List of ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar explained

The following is a list of non-state armed groups involved in the internal conflict in Myanmar, officially called ethnic armed organisations (EAOs) by the government of Myanmar.^[1]

Terminology

The term "ethnic armed organisation" emerged in Myanmar during the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement negotiations from 2013 to 2015.^[2] Various other terms, including "ethnic organisation", "ethnic resistance force", and "ethnic rebel group" have also been used to describe ethnic armed organisations. These organisations typically:

• claim to represent an ethnic identity
• aim to garner mutual recognition from other ethnic armed organisations through alliances and coalitions
• have an armed wing, and often a separate political wing

Active

Name	Abbreviation	Founded	Strength	Headquarters	Location	Affiliations	Notes
Arakan Army	AA	2009	15000+(claimed in May 2024)^[3] 15,000+ in Chin and Rakhine State, around 1,500 in Kachin and Shan State (estimated in February 2024)^[4]	Laiza
Arakan Army (Kayin State)	AA (Kayin)	2010	350 (2024)^[5]	Mobile headquarters	Kayin State
All Burma Students' Democratic Front	ABSDF	1988	600 (2016)^[6]	Manerplaw (until 1995)^[7]			Joined the CRPH / NUG after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état^[8]
Arakan Liberation Army	ALA	1968	100 (2024)^[9]	Sittwe		Armed wing of the Arakan Liberation Party
Arakan Rohingya Army	ARA	2020	Unknown	Mobile headquarters
Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army	ARSA	2013	~200 (2018)^[10] ^[11]	Mobile headquarters
Bamar People's Liberation Army	BPLA	2021	1,000+^[12]	Mobile headquarters	Eastern Myanmar		Co-founded by activist Maung Saungkha
Chin National Army	CNA	1988	1,500+ (2024)^[13]	Camp Victoria^[14]	Chin State		Joined the CRPH / NUG after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état^[15]
Chin National Defence Force	CNDF	2021	Unknown	Falam	Chin State	Armed wing of the Chin National Organisation^[16]
Chinland Defense Force	CDF	2021	Unknown	Mobile headquarters
Democratic Karen Buddhist Army – Brigade 5	DKBA-5	2010	2,000+ (2024)^[17] ^[18]	Sonesee Myaing		Armed wing of the Klohtoobaw Karen Organization
Kachin Defense Army	KDA	1991	2,850 (2020)^[19]	Kawnghka	Shan State
Kachin Independence Army	KIA	1961	20,000 (2018)^[20]		Kachin State, northern Shan State		Holds and governs territory in Kachin State^[21]
Kamtapur Liberation Organisation	KLO	1995	Unknown	Taga, Sagaing (until 2019)		Part of the UNLFW	Based in India and operates in Assam and West Bengal
Karen National Army	KNA	2024	7,000+^[22]	Shwe Kokko^[23]	Kayin State
Karen National Defence Organisation	KNDO	1947	Unknown			Affiliate of the Karen National Union
Karen National Liberation Army	KNLA	1949	15,000 (2021)^[24]				Broke its commitment to the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement in response to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état
Karenni Army	KA	1949	1,500 (2012)^[25]	Nya Moe^[26]	Kayah State
Karenni National People's Liberation Front	KNPLF	1978	2,000^[27]	Pankan	Kayah State
Karenni Nationalities Defence Force	KNDF	2021	7,000+^[28]	Mobile headquarters
Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup	KYKL	1994	Unknown	Mobile Headquarters	Sagaing Region	Part of CorCom
Kangleipak Communist Party	KCP	1980	~112 (2012)^[29]	Mobile Headquarters	Sagaing Region	Part of CorCom
Kayan New Land Army	KNLP/A	1964	200–300	Pekon		Armed wing of the Kayan New Land Party
Kawthoolei Army	KTLA	2022	Unknown		Kayin State		Broke away from the Karen National Union July 2022^[30]
KNU/KNLA Peace Council	KPC	2007	500+ (2024)^[31]	To-kawko	Kayin State	Not affiliated with the KNU or KNLA, despite its name
Kuki National Army	KNA(B)	1988	200+ (2016)^[32]	Mobile headquarters		Armed wing of the Kuki National Organisation	Based in India and operates in Manipur
Kuki-Chin National Army	KCNA	2017	Unknown	Mobile headquarters		Armed wing of the Kuki-Chin National Front
Lahu Democratic Union	LDU	1973^[33]	1,500 (2024)	Loi Lan	Shan State
Mon National Liberation Army	MNLA	1958	1,000+ (2024)^[34]	Ye Chaung Phya		Armed wing of the New Mon State Party	Signed the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement in 2018, along with the Lahu Democratic Union
Mon National Liberation Army (Anti-Military Dictatorship)	MNLA-AMD	2024	300	Unknown		Mon State	Armed wing of the New Mon State Party (Anti-Military Dictatorship)
Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army	MNDAA	1989	6,000^[35]	Mobile headquarters	Shan State (Kokang)
Burma National Revolutionary Army	MRDA	2022	1,000+^[36]	Pale	Sagaing Region		Formerly known as the Myanmar Royal Dragon Army
National Democratic Alliance Army	NDAA	1989	3,000^[37] –4,000 (2016)	Mong La	Shan State		Split from the Communist Party of Burma after its dissolution
National Liberation Army	NLA	2023	Unknown	Tamu Township	Sagaing Region (Tamu Township)		Formerly the PDF Tamu Battalion 3
National Socialist Council of Nagaland		1980	<500 (2016)^[38]			Part of the UNLFW
New Democratic Army – Kachin		1989	700 (peak)^[39]	Pangwa	Kachin State		Signed a ceasefire agreement with the government in 1989 and transformed into a Border Guard Forces in 2009
Pa-O National Army	PNA	1949	4,000 (2023)^[40]	Taunggyi	Shan State	Armed wing of the Pa-O National Organisation
Pa-O National Liberation Army	PNLA	2009	1,000+ (2024)^[41]	Camp Laybwer		Armed wing of the Pa-O National Liberation Organisation	Split into a pro-peace talk and anti-junta faction in January 2024
People's Defence Force	PDF	2021	100,000 (2024)^[42]			Armed wing of the National Unity Government (NUG)
People's Defence Force (Kalay)	PDF (Kalay)	2021	Unknown	Kalay	Sagaing Region	Part of the People's Defence Force
People's Liberation Army	PLA	2021	Unknown			Armed wing of the Communist Party of Burma	The Communist Party of Burma rearmed itself and announced the creation of its new armed wing, the People's Liberation Army, in late 2021.^[43] ^[44]
People's Liberation Army of Manipur	PLAM	1978	3,800 (2008)	Manipur		Part of CorCom
People's Revolution Alliance (Magway)	PRA (Magway)	2021	Unknown	Mobile headquarters
People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak	PREPAK	1977	~200 (2012)^[45]	Mobile headquarters	Sagaing Region	Part of CorCom
Rohingya Solidarity Organisation	RSO	1982^[46]	Unknown
Shanni Nationalities Army	SNA	2016	1,000+ (2019)^[47]	Mobile headquarters	Kachin State		Allies with the Shan State Army (RCSS) and the Tatmadaw
Shan State Army (SSPP)	SSPP/SSA	1971	10,000 (2023)^[48]	Wan Hai	Shan State		Signed ceasefire with Tatmadaw
Shan State Army (RCSS)	RCSS/SSA	1996	8,000 (2024)	Loi Tai Leng			Split from the Mong Tai Army in 1995
Wuyang People's Militia	LEM/LNDP	2013	100 (2022)^[49]	Myitkyina	Kachin State	Armed wing of the Lisu National Development Party
Student Armed Force	SAF	2021	Unknown	Mobile headquarters
Ta'ang National Liberation Army	TNLA	1992	8,000-10,000 (2024)	Mobile headquarters	Shan State		Governs the Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone
United Liberation Front of Asom-Independent	ULFA-I	1979	200 (2024)	Taga, Sagaing (until 2019)		Part of the UNLFW
United National Liberation Front	UNLF	1964	2,000	Manipur		Part of CorCom
United Wa State Army	UWSA	1989	25,000 (2015)^[50]	Pangkham	Shan State		Governs the Wa Self-Administered Division (Wa State)^[51]
Wa National Army	WNA	1969	200 (1998)^[52]	Homein	Shan State		Signed a peace agreement with the government in August 1997
Zomi Revolutionary Army	ZRA-EC	1997	3,000 (2016)	Churachandpur		Armed wing of the Zomi Revolutionary Organisation

Defunct

Name	Abbreviation	Founded	Disbanded	Strength	Headquarters	Location	Affiliations	Notes
Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front	ARIF	1986^[53]	1998	Unknown	Mobile headquarters
National Democratic Front of Boroland	NDFB	1986	2020	3,000+	Taga, Sagaing (until 2019)^[54]		Part of the UNLFW
Communist Party of Arakan	CPA	1962	2004	Unknown	Mobile headquarters	Rakhine State		Split from the Red Flag Communist Party
Communist Party of Burma	CPB	1939	1989	6,000^[55]	Pangkham (until 1989)	Shan State		Armed wing dissolved in 1989
Democratic Karen Buddhist Army	DKBA	1994	2010	<5,000	Mobile headquarters	Kayin State
God's Army		1997	2006	500^[56]	Mobile headquarters	Myanmar–Thailand border		Surrendered to government forces in 2006
Mongko Region Defence Army	MRDA	1995^[57] ^[58]	2000	Unknown	Mongko			Split from the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
Mong Tai Army	MTA	1985	1996	20,000	Homein			Surrendered to the government in 1996
Monland Restoration Army	MRA	2001	2012	100–300^[59] ^[60]	Sangkhlaburi		Armed wing of the Hongsawatoi Restoration Party	Surrendered to government forces in 2012
Mujahideen	None	1947	1954	2,000	Mayu	Rakhine State		Majority of fighters surrendered to the government in the late 1950s and early 1960s
Red Flag Communist Party	RFCP	1948	1978	500^[61]	Mobile headquarters	Shan State		Split from the Communist Party of Burma
Rohingya Liberation Party	RLP	1972	1974	800–2,500^[62]	Mobile headquarters	Rakhine State		Insurgents fled across the border into Bangladesh after a massive military operation by the government in July 1974
Rohingya National Army	RNA	1998	2001	Unknown	Cox's Bazar		Armed wing of the Arakan Rohingya National Organisation (ARNO)
Rohingya Patriotic Front	RPF	1974	1980s	70	Mobile headquarters	Rakhine State
Shan State Army	SSA	1964	1976	1,500	Mobile headquarters	Shan State
Shan State National Army	SSNA	1995	2005	8,000 (peak)^[63]	Hsipaw	Shan State		Merged with the Shan State Army – South in 2005
Shan United Revolutionary Army	SURA	1960	1996	Unknown	Homein
Vigorous Burmese Student Warriors	VBSW	1999	2013	Unknown	Mobile headquarters	Myanmar–Thailand border

Coalitions

Name	Abbreviation	Founded	Headquarters	Members	Notes
Federal Union Army	FUA	2011	Chiang Mai		Armed wing of the United Nationalities Federal Council^[64]
Northern Alliance	NA-B	2016	Laiza		All four members of the Northern Alliance are also members of the Federal Political Negotiation and Consultative Committee.
Three Brotherhood Alliance	3BA	2019
Chinland Council	CC	2023			Established as the army and governing body of the State of Chinland
Chin Brotherhood Alliance	CBA	2023			Political and military alliance of several Chin resistance groups created out of protest against the establishment of the State of Chinland^[65]
United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia	UNLFW	2015	Taga, Sagaing (until 2019)		Alliance of several Northeast India separatist groups active in Myanmar
Coordination Committee	CorCom	2011			Alliance of several majority-Meitei separatist groups active in Northeast India with bases in Myanmar
4K Coalition		2023			Alliance of ethnic Karen and Karenni rebel organisations
7 EAO Alliance		2024			Alliance of signatories of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA)^[66] ^[67] ^[68] ^[69]

See also

• Combatants of the internal conflict in Myanmar
• List of political and military organisations in Myanmar

External links

• Myanmar Peace Monitor – NGO based in Chiang Mai, Thailand that monitors Myanmar's ongoing peace process.
• Pyidaungsu Institute – Political institute based in Chiang Mai, Thailand focused on achieving political stability and peace in Myanmar.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Ethnic armed organisations' conference commences . President's Office of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar . 13 February 2019 . 14 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190214061852/http://www.president-office.gov.mm/en/?q=issues%2Fpeace%2Fid-6432 . live.
2. Web site: Amara Thiha . It's Time To Rethink Myanmar's Ethnic Armed Organizations . 24 March 2023 . The Diplomat . en-US . 24 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230324221001/https://thediplomat.com/2023/03/its-time-to-rethink-myanmars-ethnic-armed-organizations/ . live.
3. Web site: The Arakan Army responds to Rohingya abuse accusations in Myanmar. Ali M. Latifi . 29 May 2024.
4. News: Davis. Anthony. Myanmar junta in a make-or-break Rakhine fight. Asia Times. 1 February 2024. 8 February 2024.
5. Web site: AA (Karen Region). 8 January 2014 . 3 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240107024256/https://mmpeacemonitor.org/1663/aa-arakan-army/. 7 January 2024. live.
6. Web site: All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) Myanmar Peace Monitor. mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. 12 March 2018. en-gb. https://web.archive.org/web/20180310081946/http://mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/154-absdf. 10 March 2018. dead.
7. Web site: The Politics of Pressure: The 1990s and the Fall of Manerplaw . www.ibiblio.org . The Museum of Karen History and Culture . 19 April 2018 . 27 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191027223038/https://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/karenmuseum-01/History/politics_of_pressure.htm . live.
8. News: All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) has entered a war with Myanmar's junta military . The Chindwin . 16 January 2022.
9. News: Rocky Start for New Bloc of Myanmar EAOs Formed to Join Junta Peace Talks . The Irrawaddy . 12 April 2024.
10. News: Olarn . Kocha . Griffiths . James . Myanmar military admits role in killing Rohingya found in mass grave . 16 January 2018 . CNN . 11 January 2018 . 18 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180118025834/http://www.cnn.com/2018/01/11/asia/myanmar-mass-grave-intl/index.html . live.
11. News: 'Beyond comprehension': Myanmar admits killing Rohingya . 16 January 2018 . www.aljazeera.com . 11 January 2018 . 15 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180115222052/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/rohingya-crisis-myanmar-military-admits-killings-180111102253768.html . live.
12. News: တရုတ်နယ်စပ်က ရိုင်ဖယ်များနှင့် အားမာန်ပြည့်လာသည့် တပ်ဖွဲ့သစ်များ . Armed groups rejuvenated by rifles from Chinese borderlands . my . Irrawaddy . 6 June 2023.
13. Web site: Chin National Front Myanmar Peace Monitor. 6 June 2013 . en-gb. 15 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240112120332/https://mmpeacemonitor.org/1540/cnf/. 12 January 2024. live.
14. News: Fishbein . Emily . Chin nationalism 'blossoms' on northwestern front against junta . 22 March 2023 . Frontier Myanmar . 9 January 2023 . 22 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230322185820/https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/chin-nationalism-blossoms-on-northwestern-front-against-junta/ . live.
15. News: Chin National Front Signs Deal with Myanmar's Shadow Govt . The Irrawaddy. 31 May 2021 . 19 February 2024.
16. Web site: Benezer . Salai . Chin people form CNO, CNDF . BNI Multimedia Group . Burma News Internationational . 27 January 2022 . 23 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210423122853/https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/chin-people-form-cno-cndf . live.
17. Web site: Armed ethnic groups Myanmar Peace Monitor. www.mmpeacemonitor.org. 10 January 2013 . Myanmar Peace Monitor. 12 March 2018. en-gb. 8 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190508021630/http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/armed-ethnic-groups. live.
18. News: Peace may prove elusive as divisions sap strength of karen national union Bangkok Post: news. 10 March 2018. www.bangkokpost.com. Bangkok Post. 14 October 2012. en.
19. News: Myanmar Army Seizes Drugs, Detains Leaders in Raid on KIA Offshoot Group . Radio Free Asia . 26 March 2020.
20. Web site: Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) Myanmar Peace Monitor. mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. 12 March 2018. en-gb. https://web.archive.org/web/20180312204620/http://mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/155-kio. 12 March 2018. dead.
21. News: Burma attack breaks Kachin truce near China border . 20 January 2013 . 18 August 2014 . BBC . The rebels are seeking greater autonomy within Burma for ethnic Kachins who have had de facto control over a part of northern Burma for more than 50 years. . 19 August 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140819165346/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21107440 . live.
22. News: All Karen Border Guard Force units to be rebranded as The Karen National Army . Karen News . 2 March 2024.
23. News: Kayin Border Guard Force celebrates ninth anniversary . 20 August 2019 . Frontier Myanmar.
24. Web site: ชาติพันธุ์กระเหรี่ยง ต่อสู้เพื่อความฝัน "รัฐกะเหรี่ยง" . pptvhd36.com . 30 March 2021 . 3 April 2021 . th . 30 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210330141006/https://www.pptvhd36.com/news/%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8/144675 . live .
25. Burma center for Ethnic Studies, January 2012, "Briefing Paper No. 1" http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs13/BCES-BP-01-ceasefires(en).pdf
26. News: Karenni rebels dig in for last stand . Lucy . Murray . Asia Times . https://web.archive.org/web/20050326055748/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/GC25Ae01.html . unfit . 26 March 2005.
27. News: Khin . Aung . Aung . Nyan Lin . ကရင်နီကာကွယ်ရေးတပ်ဖွဲ့ . 3 July 2022 . Voice of America . 9 December 2021 . Burmese . 7 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220707065244/https://burmese.voanews.com/a/weekly-current-affairs-analysis-karenni-defense-forces/6345367.html . live .
28. News: တရုတ်နယ်စပ်က ရိုင်ဖယ်များနှင့် အားမာန်ပြည့်လာသည့် တပ်ဖွဲ့သစ်များ . Armed groups rejuvenated by rifles from Chinese borderlands . my . Irrawaddy . 6 June 2023.
29. News: Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) . Project on Violent Conflict.
30. News: New armed group formed by ousted KNDO leader will not be recognised by KNU . Myanmar Now . 21 July 2022.
31. Web site: Karen Peace Council (KPC) Myanmar Peace Monitor. www.mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. 15 October 2017. en-gb. 25 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150925164545/http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/background/economic-and-political-stakes/162-kpc. live.
32. Web site: Kuki National Organization Myanmar Peace Monitor. mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. 23 February 2017. en-gb. https://web.archive.org/web/20181015203549/http://mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/194-kuki. 15 October 2018. dead.
33. Web site: Lahu Democratic Union (LDU) » Myanmar Peace Monitor . 11 May 2022 .
34. Web site: New Mon State Party (NMSP) Myanmar Peace Monitor. www.mmpeacemonitor.org. 6 June 2013 . Myanmar Peace Monitor. 15 October 2017. en-gb. 12 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171012041839/http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/164-nmsp. live.
35. News: Myanmar Junta Running Out of Options in Northern Shan as Fighting Resumes . The Irrawaddy . 2 July 2024.
36. News: တရုတ်နယ်စပ်က ရိုင်ဖယ်များနှင့် အားမာန်ပြည့်လာသည့် တပ်ဖွဲ့သစ်များ . Armed groups rejuvenated by rifles from Chinese borderlands . my . Irrawaddy . 6 June 2023.
37. Web site: NDAA Myanmar Peace Monitor. www.mmpeacemonitor.org. 6 June 2013 . Myanmar Peace Monitor. 12 March 2018. en-gb. 16 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150216170529/http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/nippon-foundation/163-ndaa. live.
38. Web site: NSCN-K Myanmar Peace Monitor. mmpeacemonitor.org. 6 June 2013 . Myanmar Peace Monitor. 12 March 2018. en-gb. 7 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181007093524/http://mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/165-nscn-k. live.
39. Web site: New Democratic Army – Kachin . Mizzima News . 31 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171023115610/http://archive-1.mizzima.com/news/54-archives/election-center/ethnic-profiles/3752-new-democratic-army-kachin . 23 October 2017 . dead.
40. News: 'They are preparing for war': Forced recruiting by Pa-O militia in Shan . 28 February 2023 . Frontier Myanmar . en.
41. Web site: PNLO Myanmar Peace Monitor. www.mmpeacemonitor.org. 6 June 2013 . Myanmar Peace Monitor. 12 March 2018. en-gb. 17 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190417233824/http://mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/166-pnlo. live.
42. News: With Conscription Law, Myanmar's Generals Are Digging Their Own Graves . 14 February 2024 . The irrawaddy . 14 February 2024 . 14 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214003318/https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/editorial/with-conscription-law-myanmars-generals-are-digging-their-own-graves.html . live .
43. News: Communist Party of Burma declares People's War against the junta government . Workers Today . 7 November 2021 . 3 December 2021 . 7 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220407132202/https://workers.today/communist-party-of-burma-declares-peoples-war-against-the-junta-government . live.
44. News: Bociaga . Robert . Myanmar's Army Is Fighting a Multi-Front War . 29 November 2021 . The Diplomat . 24 November 2021 . 5 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220705165450/https://thediplomat.com/2021/11/myanmars-army-is-fighting-a-multi-front-war/ . live.
45. News: People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) . Project on Violent Conflict.
46. Web site: Rohingya Solidarity Organization Facebook. www.facebook.com. 24 December 2016. 1 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131101035739/https://www.facebook.com/rohingyasolidarityorganization. live.
47. News: Thet Ko Ko . Without Territory, the Shanni Army's Difficult Path to Recognition . 5 November 2020 . The Irrawaddy . 8 April 2019 . 5 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201105044156/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/without-territory-shanni-armys-difficult-path-recognition.html/amp . live.
48. Web site: Rival Shan armies declare truce as other ethnic armed groups gain ground . 30 November 2023 . Myanmar Now . en.
49. News: KIA Seizes Kachin Outpost from Pro-Myanmar Junta Militia . The Irrawaddy . 20 December 2022.
50. Web site: Davis . Anthony . Wa army fielding new Chinese artillery, ATGMs . https://web.archive.org/web/20150723214739/http://www.janes.com/article/53155/wa-army-fielding-new-chinese-artillery-atgms . dead . 23 July 2015 . IHS Jane's Defence Weekly . 23 July 2015.
51. Web site: Constructing Terror: How Issues of Construct Validity Undermine the Utility of Terror Databases and Statistical Analyses of Terrorism . Luke . Gerdes . All Academic Research . The best such example comes from the United Wa State Army (UWSA), an armed ethnic organisation that has established de facto control over a portion of Northeastern Burma. . 18 August 2014 . 8 February 2009 . 23 October 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141023095559/http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/1/2/6/1/pages312611/p312611-21.php . live.
52. Book: I. Rotberg . Robert . Burma: Prospects for a Democratic Future . 1998 . Brookings Institution Press . 0-8157-9169-0 . 19 September 2020 . 3 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200903003352/https://books.google.com/books?id=A6bjyIcXIKgC . live.
53. Web site: Bangladesh Extremist Islamist Consolidation . by Bertil Lintner . 21 October 2012 . 22 June 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120622123435/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume14/Article1.htm . live.
54. News: UNLFW: The new name for terror in NE . Times of India . en . 5 June 2015.
55. Book: Gibson, Richard Michael . The Secret Army: Chiang Kai-shek and the Drug Warlords of the Golden Triangle . John Wiley and Sons . 2011 . 88 . 978-0-470-83018-5.
56. News: Burmese Rebel Chief More Boy Than Warrior . NY Times . 1 April 2000 . 2 November 2013 . Seth . Mydans . 20 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191220041721/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/10/world/burmese-rebel-chief-more-boy-than-warrior.html . live.
57. Book: Steinberg . David I. . Burma: The State of Myanmar . 2001 . Georgetown University Press . 1-58901-285-2 . 195 . 10 March 2018 . en . 24 May 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200524020808/https://books.google.com/books?id=CSTuWZ0BMmMC . live.
58. Book: Colletta . Nat J. . Lim . Teck Ghee . Kelles-Viitanen . Anita . Social Cohesion and Conflict Prevention in Asia: Managing Diversity Through Development . 2001 . World Bank Publications . 978-0-8213-4874-1 . 310 . 10 March 2018 . en . 6 May 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160506154105/https://books.google.com/books?id=64Fvi7j42wMC . live.
59. News: Ceasefire celebration noticeably absent . 2 January 2016 . Independent Mon News Agency . Independent Mon news Agency . 29 June 2010 . 7 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190607053332/http://monnews.org/2010/06/29/ceasefire-celebration-noticeably-absent/ . live.
60. Web site: The Irrawaddi – Precarious Peace in Monland . 2 January 2016 . 6 October 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085110/http://www2.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=2532&page=2 . live.
61. Schmid, Alex Peter, A.J. Jongman, and Michael Stohl. Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, and Literature . New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2005. p. 514
62. Pho Kan Kaung . The Danger of Rohingya . May 1992 . Myet Khin Thit Magazine No. 25 . 87–103.
63. Web site: MAR – Data – Chronology for Shans in Burma . https://web.archive.org/web/20100601200223/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77507 . dead . 1 June 2010 . 1 June 2010 . 6 June 2019.
64. Web site: Stakeholders: UNFC Myanmar Peace Monitor. mmpeacemonitor.org. 6 June 2013. Myanmar Peace Monitor. 12 March 2018. en-gb. 22 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190422015039/http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/unfc. live.
65. News: Chin Brotherhood Alliance Emerges as Three Organizations Skip Chinland Council Conference, Pledging Enhanced Political and Military Cooperation . 2 January 2024. Khonumthung News.
66. Web site: MM Peace Monitor - 7 NCA Signatories Form 7 EAO Alliance with Focus on Federal Union and Peace . MM Peace Monitor . 19 March 2024 . 4 May 2024.
67. Web site: Seven Myanmar Ethnic Armed Groups Revamp Peace Process Team. The Irrawaddy. 4 May 2024.
68. Web site: Signatory Organizations to NCA Announce New Name: 7 EAO Alliance. Karen News. 4 May 2024.
69. Web site: Rocky Start for New Bloc of Myanmar EAOs Formed to Join Junta Peace Talks. The Irrawaddy. 4 May 2024.