 4.50 2.31 2.85 2.95
2004 2.71 4.36 2.13 2.66 1.47 2.90
2005 2.69 4.03 2.15 2.59 1.49 2.84
2006 2.75 3.97 2.14 2.64 1.55 2.88
2007 2.80 3.90 2.13 2.49 1.49 2.90
2008 2.88 3.84 2.11 2.49 1.57 2.96
2009 2.90 3.73 2.15 2.49 1.56 2.96
2010 2.97 3.75 2.14 2.48 1.64 3.03
2011 2.98 3.51 2.19 2.33 1.75 3.00
2012 3.04 3.54 2.17 2.26 1.68 3.05
2013 3.05 3.35 2.13 2.21 1.68 3.03
2014 3.11 3.35 2.27 2.20 1.72 3.08
2015 3.13 3.32 2.12 2.19 1.72 3.09
2016 3.16 3.29 2.05 2.21 1.64 3.11
2017 3.16 3.37 1.93 2.10 1.58 3.11
2018 3.17 3.20 2.06 2.16 1.54 3.09
2019 3.09 3.16 1.80 2.02 1.45 3.01
2020 3.00 2.99 1.85 1.94 1.35 2.90
2021 3.13 3.01 1.77 2.00 1.39 3.00
2022 3.03 2.91 1.68 1.85 1.26 2.89
Year Jews Muslims Christians Druze Others Total

Birth rate

2021 :

Births, in absolute numbers, by mother's religion[37]

Birth rates of various Israeli peoples[38]
YearJewishMuslimChristianDruzeothersTotal
%%%%%
199683,710 30,802 2,678 2,682 1,461 121,333
200091,936 35,740 2,789 2,708 3,217 136,390
2005100,657 34,217 2,487 2,533 4,019 143,913
2006104,513 34,337 2,500 2,601 4,219 148,170
2007107,986 34,572 2,521 2,510 4,090 151,679
2008112,803 34,860 2,511 2,534 4,215 156,923
2009116,599 35,253 2,514 2,517 4,159 161,042
2010120,673 36,221 2,511 2,535 4,306 166,255
2011121,520 35,247 2,596 2,469 4,457 166,296
2012125,409 36,041 2,610 2,371 4,492 170,940
2013126,999 34,927 2,602 2,350 4,561 171,444
2014130,576 35,965 2,814 2,366 4,697 176,427
2015132,220 36,659 2,669 2,376 4,792 178,723
2016134,100 37,592 2,613 2,446 4,652 181,405
2017134,630 39,550 2,504 2,350 4,609 183,648
2018135,809 38,757 2,721 2,434 4,639 184,370
2019133,243 39,525 2,409 2,298 4,532 182,016
2020129,884 38,388 2,497 2,239 4,290 177,307
2021136,120 39,703 2,434 2,339 4,432 185,040
2022132,771 39,717 2,331 2,186 4,257 181,269
2023131,024 39,114 2,189 2,088 4,032 178,454
!colspan=2
JewishMuslimChristianDruzeotherstotal
%%%%%
202363,912 18,755 1,079 1,020 1,970 86,739
202464,569 18,229 991 952 1,740 86,485

Between the mid-1980s and 2000, the fertility rate in the Muslim sector was stable at 4.6–4.7 children per woman; after 2001, a gradual decline became evident, reaching 3.51 children per woman in 2011. By point of comparison, in 2011, there was a rising fertility rate of 2.98 children among the Jewish population.

Life expectancy

As of 2019:

Average life expectancy at age 0 of the total population.[40] !Period!Life expectancy!Period!Life expectancy
1950–195568.91985–199075.9
1955–196070.01990–199577.2
1960–196571.01995–200078.3
1965–197071.82000–200579.6
1970–197572.62005–201080.9
1975–198073.52010–201581.9
1980–198574.6

Infant mortality rate

Age structure

The table shows population estimates by sex and age group, as of July 1, 2019. It includes data for East Jerusalem and Israeli residents in certain other territories under occupation by Israeli military forces since June 1967. Data refer to Israeli citizens and permanent residents who are listed in the Population Register.[41]

Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total4,494,0514,559,975 9,054,026
0–4469 807444 266914 073
5–9441 977 419 861861 838
10–14396 165376 914773 079
15–19365 754349 118714 872
20–24331 474319 040650 514
25–29312 165304 844617 009
30–34299 747298 768598 515
35–39289 123292 026581 149
40–44277 424282 277559 701
45–49251 526257 539 509 065
50–54210 803217 399428 202
55–59191 364204 826396 191
60–64178 062 196 878374 940
65–69166 374188 225354 598
70–74131 622154 117285 739
75–7973 04691 752164 798
80–8458 83081 606140 436
85–8931 03848 19479 233
90–9412 88223 77936 661
95–993 4346 78310 216
100+1 4321 7653 197
Age group MaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–141,307,9491,241,0412,548,990
15–642,707,4442,722,7135,430,157
65+478 658596 2211,074,879
Population by Age Group (2010 est.)
Group0–14 years15–64 years65+ years
Total
Jews
Palestinian citizens of Israel

Median age

The Jewish median age in Jerusalem district and the West Bank are 24.9 and 19.7, respectively, and both account for 16% of the Jewish population, but 24% of 0- to 4-year-olds. The lowest median age in Israel, and one of the lowest in the world, is found in two of the West Bank's biggest Jewish cities: Modi'in Illit (11), Beitar Illit (11)[42] followed by Bedouin towns in the Negev (15.2).[43]

Cities

See main article: List of cities in Israel. Within Israel's system of local government, an urban municipality can be granted a city council by the Israeli Interior Ministry when its population exceeds 20,000.[44] The term "city" does not generally refer to local councils or urban agglomerations, even though a defined city often contains only a small portion of an urban area or metropolitan area's population.

Ethnic and religious groups

See also: Doms in Israel.

Statistics

Group! style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan = 2
PopulationProportion of totalAreas included
Green
Line
Israel		Golan
Heights		East
Jerusalem		Rest of
West
Bank		Gaza
Strip
7,181,000yesyesyesyesn/a
2,065,000yesyesyesnono
Other549,000yesyesyesn/an/a
Total9,795,000allallallJews onlyno
Natural region! data-sort-type=number rowspan=2
Total populationdata-sort-type=number colspan=2 Jews and Othersdata-sort-type=number colspan=2 Arabs
%%
Judean Mountains991,503629,659 361,844
Judean Foothills142,152141,704 448
Hula Valley41,07640,173 903
Eastern Upper Galilee54,32748,364 5,963
Hazor Region24,09717,362 6,735
Central Lower Galilee1,7161,715 1
Kinerot61,24758,783 2,464
Eastern Lower Galilee51,66019,600 32,060
Bet She'an Valley31,64131,467 174
Harod Valley11,7419,835 1,906
Kokhav Plateau13,7653,511 10,254
Yizre'el Valley83,63275,771 7,861
Yoqne'am Region36,96436,936 28
Menashe Plateau5,9985,994 4
Nazareth-Tir'an Mountains336,40575,033 261,372
Shefar'am Region221,92112,247 209,674
Karmi'el Region119,00250,840 68,162
Yehi'am Region101,38334,352 67,031
Elon Region20,6169,357 11,259
Nahariyya Region104,17774,904 29,273
Akko Region76,18639,736 36,450
Hermon Region13,239131 13,108
Northern Golan16,5203,735 12,785
Middle Golan11,16711,089 78
Southern Golan9,6369,627 9
Haifa Region583,443516,228 67,215
Karmel Coast32,35619,061 13,295
Zikhron Ya'aqov Region28,48828,071 417
Alexander Mountain139,82013,163 126,657
Hadera Region248,666191,627 57,039
Western Sharon362,045360,729 1,316
Eastern Sharon115,40116,552 98,849
Southern Sharon283,513273,306 10,207
Petah Tiqwa Region470,779443,527 27,252
Modi'in Region102,151102,124 27
Ramla Region249,540208,404 41,136
Rehovot Region304,397303,638 759
Rishon LeZiyyon Region308,234307,989 245
Tel Aviv Region595,797575,204 20,593
Ramat Gan Region495,084494,432 652
Holon Region336,286335,175 1,111
Mal'akhi Region62,06461,800 264
Lakhish Region71,41671,345 71
Ashdod Region224,629224,328 301
Ashqelon Region193,136192,594 542
Gerar Region56,11056,065 45
Besor Region52,01451,737 277
Be'er Sheva Region518,798258,777 260,021
Dead Sea Region1,2831,254 29
Arava Region58,91656,543 2,373
Northern Negev Mountain62,67355,710 6,963
Southern Negev Mountain937920 17
Judea and Samaria Area (non-Israeli Arabs not included)427,847426,925 922

The most prominent ethnic and religious groups that live in Israel at present and that are Israeli citizens or nationals are as follows:

Jews

See main article: Israeli Jews. According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2008, of Israel's 7.3 million people, 75.6 percent were Jews of any background.[45] Among them, 70.3 percent were Sabras (born in Israel), mostly second- or third-generation Israelis, and the rest are olim (Jewish immigrants to Israel)—20.5 percent from Europe and the Americas, and 9.2 percent from Asia and Africa, including the Arab countries.[46]

According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, in April 2023, of Israel's 9.7 million people, 73.5 percent, or 7.145 million, were Jews of any background.[47]

There are no government statistics categorizing Israeli Jews as "Ashkenazi", "Mizrahi", etc, but studies and estimates have been conducted.[48] [49] In a 2019 study, in a sample meant to be representative of the Israeli Jewish population, about 44.9% percent of Israel's Jewish population were categorized as Mizrahi (defined as having grandparents born in North Africa or Asia), 31.8% were categorized as Ashkenazi (defined as having grandparents born in Europe, the Americas, Oceania and South Africa), 12.4% as "Soviet" (defined as having progenitors who came from the ex-USSR in 1989 or later), about 3% as Beta Israel (Ethiopia) and 7.9% as a mix of these, or other Jewish groups.[50] Note that this methodology isn't exact: See, for example, Bulgarian or Greek Jews, who would be categorized as Ashkenazi according to this definition, although they are overwhelmingly Sephardic.

The paternal lineage of the Jewish population of Israel as of 2015 is as follows:

Countries of Origin! colspan=3
PopulationPercentage
Share2015[51] 2008Share20152008
Total6,276,8005,523,700
From Israel by paternal country of origin:2,765,5002,043,800
From Europe by own or paternal country of origin:1,648,0001,662,800
Russia and former USSR891,700923,600
Romania199,400213,100
Poland185,400198,500
France87,50063,200
Germany and Austria70,80049,700
Hungary, Czech Republic, and Slovakia59,80064,900
United Kingdom46,00039,800
Bulgaria and Greece45,50048,900
Other European61,90061,100
From Africa by own or paternal country of origin:897,300859,100
Morocco484,500486,600
Algeria and Tunisia133,500120,600
Ethiopia133,200106,900
Libya66,80067,400
Egypt54,60055,800
Other African24,70017,200
From Asia by own or paternal country of origin:674,500681,400
Iraq225,800233,500
Iran (Persia)140,100134,700
Yemen134,100138,300
Turkey74,600 76,900
India and Pakistan47,60045,600
Syria and Lebanon34,50035,300
Other Asian18,00017,200
From the Americas and Oceania by own or paternal country of origin:291,500249,800
United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand181,000149,200
Argentina62,60059,400
Other Latin American47,90041,200

Arabs

Arab citizens of Israel are those Arab residents of Mandatory Palestine that remained within Israel's borders following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the establishment of the State of Israel. It is including those born within the state borders subsequent to this time, as well as those who had left during the establishment of the state (or their descendants), who have since re-entered by means accepted as lawful residence by the Israeli state (primarily family reunifications).

In 2019, the official number of Arab residents in Israel was 1,890,000 people, representing 21% of Israel's population.[52] This figure includes 209,000 Arabs (14% of the Israeli Arab population) in East Jerusalem, also counted in the Palestinian statistics, although 98 percent of East Jerusalem Palestinians have either Israeli residency or Israeli citizenship.[53]

Arab Muslims

Most Arab citizens of Israel are Muslim, particularly of the Sunni branch of Islam. A small minority are Ahmadiyya sect and there are also some Alawites (affiliated with Shia Islam) in the northernmost village of Ghajar with Israeli citizenship. As of 2019, Arab citizens of Israel composed 21 percent of the country's total population. About 82 percent of the Arab population in Israel are Sunni Muslims, a very small minority are Shia Muslims, another 9 percent are Druze, and around 9 percent are Christian (mostly Eastern Orthodox and Catholic denominations).

Bedouin

See main article: Israeli Bedouin. The Arab Muslim citizens of Israel include also the Bedouins, who are divided into two main groups: the Bedouin in the north of Israel, who live in villages and towns for the most part, and the Bedouin in the Negev, who include half-nomadic and inhabitants of towns and Unrecognized villages. According to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as of 1999, 110,000 Bedouins live in the Negev, 50,000 in the Galilee and 10,000 in the central region of Israel.[54] The vast majority of Arab Bedouins of Israel practice Sunni Islam.

Ahmadiyya

The Ahmadiyya community was first established in the region in the 1920s, in what was then Mandatory Palestine. There is a large community in Kababir, a neighborhood on Mount Carmel in Haifa.[55] [56] It is unknown how many Israeli Ahmadis there are, although it is estimated there are about 2,200 Ahmadis in Kababir alone.[57]

Arab Christians

As of December 2013, about 161,000 Israeli citizens practiced Christianity, together comprising about 2% of the total population.[58] The largest group consists of Melkites (about 60% of Israel's Christians), followed by the Greek Orthodox (about 30%), with the remaining ca. 10% spread between the Roman Catholic (Latin), Maronite, Anglican, Lutheran, Armenian, Syriac, Ethiopian, Coptic and other denominations.

Druze

See main article: Druze in Israel. The Arab citizens of Israel include also the Druze, who numbered at an estimated 143,000 in April 2019.[59] All of the Druze living in what was then British Mandate Palestine became Israeli citizens after the declaration of the State of Israel. Druze serve prominently in the Israel Defense Forces, and are represented in mainstream Israeli politics and business as well, unlike Muslim or Christian Arabs who are not required to and generally choose not to serve in the Israeli army. Though a few individuals identify themselves as "Palestinian Druze",[60] the vast majority of Druze do not consider themselves to be 'Palestinian', and consider their Israeli identity stronger than their Arab identity. A 2017 Pew Research Center poll reported that the majority of the Israeli Druze identified as ethnically Arab.[61]

Syriac Christians

Arameans

See main article: Arameans in Israel and Maronites in Israel. In 2014, Israel decided to recognize the Aramaic community within its borders as a national minority, allowing some of the Christians in Israel to be registered as "Aramean" instead of "Arab".[62] As of October 2014, some 600 Israelis requested to be registered as Arameans, with several thousand eligible for the status – mostly members of the Maronite community.

The Maronite Christian community in Israel of around 7,000 resides mostly in the Galilee, with a presence in Haifa, Nazareth and Jerusalem. It is largely composed of families that lived in Upper Galilee in villages such as Jish long before the establishment of Israel in 1948. In the year 2000, the community was joined by a group of Lebanese SLA militia members and their families, who fled Lebanon after 2000 withdrawal of IDF from South Lebanon.

Assyrians

See main article: Assyrians in Israel. There are around 1,000 Assyrians living in Israel, mostly in Jerusalem and Nazareth. Assyrians are an Aramaic speaking, Eastern Rite Christian minority who are descended from the ancient Mesopotamians. The old Syriac Orthodox monastery of Saint Mark lies in Jerusalem. Other than followers of the Syriac Orthodox Church, there are also followers of the Assyrian Church of the East and the Chaldean Catholic Church living in Israel.

Other citizens

Copts

Some 1,000 Israeli citizens belong to the Coptic community, originating in Egypt.

Samaritans

The Samaritans are an ethnoreligious group of the Levant. Ancestrally, they claim descent from a group of Israelite inhabitants who have connections to ancient Samaria from the beginning of the Babylonian Exile up to the beginning of the Common Era. 2007 population estimates show that 712 Samaritans live half in Holon, Israel and half at Mount Gerizim in the West Bank. The Holon community holds Israeli citizenship, while the Gerizim community resides at an Israeli-controlled enclave, holding dual Israeli-Palestinian citizenship.

Armenians

See main article: Armenians in Israel. About 4,000 Armenians reside in Israel mostly in Jerusalem (including in the Armenian Quarter), but also in Tel Aviv, Haifa and Jaffa. Armenians have a Patriarchate in Jerusalem and churches in Jerusalem, Haifa and Jaffa. Although Armenians of Old Jerusalem have Israeli identity cards, they are officially holders of Jordanian passports.[63]

Circassians

See main article: Circassians in Israel. In Israel, there are also a few thousand Circassians, living mostly in Kfar Kama (2,000) and Reyhaniye (1,000).[64] These two villages were a part of a greater group of Circassian villages around the Golan Heights. The Circassians in Israel enjoy, like Druzes, a status aparte. Male Circassians (at their leader's request) are mandated for military service, while females are not.

People from post-Soviet statesEthnic Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians, immigrants from the former Soviet Union, who were eligible to emigrate due to having, or being married to somebody who has, at least one Jewish grandparent and thus qualified for Israeli citizenship under the revised Law of Return. A number of these immigrants also belong to various ethnic groups from the Former Soviet Union such as Armenians, Georgians, Azeris, Uzbeks, Moldovans, Tatars, among others. Some of them, having a Jewish father or grandfather, identify as Jews, but being non-Jewish by Orthodox Halakha (religious law), they are not recognized formally as Jews by the state. Most of them are in the mainstream of Israel culture and are called "expanded Jewish population". In addition, a certain number of former Soviet citizens, primarily women of Russian and Ukrainian ethnicity, emigrated to Israel, after marrying Muslim or Christian Arab citizens of Israel, who went to study in the former Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s. 1,557,698 people from the current Russia and Ukraine live in Israel.[65]

Finns

Although most people of Finnish origin in Israel are Finnish Jews who immigrated to Israel, and their descendants, a small number of Finnish Christians moved to Israel in the 1940s before independence and gained citizenship following independence. For the most part, many of the original Finnish settlers intermarried with the other communities in the country, and therefore remain very small in number. A Moshav shitufi near Jerusalem named Yad HaShmona, meaning the "Memorial for the Eight", was established in 1971 by a group of Finnish Christian-Israelis, although today, most members are Israeli, and are predominantly Hebrew speakers, and the moshav has become a center of Messianic Jews.[66] [67]

Baháʼís

The population of followers of the Baháʼí Faith in Israel is almost entirely made up of volunteers serving at the Baháʼí World Centre. Bahá'u'lláh (1817–1892), the Faith's founder, was banished to Akka and died nearby where his shrine is located. During his lifetime he instructed his followers not to teach or convert those living in the area, and the Baháʼís descending from those original immigrants were later asked to leave and teach elsewhere. For nearly a century there has been a policy by Baháʼí leaders to not accept converts living in Israel. The 650 or so foreign national Baháʼís living in Israel are almost all on temporary duty serving at the shrines and administrative offices.[68] [69] [70]

Vietnamese

The number of Vietnamese people in Israel and their descendants is estimated at 150 to 200.[71] Most of them came to Israel in between 1976 and 1979, after prime minister Menachem Begin authorized their admission to Israel and granted them political asylum. The Vietnamese people living in Israel are Israeli citizens who also serve in the Israel Defense Forces. Today, the majority of the community lives in the Gush Dan area in the center of Tel Aviv, but also a few dozen Vietnamese-Israelis or Israelis of Vietnamese origin live in Haifa, Jerusalem, and Ofakim.

African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem

See main article: African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem. The African Hebrew Israelite Nation of Jerusalem is a religious sect[72] of Black Americans, founded in 1960 by Ben Carter[73] [74] a metal worker in Chicago. The members of this sect believe they are descended from the tribes of Judah driven from the Holy Land by the Romans during the First Jewish War (70 AD), and who reportedly emigrated to West Africa before being taken as slaves to the United States.[75] With a population of over 5,000, most members live in their own community in Dimona, Israel, with additional families in Arad, Mitzpe Ramon, and the Tiberias area. The group believes that the ancient Israelites are the ancestors of Black Americans and that the actual Jews are "impostors".[76] Some scholarship does consider them to be of subsaharan African origin, rather than Levantine.[77] Their ancestors were Black Americans who, after being expelled from Liberia, illegally immigrated to Israel in the late 1960s using tourist visas, requesting that Israel provide them legal citizenship status. Israel granted their requests.[78] The African Hebrew Israelites, like the Haredim and most Israeli Arabs, are not required to serve in the military; however, some do.

Naturalized foreign workers

Some naturalized foreign workers and their children born in Israel, predominantly from the Philippines, Nepal, Nigeria, Senegal, Romania, China, Cyprus, Thailand, and South America (mainly Colombia).

Non-citizens

African migrantsThe number and status of African migrants in Israel is disputed and controversial, but it is estimated that at least 70,000 refugees mainly from Eritrea, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, and the Ivory Coast reside and work in Israel. A count in late 2011 published in Ynet pointed out the number only in Tel Aviv is 40,000, which represents 10 percent of the city's population. The vast majority live in the southern parts of the city. There is a significant population in the southern Israeli cities of Eilat, Arad, and Beersheba.

Foreign workersThere are around 300,000 foreign workers, residing in Israel under temporary work visas, including Palestinians. Most of those foreign workers engage in agriculture and construction. The main groups of those foreign workers include the Chinese, Thai, Filipinos,[79] Nigerians, Romanians, and Latin Americans.

Other refugees

Approximately 100–200 refugees from Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraqi Kurdistan, and North Korea were absorbed in Israel as refugees. Most of them were also given Israeli resident status, and currently reside in Israel.[80] As of 2006, some 200 ethnic Kurdish refugees from Turkey resided in Israel as illegal immigrants, fleeing the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.[81]

Languages

See main article: Languages of Israel. Due to its immigrant nature, Israel is one of the most multicultural and multilingual societies in the world. Hebrew is the official language of the country, and Arabic is given special status, while English and Russian are the two most widely spoken non-official languages. A certain degree of English is spoken widely, and is the language of choice for many Israeli businesses. Hebrew and English language are mandatory subjects in the Israeli school system, and most schools offer either Arabic, French, Spanish, German, Italian, or Russian.

Religion

See main article: Religion in Israel. According to a 2010 Israel Central Bureau of Statistics study[82] of Israelis aged over 18:

While the ultra-Orthodox, or Haredim, represented only 5% of Israel's population in 1990,[83] they are expected to represent more than one-fifth of Israel's Jewish population by 2028.[84] By 2022, Haredim were 13.3% of the population and enumerated 1,280,000.[85] [86]

Religious makeup, 2019[87] [88]
Group Population %
Jews6,697,000
Muslims1,605,700
Christians180,400
Druze143,000
Other/unknown394,900

Education

See main article: Education in Israel. Education between ages 5 and 15 is compulsory. It is not free, but it is subsidized by the government, individual organizations (such as the Beit Yaakov System), or a combination. Parents are expected to participate in courses as well. The school system is organized into kindergartens, 6-year primary schools, and either 6-year secondary schools or 3-year junior secondary schools + 3-year senior secondary schools (depending on region), after which a comprehensive examination is offered for university admissions.

Literacy

Age 15 and over can read and write (2011 estimate):[89]

Policy

Israel is the thirtieth-most-densely-crowded country in the world. In an academic article, Jewish National Fund Board member Daniel Orenstein, argues that, as elsewhere, overpopulation is a stressor on the environment in Israel; he shows that environmentalists have conspicuously failed to consider the impact of population on the environment, and argues that overpopulation in Israel has not been appropriately addressed for ideological reasons.[90] [91]

Citizenship and Entry Law

See main article: Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law. The Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law (Temporary Order) 5763 was first passed on 31 July 2003, and has since been extended until 31 July 2008. The law places age restrictions for the automatic granting of Israeli citizenship and residency permits to spouses of Israeli citizens, such that spouses who are inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza Strip are ineligible. On 8 May 2005, the Israeli ministerial committee for issues of legislation once again amended the Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law, to restrict citizenship and residence in Israel only to Palestinian men over the age of 35, and Palestinian women over the age of 25. Those in favor of the law say the law not only limits the possibility of the entrance of terrorists into Israel, but, as Ze'ev Boim asserts, allows Israel "to maintain the state's democratic nature, but also its Jewish nature" (i. e., its Jewish demographic majority).[92] Critics, including the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination,[93] say the law disproportionately affects Arab citizens of Israel, since Arabs in Israel are far more likely to have spouses from the West Bank and Gaza Strip than other Israeli citizens.[94]

In the constitutional challenges to the Citizenship and Entry to Israel Law, the state, represented by the Attorney General, insisted that security was the only objective behind the law. The state also added that even if the law was intended to achieve demographic objectives, it is still in conformity with Israel's Jewish and democratic definition, and thus constitutional. In a 2012 ruling by the Supreme Court on the issue, some of the judges on the panel discussed demography, and were inclined to accept that demography is a legitimate consideration in devising family reunification policies that violate the right to family life.[95]

Vital statistics

Birth and death rates in Israel[96] [97] [98] [99]
YearPopulation Live birthsDeathsNatural increaseCrude birth rateCrude death rateRate of natural increaseCrude migration rateTFR
19501,370,00043,4318,70034,73134.16.827.3
19511,578,00050,5429,86640,67634.36.727.6104.2
19521,630,00052,55611,66640,89032.87.325.56.4
19531,669,00052,55210,91641,63631.96.625.3-1.9
19541,718,00048,95111,32837,62328.96.722.26.3
19551,789,00050,68610,53240,15428.96.022.916.84.03
19561,872,00052,28712,02540,26228.66.622.022.3
19571,976,00053,94012,48741,45328.06.521.531.1
19582,032,00052,64911,61541,03426.35.820.57.8
19592,089,00054,60412,05642,54826.55.920.66.7
19602,150,00056,00212,05343,94926.45.720.77.7
19612,234,00054,86912,66342,20625.05.819.218.4
19622,332,00056,35613,70142,65524.76.018.723.3
19632,430,00059,49114,42545,06625.06.118.921.3
19642,526,00063,54415,49148,05325.66.319.318.7
19652,598,00066,14616,26149,88525.86.319.58.23.99
19662,657,00067,14816,58250,56625.66.319.32.9
19672,776,00064,98017,46347,51723.96.417.525.4
19682,841,00069,91118,68951,22224.96.718.24.7
19692,930,00073,66619,76753,89925.56.918.611.8
19703,022,00080,84321,23459,60927.27.120.110.3
19713,121,00085,89921,41564,48428.07.021.010.7
19723,225,00085,54422,71962,82527.07.219.812.4
19733,338,00088,54523,05465,49127.07.020.013.9
19743,422,00093,16624,13569,03127.67.120.54.0
19753,493,00095,62824,60071,02827.77.120.6-0.33.68
19763,575,00098,76324,01274,75127.96.821.11.8
19773,653,00095,31524,95170,36426.46.919.51.9
19783,738,00092,60225,15367,44925.16.818.34.43.28
19793,836,00093,71025,70068,01024.76.817.97.63.21
19803,922,00094,32126,36467,95724.36.817.54.43.14
19813,978,00093,30826,08567,22323.66.617.0-2.93.06
19824,064,00096,69527,78068,91524.06.917.14.13.12
19834,119,00098,72427,73170,99324.06.717.3-3.93.14
19844,200,00098,47827,80570,67323.36.616.72.63.13
19854,266,00099,37628,09371,28323.16.516.6-1.13.12
19864,331,00099,34129,41569,92622.76.716.0-1.03.09
19874,407,00099,02229,24469,77822.26.615.61.63.05
19884,477,000100,45429,17671,27822.26.415.8-0.23.06
19894,560,000100,75728,58072,17722.16.315.82.43.03
19904,822,000103,34928,73474,61522.06.115.938.43.02
19915,059,000105,72531,26674,45921.46.315.131.72.91
19925,196,000110,06233,32776,73521.56.515.011.42.93
19935,328,000112,33033,00079,33021.36.315.09.82.92
19945,472,000114,54333,53581,00821.26.215.011.32.90
19955,612,000116,88635,34881,53821.16.414.710.22.88
19965,758,000121,33334,66486,66921.36.115.210.22.94
19975,900,000124,47836,12488,35421.46.215.28.92.93
19986,041,000130,08036,95593,12521.86.215.67.72.98
19996,209,000131,93637,29194,64521.66.115.511.62.94
20006,369,000136,39037,68898,70221.76.015.79.42.95
20016,509,000136,63637,18699,45021.25.815.46.12.89
20026,631,000139,53538,415101,12021.25.815.43.02.89
20036,748,000144,93638,499106,43721.75.815.91.42.95
20046,870,000145,20737,938107,26921.35.615.72.12.90
20056,991,000143,91339,038104,87520.85.615.22.12.84
20067,117,000148,17038,765109,40521.05.515.52.22.88
20077,244,000151,67940,081111,59821.15.515.61.92.90
20087,419,000156,92339,484117,43921.55.416.17.52.96
20097,552,000161,04238,812122,23021.55.216.31.32.96
20107,695,000166,25539,613126,64221.85.216.62.03.03
20117,837,000166,29640,889125,40721.45.316.12.03.00
20127,984,000170,94042,100128,84021.65.316.32.13.05
20138,134,000171,44441,683129,76121.35.216.12.33.03
20148,297,000176,42742,457133,97021.55.216.33.33.08
20158,463,000178,72344,507134,21621.35.316.03.63.09
20168,629,000181,40544,244137,16121.25.216.03.23.11
20178,798,000183,64844,923138,72521.15.215.93.33.11
20188,883,000184,37044,850139,52020.85.015.7-6.13.09
20199,054,000182,01646,328135,68820.15.115.03.93.01
20209,215,000177,30749,006128,30119.25.313.93.62.90
20219,400,000185,04050,984134,05619.75.414.35.43.00
20229,661,400181,19352,054129,13919.05.413.613.52.89
2023178,72449,910128,81418.35.113.2

Current vital statistics

[100]

PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
January - May 202372,61321,671+50,942
January - May 202472,64422,730+49,914
Difference +31 (+0.04%) +1,059 (+4.89%) -1,028

Migration

Immigration

In 2013 Israel had an estimated net migration rate of 1.81 migrant(s) per 1,000 population.

Immigrants by last country of residence in recent years (according to CBS and the Jewish Agency):[101] [102] [103]

Country 2019 2020 2021
15,821 6,644 7,500
6,190 2,937 3,000
2,227 2,407 3,500
2,481 2,296 4,000
1,636
411 551 900
589 512 550
498 459 650
343 269 550
217 236 400
127 290
924 625
229
174
147
139
130
Others 1,921
Total 33,247 21,820 27,050

Immigration from the USSR

During the 1970s about 163,000 people of Jewish descent immigrated to Israel from the USSR.

Later Ariel Sharon, in his capacity as Minister of Housing & Construction and member of the Ministerial Committee for Immigration & Absorption, launched an unprecedented large-scale construction effort to accommodate the new Russian population in Israel so as to facilitate their smooth integration and encourage further Jewish immigration as an ongoing means of increasing the Jewish population of Israel.[104] Between 1989 and 2006, about 979,000 Jews emigrated from the former Soviet Union to Israel.

Emigration

For many years definitive data on Israeli emigration was unavailable.[105] In The Israeli Diaspora sociologist Stephen J. Gold maintains that calculation of Jewish emigration has been a contentious issue, explaining, "Since Zionism, the philosophy that underlies the existence of the Jewish state, calls for return home of the world's Jews, the opposite movement—Israelis leaving the Jewish state to reside elsewhere—clearly presents an ideological and demographic problem."[106]

In the past several decades, emigration (yerida) has seen a considerable increase. From 1990 to 2005, 230,000 Israelis left the country; a large proportion of these departures included people who initially immigrated to Israel and then reversed their course (48% of all post-1990 departures and even 60% of 2003 and 2004 departures were former immigrants to Israel). 8% of Jewish immigrants in the post-1990 period left Israel, while 15% of non-Jewish immigrants did. In 2005 alone, 21,500 Israelis left the country and had not yet returned at the end of 2006; among them 73% were Jews, 5% Arabs, and 22% "Others" (mostly non-Jewish immigrants, with Jewish ancestry, from USSR). At the same time, 10,500 Israelis came back to Israel after over one year abroad; 84% were Jews, 9% Others, and 7% Arabs.[107]

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, as of 2005, 650,000 Israelis had left the country for over one year and not returned. Of them, 530,000 are still alive today. This number does not include the children born overseas. It should also be noted that Israeli law grants citizenship only to the first generation of children born to Israeli emigrants.

Health

HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate

Obesity – adult prevalence rate

Future projections

In June 2013, the Central Bureau of Statistics released a demographic report, projecting that Israel's population would grow to 11.4 million by 2035, with the Jewish population numbering 8.3 million, or 73% of the population, and the Arab population at 2.6 million, or 23%. This includes some 2.3 million Muslims (20% of the population), 185,000 Druze, and 152,000 Christians. The report predicts that the Israeli population growth rate will decline to 1.4% annually, with growth in the Muslim population remaining higher than the Jewish population until 2035, at which point the Jewish population will begin growing the fastest.[109]

In 2017, the Central Bureau of Statistics projected that Israel's population would rise to about 18 million by 2059, including 14.4 million Jews and 3.6 million Arabs. Of the Jewish population, about 5.25 million would be Haredi. Overall, the forecast projected that 49% of the population would be either Haredi Jews (29%) or Arabs (20%).[110] It also projected a population of 20 million in 2065.[111] Jews and other non-Arabs are expected to compose 81% of the population in 2065, and Arabs 19%. About 32% of the population is expected to be Haredi.[112]

Other forecasts project that Israel could have a population as high as 23 million, or even 36 million, by 2050.[113]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Population of Israel on the Eve of 2024 . Central Bureau of Statistics, State of Israel . 31 December 2023 . he . 28 December 2023.
  2. Web site: Demographic characteristics - definitions and explanations (translation from Hebrerw into English) . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 6 January 2024.
  3. Web site: Population growth, OECD . 2012 . OECD . 17 February 2014.
  4. Web site: Society at a Glance 2014 Highlights: ISRAEL, OECD . 2014 . OECD . 19 April 2014.
  5. Web site: "Area of the State of Israel", All Terms . Central Bureau of Statistics, State of Israel . 31 December 2023.
  6. Web site: "Population of Israel", All Terms . Central Bureau of Statistics, State of Israel . 31 December 2023.
  7. Web site: אוכלוסייה . Central Bureau of Statistics, State of Israel.
  8. http://cbs.gov.il/reader/newhodaot/hodaa_template.html?hodaa=200914192 הודעות לעיתונות
  9. Figure calculated from other sourced figures in table
  10. Derived from total CBS Population of Israel 31-Dec-2023 minus estimates for East Jerusalem Israelis and non-Israeli Palestinians, minus Golan Heights, minus 1/1/24 estimate of settlers in Area C
  11. Web site: Aji . Albert . Trump acceptance of Israeli control of Golan sparks protests . Associated Press . 26 March 2019 . 29 March 2019.
  12. News: 'This is our moment': Israel okays major plan to boost Golan, double its population . 31 December 2023 . The Times of Israel . 26 December 2021.
  13. BBC News. Regions and territories: The Golan Heights.
  14. United Nations. Security Council Resolutions, 1981.
  15. [Council on Foreign Relations]
  16. "Total" and "Jewish/Other" figures from Web site: III/5 Population of Jerusalem by Population Group, Religious Identification, Quarter and Sub-Quarter, 2021 in Jerusalem Statistical Yearbook . Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research . 31 December 2023 . 2021. . From this number subtract 18,982 Arabs who have Israeli citizenship, viz. News: Just 5 Percent of E. Jerusalem Palestinians Have Received Israeli Citizenship Since 1967 . 31 December 2023 . Haaretz . en. East Jerusalem consists of Areas 2111–2911, all of Quarters 1, 4, and 16; in Quarter 5 Giv'at Shapira (French Hill), Ramat Eshkol, Giv'at Hamivtar and Ma'alot Dafna (but not Shmuel Hanavi), and in Quarter 13 East Talpiot.
  17. Web site: Barrier Report July 2009. Calculation based on East Jerusalem area of 346km2 being 97% west of the barrier, and 9.5% of the West bank including East Jerusalem being in the Seam Zone . Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 5 October 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091013032616/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_barrier_report_july_2009_english_low_res.pdf . 13 October 2009 . Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
  18. Web site: The Separation Barrier – Statistics . 16 July 2012 . B'Tselem . 5 April 2013. Data source: Israel 's Central Bureau of Statistics, The PA Central Bureau of Statistics and OCHA. All data on population updated to the end of 2005..
  19. Web site: Katz . Yaakov . WEST BANK Jewish Population Stats (not including eastern Jerusalem) UPDATED TO: JANUARY 1, 2024 . WestBankJewishPopulationStats.com . 12 February 2024 . en . 1 January 2024.
  20. News: Tia Goldenberg . Associated Press . Jewish settler population in the West Bank surpasses half a million . 31 December 2023 . Los Angeles Times . 2 February 2023.
  21. Web site: Biard . Michel . Addressing the Needs of Palestinian Households in Area C of the West Bank - Findings of the First Comprehensive Household Survey (January 2019) - occupied Palestinian territory . ReliefWeb . Oxfam . 31 December 2023 . en . 26 June 2019.
  22. Web site: Occupied Palestinian Territory Area C of the West Bank . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 31 December 2023 . August 2014.
  23. Sum of Israeli and Palestinian estimates
  24. Web site: Area C Humanitarian Response Plan Fact Sheet September 2010. . Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 5 October 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101011101232/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_area_c_humanitarian_response_plan_fact_sheet_2010_09_03_english.pdf . 11 October 2010 . dead.
  25. Web site: Israel Size and Dimensions . Embassies of Israel . 21 July 2024.
  26. Web site: Israel Maps . GovMap, State of Israel . 21 July 2024.
  27. Web site: Topographic Map of Israel . Ministry of Foreign Affairs, State of Israel . 21 July 2024.
  28. Web site: Biard . Michel . Addressing the Needs of Palestinian Households in Area C of the West Bank - Findings of the First Comprehensive Household Survey (January 2019) - occupied Palestinian territory . ReliefWeb . Oxfam . 31 December 2023 . en . 26 June 2019.
  29. Web site: Occupied Palestinian Territory Area C of the West Bank . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 31 December 2023 . August 2014.
  30. Gaza Strip and West Bank (except Jerusalem) estimate for mid-2023 as per Web site: Estimated Population in the Palestine Mid-Year by Governorate,1997-2026 . Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, State of Palestine . 1 January 2024. Subtract a further est. 300,000 from the West Bank number which is the est. no. of Palestinians living in Area C under full Israeli control.
  31. Web site: The Jewish-Arab demographic about-face . 10 November 2017 .
  32. https://www.israelhayom.co.il/judaism/judaism-news/article/14078479 ירושלים של מיליון: רק שני שלישים מתושבי הבירה לוקחים חלק בכוח העבודה
  33. Web site: 2013 . Total Fertility Rate . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130811191145/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2127.html . 11 August 2013 . 5 April 2013 . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency.
  34. Web site: 11 September 2012 . Fertility Rates, Average Age of Mother and Sex Ratio at Birth, by Selected Characteristics of the Mother . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121113201116/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st03_14x&CYear=2012 . 13 November 2012 . 20 October 2012 . Statistical Abstract of Israel . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.
  35. Web site: The Fertility Dynamic of Israel's Ultra-Orthodox Jews and Pronatalist Governmental Policy . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090327083941/http://www.focusanthro.org/archive/2005-2006/katz0506.pdf . 27 March 2009 . 18 November 2007.
  36. https://www.taubcenter.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Demography-HEB-2023.pdf הדמוגרפיה של ישראל 2023: ירידות בפריון, בהגירה ובתמותה
  37. Web site: Population .
  38. https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2023/yarhon0523/c1.pdf Live Births, by Population Group and Religion of Mother (by year)
  39. Web site: Life expectancy at birth, total (years) Data . 26 August 2018 . World Bank.
  40. Web site: World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ . 19 September 2016 . 26 August 2018 . United Nations.
  41. Web site: UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics .
  42. Web site: 1 May 2011 . he:גילו גיל גיל גיל . http://jiis-jerusalem.blogspot.com/2011/05/blog-post.html . 5 April 2013 . Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies . he.
  43. Web site: 11 September 2012 . Population, by Population Group, Religion, Age and Sex, District and Sub-District . 5 April 2013 . Statistical Abstract of Israel . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.
  44. Web site: Structure of Local Government . 11 April 2008 . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  45. Web site: Population, by Population Group . 31 December 2013 . Monthly Bulletin of Statistics . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 17 February 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140203172044/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/publications13/yarhon0413/pdf/b1.pdf . 3 February 2014 .
  46. Web site: Table 2.24 – Jews, by country of origin and age . 11 March 2019.
  47. Web site: Israel's Independence Day 2023 . 2023-07-19 . Central Bureau of Statistics, State of Israel . en-US.
  48. News: When It Comes to Education, Israel's Ashkenazi-Mizrahi Divide Is Still Growing . en . Haaretz . 2023-07-14.
  49. Web site: Maldonado . Pablo Jairo Tutillo . 2018-03-27 . How Iraqi Jews are reclaiming their cultural legacy in Israel . 2023-07-14 . UW Stroum Center for Jewish Studies . en-US.
  50. Lewin-Epstein. Noah. Cohen. Yinon. 18 August 2019. Ethnic origin and identity in the Jewish population of Israel. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 45. 11. 2118–2137. 10.1080/1369183X.2018.1492370. 149653977. 1369-183X.
  51. Web site: Table 2.8 – Jews, by country of origin and age. 11 March 2019. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.
  52. Israel's Independence Day 2019 . 6 May 2019 . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 7 May 2019.
  53. Web site: Selected Statistics on Jerusalem Day 2007 (Hebrew) . 14 May 2007 . . 8 October 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071128143317/http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2007n/11_07_084b.doc . 28 November 2007 . dead .
  54. Web site: The Bedouin in Israel . Ben-David . Yosef . 1 July 1999 . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 5 April 2013.
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