| County: | Essex County |
| State: | New York |
| Type: | County |
| Flag: | Flag of Essex County, New York.jpg |
| Seal: | Seal of Essex County, New York.jpg |
| Founded: | 1799 |
| Seat: | Elizabethtown |
| Largest City: | Ticonderoga |
| City Type: | CDP |
| Area Total Sq Mi: | 1916 |
| Area Land Sq Mi: | 1794 |
| Area Water Sq Mi: | 122 |
| Area Percentage: | 6.4% |
| Census Yr: | 2020 |
| Pop: | 37381[1] |
| Density Sq Mi: | 20.8 |
| Web: | essexcountyny.gov |
| Ex Image: | Lake Placid.jpg |
| Ex Image Cap: | Lake Placid, in Essex County |
| District: | 21st |
| Time Zone: | Eastern |
| Named For: | Essex |
Essex County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 37,381.[2] Its county seat is the hamlet of Elizabethtown.[3] Its name is from the English county of Essex. Essex is one of two counties that are entirely within the Adirondack Park, the other being Hamilton County. The county is part of the North Country region of the state.
When counties were established in the state of New York in 1683, the present Essex County was part of Albany County. This was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York state as well as all of the present state of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. This county was reduced in size on July 3, 1766, by the creation of Cumberland County, and further on March 16, 1770, by the creation of Gloucester County, both containing territory now in Vermont. On March 12, 1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the other pieces, Charlotte County, contained the eastern portion.
In 1784, the name "Charlotte County" was changed to Washington County to honor George Washington, the American Revolutionary War general and later President of the United States of America.
In 1788, Clinton County was split off from Washington County. This was a much larger area than the present Clinton County, including several other counties or county parts of the present New York state (near Clunes).
Essex County was split from Clinton County in 1799.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (6.4%) is water.[4] It is the second-largest county in New York by land area and third-largest by total area.
Essex County is in the northeastern part of New York state, just west of Vermont along the eastern boundary of the state. The eastern boundary of Essex County is Lake Champlain, which serves as the New York – Vermont border at an elevation of just under 100feet. The highest natural point in New York, Mount Marcy at 5344feet, is in the town of Keene.
The Ausable River forms a partial northern boundary for the county.
| White (NH) | 33,714 | 90.2% | |
| Black or African American (NH) | 610 | 1.63% | |
| Native American (NH) | 74 | 0.2% | |
| Asian (NH) | 229 | 0.61% | |
| Pacific Islander (NH) | 7 | 0.01% | |
| Other/Mixed (NH) | 1,769 | 4.73% | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 978 | 2.62% |
As of the census[6] of 2000, there were 38,851 people, 15,028 households, and 9,828 families residing in the county. The population density was 22/mi2. There were 23,115 housing units at an average density of 13adj=preNaNadj=pre. The racial makeup of the county was 94.84% White, 2.81% Black or African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.69% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races; 2.19% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the population, 22.0% were of French, 16.3% Irish, 13.0% English, 8.6% German, 7.1% American and 6.2% Italian ancestry; 95.2% spoke English, 2.2% Spanish, and 1.3% French as their first language.
There were 15,028 households, out of which 29.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.20% were married couples living together, 8.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.60% were non-families. 28.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.93.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 22.80% under the age of 18, 6.90% from 18 to 24, 29.80% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 16.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 107.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.60 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $34,823, and the median income for a family was $41,927. Males had a median income of $30,952 versus $22,205 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,194. Of the population, 11.60% of individuals, 7.80% of families, 14.50% of those under the age of 18, and 8.60% of those 65 and older, were living below the poverty line.
School districts include:[7]
The following public use airports are located in the county:[8]
Essex County Public Transportation operates several accessible bus routes connecting the county's major communities. Between scheduled stops, riders may flag down buses or request to be let off almost anywhere. Riders may also request minor route deviations for a small fee with advanced notice. Fares generally cost a few dollars or less.[9]
In 2020 and 2021, bus service was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Champlain North route operates from Elizabethtown north to Wadhams, Whallonsburg, Essex, Willsboro, and to Keeseville, where riders may connect to Clinton County Public Transit bus routes.
The Champlain South route operates from Elizabethtown south to Westport, Mineville, Witherbee, Port Henry, Crown Point, and Ticonderoga. The service partially follows New York State Route 9N. Riders can connect to Amtrak's Adirondack train at Westport station for service to New York City and Montreal.
The Mountain Valley Shuttle operates from Elizabethtown west to Keene, Jay, Au Sable, Wilmington, and Lake Placid. Riders may connect to Clinton County Public Transit bus routes in Au Sable.
The Cascade Express route operates from Elizabethtown west to Keene, North Elba, Lake Placid, and Saranac Lake.
The Lake Placid XPRSS route operates within the village of Lake Placid. The bus is fare-free and supports tourism.
Amtrak's Adirondack service travels through Essex County once a day in each direction on its route between New York City and Montreal, stopping in Ticonderoga, Port Henry, Westport and Port Kent (seasonal). Amtrak also offers Thruway Motorcoach service connecting Lake Placid with Westport station.
The service was temporarily suspended from March 2020 through early April 2023 due to the closure of the Canadian/American border in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and related logistical challenges.[10]
| 1 | ‡Saranac Lake | 5,406 | Village | Northwest | |
| 2 | Ticonderoga | 3,382 | CDP | Southeast | |
| 3 | Lake Placid | 2,521 | Village | Northwest | |
| 4 | ‡Keeseville | 1,815 | CDP | Northeast | |
| 5 | Mineville | 1,269 | CDP | Southeast | |
| 6 | Port Henry | 1,194 | CDP | Southeast | |
| 7 | †Elizabethtown | 1,163 | CDP | Northeast | |
| 8 | Wilmington | 937 | CDP | Northwest | |
| 9 | Schroon Lake | 833 | CDP | Southeast | |
| 10 | Willsboro | 753 | CDP | Northeast | |
| 11 | Westport | 518 | CDP | Northeast | |
| 12 | Willsboro Point | 382 | CDP | Northeast | |
| 13 | Witherbee | 347 | CDP | Southeast |
‡ - Not Wholly in this County
Essex County is a bellwether county, having voted for the nationwide winner in every election beginning in 1980 with the exception of 1992. It voted for George W. Bush in the 2000 and 2004 elections, switched to Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012 and then flipped to Donald Trump in 2016, then to Joe Biden in 2020, and then back to Trump in 2024. Before 1996, however, Essex, like most of the North Country, was powerfully Republican. Until Bill Clinton won it in 1996, it had voted for a Democratic presidential candidate only once since the Civil War, in 1964 when Barry Goldwater lost every county in New York State.|}