Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan explained

Kazakhstan is a multiethnic country where the indigenous ethnic group, the Kazakhs, comprise the majority of the population. As of 2024, ethnic Kazakhs are about 71% of the population and ethnic Russians in Kazakhstan are about 14.9%.^[1] These are the two dominant ethnic groups in the country with a wide array of other groups represented, including Ukrainians, Uzbeks, Germans, Tatars, Chechens, Ingush, Uyghurs, Koreans, and Meskhetian Turks.^[2]

History

Kazakhstan's dominant ethnic group, the Kazakhs, traces its origin to the 15th century, when after disintegration of Golden Horde, number of Turkic and Turco-Mongol tribes united to establish the Kazakh Khanate. With a cohesive culture and a national identity, they constituted an absolute majority on the land until Russian colonization.
Russian advancement into the territory of Kazakhstan began in the late 18th century, when the Kazakhs nominally accepted Russian rule in exchange for protection against repeated attacks by the western Mongolian Kalmyks. In the 1890s, Russian peasants began to settle the fertile lands of northern Kazakhstan, causing many Kazakhs to move eastwards into Chinese territory in search of new grazing grounds.

Drastic changes during the 20th century

A big factor that greatly shaped the ethnic composition of Kazakhstan were major famines of the 1920s and of the 1930s. According to different estimates, in the 1930s up to 40% of Kazakhs either died of starvation or fled the territory.^[3] Official government census data report the contraction of Kazakh population from 3.6 million in 1926, to 2.3 million in 1939.^[4]

By the mid 20th century, Kazakhstan was home to virtually all ethnic groups that had ever come under the Russian sphere of influence. This diverse demography stemmed from the country's central location and its historical use by Russia as a place to send colonists, dissidents, and minority groups from its other frontiers. From the 1930s until the 1950s, both Russian opposition (and Russians who were "accused" of being part of the opposition) and certain minorities (especially Volga Germans, Greeks, Poles, Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars and Kalmyks) had been interned in labor camps, often merely due to their heritage or beliefs, mostly on collective orders by Joseph Stalin. This makes Kazakhstan one of the few places on Earth where normally-disparate Germanic, Greeks, Indo-Iranian, Koreans, Chechen, and Turkic groups live together in a rural setting and not as a result of modern immigration.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, the German population of Kazakhstan (Kasachstandeutsche) proceeded to emigrate en masse during the 1990s,^[5] as Germany was willing to repatriate these so-called Spätaussiedler, and many Russians went back to Russia.^[5] Also, many of the Greek took the chance to repatriate to Greece.^[6] Some groups have fewer good options for emigration, but because of the economic situation are also leaving at rates comparable to the rest of the former East bloc.

Table of historic ethnic composition of Kazakhstan

Table:^{[4] [7] [8] [9] [10]}

Ethnicity! colspan="10"

Year
1897		1926		1939		1959		1970
Population	%	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%
Kazakhs	3,392,751	82.89%	3,627,612	58.52 %	2,327,625	37.84 %	2,794,966	30.02 %	4,161,164	32.39 %
Russians	454,402	11.1%	1,275,055	20.57 %	2,458,687	39.97 %	3,974,229	42.69 %	5,449,826	42.42 %
Uzbeks	29,564	0.72%	129,399	2.09 %	120,655	1.96 %	136,570	1.47 %	207,514	1.62 %
Uyghurs	55,815	1.36%	62,313	1.01 %	35,409	0.58 %	59,840	0.64 %	120,784	0.94 %
Ukrainians	79,573	1.94%	860,201	13.88 %	658,319	10.70 %	762,131	8.19 %	930,158	7.24 %
Tatars	55,984	1.37%	79,758	1.29 %	108,127	1.76 %	191,925	2.06 %	281,849	2.19 %
Germans	2,613	0.06%	51,094	0.82 %	92,571	1.50 %	659,751	7.09 %	839,649	6.53 %
Turks			68		523	0.01 %	9,916	0.11 %	18,397	0.14 %
Azerbaijanis					12,996	0.21 %	38,362	0.41 %	56,166	0.44 %
Koreans			42		96,457	1.57 %	74,019	0.80 %	78,078	0.61 %
Dungans	4,888	0.12%	8,455	0.14 %	7,415	0.12 %	9,980	0.11 %	1,7283	0.13 %
Belarusians			25,584	0.41 %	31,614	0.51 %	107,463	1.15 %	197,592	1.54 %
Tajiks			7,666	0.12 %	11,229	0.18 %	80,75	0.09 %	7,166	0.06 %
Kurds					2,387	0.04 %	6,109	0.07 %	12,299	0.10 %
Chechens			3	0.00 %	2,639	0.04 %	130,232	1.40 %	34,492	0.27 %
Poles	1,254	0.03%	3,762	0.06 %	54,809	0.89 %	53,102	0.57 %	61,335	0.48 %
Kyrgyzs			10,200		5,033		6,810		9,612	0.07 %
Bashkirs	2,528	0.06%	841	0.01 %	3,450	0.06 %	8,742	0.09 %	21,134	0.16 %
Ingushs			3	0.00 %	322	0.01 %	47,867	0.51 %	18,356	0.14 %
Moldovans			2,855	0.05 %	2,992	0.05 %	14,844	0.16 %	25,711	0.20 %
Greeks			157	0.00 %	1,374	0.02 %	55,543	0.60 %	39,241	0.31 %
Mordvins	11,911	0.29%	27,244	0.44 %	25,334	0.41 %	25,499	0.27 %	34,129	0.27 %
Chuvashs			2,267	0.04 %	6,590	0.11 %	11,255	0.12 %	22,690	0.18 %
Jews	1,651	0.04%	4,499	0.07 %	19,240	0.31 %	28,048	0.30 %	26,954	0.21 %
Others			30,591	0.49 %	70,342	1.14 %	10,1379	1.09 %	136,606	1.06 %
total	4,092,934		6,198,469		6,151,102		9,309,847		12,848,573

Ethnicity	Year
	1979		1989		1999		2009		2024
	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%
Kazakhs	5,289,349	36.02 %	6,534,616	39.69 %	7,985,039	53.40 %	10,096,763	63.07 %	14,220,321	70.98 %
Russians	5,991,205	40.80 %	6,227,549	37.82 %	4,479,620	29.96 %	3,793,764	23.70 %	2,983,317	14.89 %
Uzbeks	263,295	1.79 %	332,017	2.02 %	370,663	2.48 %	456,997	2.85 %	660,564	3.29 %
Uyghurs	147,943	1.01 %	185,301	1.13 %	210,365	1.41 %	224,713	1.40 %	301,584	1.50 %
Ukrainians	897,964	6.12 %	896,240	5.44 %	547,052	3.66 %	333,031	2.08 %	375,914	1.87 %
Tatars	312,626	2.13 %	327,982	1.99 %	248,954	1.66 %	204,229	1.28 %	219,201	1.09 %
Germans	900,207	6.13 %	957,518	5.82 %	353,441	2.36 %	178,409	1.11 %	224,343	1.12 %
Turks	25,820	0.18 %	49,567	0.30 %	75,900	0.51 %	97,015	0.61 %	90,015	0.44 %
Azerbaijanis	73,345	0.50 %	90,083	0.55 %	78,295	0.52 %	85,292	0.53 %	152,847	0.76 %
Koreans	91,984	0.63 %	103,315	0.63 %	99,665	0.67 %	100,385	0.63 %	120,262	0.60 %
Dungans	22,491	0.15 %	30,165	0.18 %	36,945	0.25 %	51,944	0.32 %	83,948	0.41 %
Belarusians	181,491	1.24 %	182,601	1.11 %	111,927	0.75 %	66,476	0.42 %	75,048	0.37 %
Tajiks	19,293	0.13 %	25,514	0.15 %	25,657	0.17 %	36,277	0.23 %	55,873	0.27 %
Kurds	17,692	0.12 %	25,425	0.15 %	32,764	0.22 %	38,325	0.24 %	50,264	0.25 %
Chechens	38,256	0.26 %	49,507	0.30 %	31,799	0.21 %	31,431	0.20 %	34,698	0.17 %
Poles	61,136	0.42 %	59,956	0.36 %	47,297	0.32 %	34,057	0.21 %	34,569	0.17 %
Kyrgyzs	9,352	0.06 %	13,718	0.08 %	10,925	0.07 %	23,274	0.15 %	38,596	0.19 %
Bashkirs	32,499	0.22 %	41,847	0.25 %	23,224	0.16 %	17,263	0.11 %	20,063	0.10 %
Ingushs	18,337	0.12 %	19,914	0.12 %	16,893	0.11 %	15,120	0.09 %	17,904	0.08 %
Moldovans	30,256	0.21 %	33,098	0.20 %	19,458	0.13 %	14,245	0.09 %	17,061	0.08 %
Greeks	49,930	0.34 %	46,746	0.28 %	12,703	0.08 %	8,846	0.06 %	11,947	0.06 %
Mordvins	31,424	0.21 %	30,036	0.18 %	16,147	0.11 %	8,013	0.05 %	9,633	0.04 %
Chuvashs	22,310	0.15 %	22,305	0.14 %	11,851	0.08 %	7,301	0.05 %	8,186	0.04 %
Jews	22,762	0.16 %	18,492	0.11 %	6,743	0.05 %	3,485	0.02 %	4,042	0.02 %
Others	142,668	0.97 %	174,670	1.06 %	99,799	0.67 %	82,942	0.52 %	223,642	1.12 %
total	14,684,283		16,464,464		14,953,126		16,009,597		20,033,842 !

List

Ethnic Group	Population (as of 2009)
Total	16,009,597
Kazakh	10,096,763
Russian	3,793,764
Uzbek	456,997
Ukrainian	333,031
Uighur	224,713
Tatar	204,229
German	178,409
Korean	100,385
Turk	97,015
Azeri	85,292
Belarusian	66,476
Dungan	51,944
Kurd	38,325
Tajik	36,277
Polish	34,057
Chechen	31,431
Kyrgyz	23,274
Bashkir	17,263
Ingush	15,120
Moldvin	14,245
Armene	13,776
Greek	8,846
Mordvin	8,013
Chuvash	7,301
Udmurt	5,824
Georgian	4,990
Lithuanian	4,925
Persian	4,819
Bulgarian	4,523
Marij	4,416
Gipsy	4,065
Jewish	3,485
Lezghin	3,481
Chinese	3,424
Karakalpak	2,828
Turkmen	2,234
Balkar	1,798
Indo-Pak	1,783
Crimean Tatar	1,532
Osset	1,326
Avar	1,202
Latvian	1,123
Karachai	995
Estonian	986
Dargin	790
Afghan	659
Arab	618
Permyak	561
Karelian	518
Gagauz	493
Kumyk	481
Albanian	459
Khant	429
Kalmyk	422
Romanian	421
American	411
Lak	382
Finn	373
Mongol	365
Maghiar	357
Buriot	346
Nogai	276
Czech	271
Udin	247
Karaim	231
Kabarda	226
Khakass	223
Tabasaran	222
Altay	221
Serb	213
Italian	209
Assyrian	195
English	191
Baloch	137
Talysh	132
Koryak	121
Sakha	119
Slovak	115
Cherkess	111
Croat	102
Shor	96
Agul	94
Tat	93
Adyghe	87
Rutul	82
Abkhaz	76
French	73
Austrian	61
Livv	49
Dutch	46
Japanese	46
Kuban	45
Spanish	41
Tyvin	37
Viet	35
Krymchak	35
Vogul	32
Mountain Jewish	30
Abaza	27
Chuvan	25
Georgian Jewish	23
Swede	16
Komi	15
Nanay	14
Even	11
Others	8
Nenet	7
Negidal	6
Bukharan Jewish	5
Chukchi	5
Aleut	4
Gilyak	4
Dolgan	3
Oroch	3
Selkup	2
Udihe	2
Tsakhur	2
Evenk	2
Veps	1
Izhor	1
Ulch	1
Itelmen	0
Ket	0
Rushani	0
Sami	0
Tofalar	0
Ulta	0
Shughnan	0
Enets	0
Yukaghir	0

Census of 1999

Table: Ethnic composition of Kazakhstan (detailed census data)^[11]

Ethnic groups	1999	1989	% change, 1989 to 1999	% Of 1999 Pop	% Of 1989 Pop
Total population	14,953,126	16,464,464	-9.18	100.00	100.00
Kazakhs	7,985,039	6,534,616	22.20	53.40	39.69
Russians	4,479,618	6,227,549	-28.07	29.95	37.82
Ukrainians	547,052	896,240	-38.96	3.65	5.44
Uzbeks	370,663	332,017	11.64	2.47	2.02
Germans	353,441	957,518	-63.09	2.36	5.82
Tatars	248,952	327,982	-24.10	1.66	1.99
Uyghurs	210,339	185,301	13.51	1.40	1.13
Belarusians	111,926	182,601	-38.70	0.74	1.11
Koreans	99,657	103,315	-3.54	0.66	0.63
Turks	75,950	49,567	23.55	0.50	0.30
Azerbaijanis	78,295	90,083	-13.09	0.52	0.55
Poles	47,297	59,956	-21.11	0.31	0.36
Dungans	36,945	30,165	22.48	0.24	0.18
Kurds	32,764	25,425	28.87	0.21	0.15
Chechens	31,799	49,507	-35.77	0.21	0.30
Tajiks	25,657	25,514	0.56	0.17	0.15
Bashkirs	23,224	41,847	-44.50	0.15	0.25
Moldovans	19,458	33,098	-41.21	0.13	0.20
Ingush	16,893	19,914	-15.17	0.11	0.12
Mordvins	16,147	30,036	-46.24	0.10	0.18
Armenians	14,758	19,119	-22.81	0.09	0.12
Greeks	12,703	46,746	-72.83	0.08	0.28
Kyrgyz	10,896	14,112	-22.79	0.07	0.09
Bulgarians	6,915	10,426	-33.68	0.04	0.06
Lezgins	4,616	13,905	-66.80	0.03	0.08
Turkmens	1,729	3,846	-55.04	0.01	0.02
Other	166,342	203,626	-18.31	1.11	1.24
No response	1	119	-99.16	0.00	0.00

Total Slavic/European population 27.0% in 2009 (compared with 60.3% in 1959, 57.3% in 1970, 54.5% in 1979, 49.8% in 1989 and 39.0% in 1999).^[12]

Demographic data

Vital statistics

As explained above, the Slavic groups have been declining ever since the 1960s, due to low birth rates and high death rates. Germans are characterized by very high birth rates, but it is mostly due to the high proportion of rural population and the presence of conservative religious factions like Mennonites and Evangelical Lutherans among them.

Table: Demographic characteristics of various ethnic groups of Kazakhstan^[13]

Ethnic Group	Births			Deaths			Natural Growth			Birth Rate			Death Rate			Natural Growth
	1999	2007	2008	1999	2007	2008	1999	2007	2008	1999	2007	2008	1999	2007	2008	1999	2007	2008
Total	217,578	321,963	356,575	147,416	158,297	152,706	70,162	163,666	203,869	14.57	20.79	22.75	9.87	10.22	9.74	0.47%	1.06%	1.30%
Kazakh	142,363	227,002	254,402	52,337	61,639	61,397	90,026	165,363	193,005	17.77	24.73	27.06	6.62	6.82	6.63	1.12%	1.79%	2.04%
Russian	39,215	46,667	49,134	62,130	62,151	58,586	-22,915	-15,484	-9,452	8.84	11.94	12.68	14.28	16.30	15.35	-0.54%	-0.44%	-0.27%
Uzbek	9,534	13,398	15,047	2,224	2,560	2,828	7,310	10,838	12,219	25.54	30.22	33.02	6.04	5.91	6.30	1.95%	2.43%	2.67%
Ukrainian	5,156	4,936	5,267	11,426	11,139	10,506	-6,270	-6,203	-5,239	9.56	11.37	12.37	21.55	26.33	25.06	-1.20%	-1.50%	-1.27%
Uyghur	3,529	5,424	6,054	1,187	1,433	1,495	2,342	3,991	4,559	16.72	23.19	25.34	5.70	6.12	6.35	1.10%	1.71%	1.90%
Tatar	2,398	3,143	3,375	3,363	3,668	3,398	-965	-525	-23	9.70	13.87	14.90	13.88	16.62	15.23	1.70%	-0.28%	-0.03%
German	4,765	4,267	4,810	3,524	2,606	2,585	1,241	1,661	2,225	13.97	19.28	21.81	10.49	12.06	11.90	0.35%	0.72%	0.99%
Others	10,411	15,889	17,424	8,651	9,283	9,168	1,760	6,606	8,256	13.79	20.45	22.23	11.66	12.19	11.87	0.21%	0.83%	1.04%
Unknown	207	1,237	1,062	2,574	3,818	2,743	-2,367	-2,581	-1,681	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

Inter-ethnic marriages

Most of the inter-ethnic marriages in Kazakhstan has been between various Slavic or Germanic groups (Russian – Ukrainian, German – Ukrainian, Russian – Polish or German – Russian). Inter-marriages between Turkic and European ethnic groups are increasing; however, as of 2008, they are still quite rare.

Table: Number of individuals married outside their ethnic group^[13]

Ethnic Group	Males			Females
	1999	2007	2008	1999	2007	2008
Total	18,402	26,632	24,243	18,402	26,632	24,243
Kazakh	2,199	4,981	4,785	1,542	4,062	3,874
Russian	5,957	7,795	6,991	7,431	9,714	8,544
Uzbek	240	714	657	200	600	537
Ukrainian	2,717	3,070	2,555	2,541	2,858	2,466
Uighur	269	658	655	224	530	525
Tatar	948	1,682	1,425	938	1,651	1,413
German	2,844	2,365	2,048	3,137	2,566	2,270
Other	3,180	5,351	4,426	2,313	4,610	4,010
Unknown	48	16	701	76	41	604

Mechanical population movement

Slavic and Germanic groups have been emigrating en masse since the 1960s, and the movement accelerated during the 1990s after the breakup of the Soviet Union. This has resulted in the reduction of the proportion of European ethnic groups in the population by more than half. More than 50% of the European Soviet ethnic groups have left Kazakhstan since 1989, and just 15% of the pre-1989 ethnic German population remains now in the country.

Most of the immigration has been directed towards Russia, but small numbers have been immigrating to Ukraine, Belarus and Armenia also. Before the German authorities stopped the repatriation of ethnic Germans and their non-German relatives, Germany was one of the most favored destination for all the ethnic groups. It is estimated that close to half of the 4.5 million Soviet Germans and their Slavic kin who now live in Germany are originally from Kazakhstan. Currently on average close to 2,000 ethnic Germans emigrate from Kazakhstan to ethnic German dominated areas in Russia such as Azovsky Nemetsky National District (Deutsche Nationalkreis Asowo) in Omsk Oblast and Nemetsky National District (Nationalkreis Halbstadt) in Altai Krai. Also, out of the 1.2 million Russian speaking Jews and Slavs who live in Israel, a significant portion is from Kazakhstan.

On the other hand, ethnic Kazakhs and Uzbeks have been immigrating in large numbers to Kazakhstan ever since the collapse of the USSR. These immigrants come not only from the southern Central Asian states such as Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, but also from the Kazakh dominated areas in Xinjiang and Mongolia. The Kazakh government is actively encouraging the settlement of these compatriots (known as Oralman) in Slavic dominated North and East Kazakhstan as well as the German dominated Karaganda Region, in order to dilute the minority populations there. There is also a low intensity immigration of ethnic Slavs from the less tolerant neighboring nations like Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan into Kazakhstan. An estimated 400,000 Uzbeks have migrated to Kazakhstan in recent years.^[14]

Table: Data on immigration in Kazakhstan^[13]

Ethnic Group	Kazakhstan
	Immigrants			Emigrants			Net Immigration
	1999	2007	2008	1999	2007	2008	1999	2007	2008
Total	41,320	53,397	46,404	164,947	42,435	45,287	-123,627	10,962	1,117
Kazakh	10,909	41,763	35,081	8,258	2,269	2,281	2,651	39,494	32,800
Russian	20,076	6,658	6,268	91,489	29,492	31,631	-71,413	-22,834	-25,363
Uzbek	1,028	446	439	962	101	137	66	345	302
Ukrainian	2,526	601	643	15,315	3,433	3,676	-12,789	-2,832	-3,033
Uighur	95	84	111	99	40	36	-4	44	75
Tatar	1,129	476	433	3,971	995	1,034	-2,842	-519	-601
German	1,417	517	525	32,921	2,991	3,146	-31,504	-2,474	-2,621
Other	4,140	2,852	2,904	11,932	3,114	3,346	-7,792	-262	-442
	CIS Nations
	Immigrants			Emigrants			Net Immigration
	1999	2007	2008	1999	2007	2008	1999	2007	2008
Total	39,461	42,613	31,425	120,240	39,767	42,908	-80,779	2,846	-11,483
Kazakh	19,796	32,110	21,222	7,689	2,082	2,120	2,432	30,028	19,102
Russian	19,796	6,308	6,033	81,020	28,657	30,775	-61,224	-22,349	-24,742
Uzbek	1,020	441	435	921	95	126	99	346	309
Ukrainian	2,488	556	600	13,182	3,289	3,532	-10,694	-2,733	-2,932
Uighur	94	73	99	78	29	31	16	44	68
Tatar	1,124	465	427	3,714	981	1,002	-2,590	-516	-575
German	1,119	259	253	4,164	1,874	2,250	-3,045	-1,615	-1,997
Other	3,699	2,401	2,356	9,472	2,760	3,072	-5,773	-359	-716
	Non-CIS Nations
	Immigrants			Emigrants			Net Immigration
	1999	2007	2008	1999	2007	2008	1999	2007	2008
Total	1,859	10,784	14,979	44,707	2,668	2,379	-42,848	8,116	12,600
Kazakh	788	9,653	13,859	569	187	161	219	9,466	13,698
Russian	280	350	235	10,469	835	856	-10,189	-485	-621
Uzbek	8	5	4	41	6	11	-33	-1	-7
Ukrainian	38	45	43	2,133	144	144	-2,095	-99	-101
Uyghur	1	11	12	21	11	5	-20	0	7
Tatar	5	11	6	257	14	32	-252	-3	-26
German	298	258	272	28,757	1,117	896	-28,459	-859	-624
Other	441	451	548	2,460	354	274	-2,019	97	274

Religion

According to the 2009 Census data, most of the Central Asian Turkics are Muslims and Slavs are Orthodox (although more than 1% of Russians are Muslim), while Koreans are mixed between various different faiths including Christianity, Buddhism, Atheism, and Islam :^[15]

Ethnic Group	Islam	Christian	Jewish	Buddhist	Other	Atheist	NA
Total
Kazakhs
Russians
Uzbeks
Ukrainians
Uyghurs
Tatars
Germans
Koreans
Turks
Azerbaijanis
Belarusians
Dungans
Kurds
Tajiks
Poles
Chechens
Kyrgyz
Others

See also

• Demographics of Kazakhstan
• Assembly of People of Kazakhstan
• Russians in Kazakhstan
• Ukrainians in Kazakhstan
• Germans in Kazakhstan
• Poles in Kazakhstan
• Greeks in Kazakhstan
• Koreans in Kazakhstan
• Uyghurs in Kazakhstan
• Chinese in Kazakhstan
• Turks in Kazakhstan
• Kurds in Kazakhstan
• Armenians in Kazakhstan
• Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan
• Tatars of Kazakhstan
• Bulgarians in Kazakhstan
• Romanians in Kazakhstan

Notes and References

1. Web site: Ethnic Demography of Kazakhstan 2024 .
2. Web site: stat.gov.kz. stat.gov.kz. 15 April 2023.
3. News: Во время голода в Казахстане погибло 40 процентов населения. Болат. РЫСКОЖА. Радио Азаттык . 25 January 2012. 15 April 2023. rus.azattyq.org.
4. http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php?reg=11 Russian Empire Census
5. Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Kazachstan. §2.1 Samenstelling". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
6. Web site: The Pontian Greeks of Kazakhstan – the Athenian .
7. Alexandrov, Mikhail. Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992-1997. Greenwood Press, 1999,
8. https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.stat.kz/index.php?lang=rus&uin=1176791556&chapter=1176791809 Demographic situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2006
9. Web site: Итоги переписи населения Республики Казахстан 2009 года . June 1, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100628101359/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Pages/n_04_02_10.aspx . June 28, 2010 .
10. https://stat.gov.kz/api/iblock/element/178026/file/ru/ The population of the Republic of Kazakhstan by individual ethnic groups at the beginning of 2024
11. http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Mes/pdf/51_cap1_2.pdf Ethnodemographic situation in Kazakhstan
12. https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/minorities/docs/WP5.doc Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
13. Web site: Archived copy . March 23, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100705041402/http://www.stat.kz/publishing/DocLib/Dem_Ezegod_2009%20CD.pdf . July 5, 2010 .
14. http://www.economist.com/node/8896821 Central Asian Immigration: Steppe Change
15. Web site: Archived copy . July 24, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110511000000/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2.rar . May 11, 2011 .