Erythranthe guttata explained

Erythranthe guttata, with the common names seep monkeyflower and common yellow monkeyflower, is a yellow bee-pollinated annual or perennial plant. It was formerly known as Mimulus guttatus.[1] [2] [3]

Erythranthe guttata is a model organism for biological studies, and in that context is still referred to as Mimulus guttatus.[4] There may be as many as 1000 scientific papers focused on this species. The genome is (as of 2012) being studied in depth.[5]

For combined research of evolution, genetics, and ecology, particularly plant-insect interactions, the yellow monkeyflower has become a model system. With the help of physically resistant protections called trichomes, which have been thoroughly examined, the yellow monkeyflower defends itself against herbivores.[6]

Description

A highly variable plant, taking many forms, E. guttata is a species complex in that there is room to treat some of its forms as different species by some definitions.[7]

The plant ranges from NaNcm (-2,147,483,648inches) tall with disproportionately large, 2 to 4 cm long, tubular flowers. The perennial form spreads with stolons or rhizomes. The stem may be erect or recumbent. In the latter form, roots may develop at leaf nodes. Sometimes dwarfed, it may be hairless or have some hairs.

Leaves are opposite, round to oval, usually coarsely and irregularly toothed or lobed. The bright yellow flowers are born on a raceme, most often with five or more flowers.

The calyx has five lobes that are much shorter than the flower. Each flower has bilateral symmetry and has two lips. The upper lip usually has two lobes; the lower, three. The lower lip may have one large to many small red to reddish brown spots (hence the name guttata, which is Latin for 'spotted').[8] The opening to the flower is hairy.[9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

Erythranthe guttata is pollinated by bees, such as Bombus species. Inbreeding reduces flower quantity and size and pollen quality and quantity. E. guttata also displays a high degree of self-pollination.[14] [15] Erythranthe nasuta (Mimulus nasutus) evolved from E. guttata in central California between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago and since then has become primarily a self-pollinator. Other differences have occurred since then, such as genetic code variations and variations in plant morphology.[16] [17] E. guttata prefers a wetter habitat than E. nasuta.[18]

Distribution and habitat

A herbaceous wildflower, Erythranthe guttata grows along the banks of streams and seeps throughout much of western North America from sea level to 12000feet.[19] [20] Both annual and perennial forms occur throughout the species' range. It blooms during spring at low elevations, during summer at high elevations.[19]

It is found in a wide range of habitats including the splash zone of the Pacific Ocean, the chaparral of California, Western U.S. deserts, the geysers of Yellowstone National Park, alpine meadows, serpentine barrens, and even on the toxic tailings of copper mines. It is also very common in New Zealand near water bodies.[21]

The flower is also an introduced species in Europe. [22]

Cultivation

Erythranthe guttata is cultivated in the specialty horticulture trade and available as an ornamental plant for: traditional gardens; natural landscape, native plant, and habitat gardens.

Uses

The leaves are edible, both raw and cooked.[23] [24] Leaves are sometimes added to salads as a lettuce substitute, they have a slight bitter flavour.[25]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Beardsley . P. M.. Yen. Alan . Olmstead . R. G. . 2003 . AFLP Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination . Evolution . 57 . 6. 1397–1410. 3448862 . 10.1554/02-086. 12894947. 198154155.
  2. Beardsley . P. M. . Olmstead . R. G. . 2002 . Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma . American Journal of Botany . 89 . 7 . 1093–1102 . 10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093. 21665709 . 4122195.
  3. Beardsley . P. M.. Schoenig. Steve E.. Whittall . Justen B. . Olmstead. Richard G. . 11035527. 2004 . Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae) . American Journal of Botany. 91 . 3. 474–4890. 4123743 . 10.3732/ajb.91.3.474. 21653403. free.
  4. Lowry. David B.. Sobel. James M.. Angert. Amy L.. Ashman. Tia-Lynn. Baker. Robert L.. Blackman. Benjamin K.. Brandvain. Yaniv. Byers. Kelsey J.R.P.. Cooley. Arielle M.. Coughlan. Jennifer M.. Dudash. Michele R.. 2019-11-15. The case for the continued use of the genus name Mimulus for all monkeyflowers. Taxon. 68. 4. 617–623. 10.1002/tax.12122. 208584689 . 0040-0262. 20.500.11820/cac4d1b0-516a-4027-bab9-b8fdcdca892b. free.
  5. Web site: Welcome to mimulusevolution.org. Mimulus Evolution. 2017-03-03. 2020-08-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20200810062803/http://www.mimulusevolution.org/. dead.
  6. Keefover-Ring . Ken . Holeski . Liza M. . Bowers . M. Deane . Clauss . Allen D. . Lindroth . Richard L. . 2014-12-01 . Phenylpropanoid glycosides of Mimulus guttatus (yellow monkeyflower) . Phytochemistry Letters . en . 10 . 132–139 . 10.1016/j.phytol.2014.08.016 . 2014PChL...10..132K . 1874-3900.
  7. Fishman. Lila. Kelly. Alan J.. Morgan. Emily. Willis. John H.. A Genetic Map in the Mimulus guttatus Species Complex Reveals Transmission Ratio Distortion due to Heterospecific Interactions . 2001. 159. 4. 1701–1716. 1461909. 11779808. Genetics. 10.1093/genetics/159.4.1701.
  8. Book: Taylor, Ronald J.. Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary. Mountain Press Pub. Co. 1994. 0-87842-280-3. rev.. Missoula, MT. 48. en. 25708726. 1992.
  9. Web site: Erythranthe guttata . Giblin . David . 2015 . WTU Herbarium Image Collection . Burke Museum, University of Washington . 2015-03-31.
  10. Web site: Mimulus guttatus . Klinkenberg . Brian . 2014 . E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. . Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver . 2015-03-31 . 2017-06-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170626174154/http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Mimulus%20guttatus . dead .
  11. Web site: Mimulus guttatus . 2015 . Jepson eFlora: Taxon page . Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley . 2015-03-31.
  12. Book: Pojar, Jim . Andy MacKinnon . Plants Of The Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska . Lone Pine Publishing . 264 . 2004 . 978-1-55105-530-5.
  13. Book: Turner, Mark . Phyllis Gustafson . Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest . Timber Press . 244 . 2006 . 978-0-88192-745-0 . registration .
  14. Carr. David E.. Roulston. T'ai H.. Hart. Haley. Inbreeding in Mimulus guttatus Reduces Visitation by Bumble Bee Pollinators. 2014. PLOS ONE. 10.1371/journal.pone.0101463. 25036035. 4103763. 9. 7. e101463. 2014PLoSO...9j1463C. free.
  15. Ritland. Kermit. Correlated Matings in the Partial Selfer Mimulus guttatus. 1989. Evolution. 43. 4. 848–859. 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb05182.x. 28564194. 2409312. 6227723. free.
  16. Brandvain. Yaniv. Kenney. Amanda M.. Flagel. Lex. Coop. Graham. Sweigert. Andrea L.. Speciation and Introgression between Mimulus nasutus and Mimulus guttatus. 2014. PLOS Genetics. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004410. 24967630. 4072524. 10. 6. e1004410 . free .
  17. Dole. Jefferey A.. Reproductive Assurance Mechanisms in Three Taxa of the Mimulus guttatus Complex (Scrophulariaceae). 2444881. 1992. American Journal of Botany. 79. 6. 650–659. 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1992.tb14607.x.
  18. Kiang. Y. T.. Hamrick. J. L.. Reproductive Isolation in the Mimulus guttatus M. nasutus Complex . 2424826. 1978. The American Midland Naturalist. 100. 2. 269–276. 10.2307/2424826.
  19. Web site: Mimulus guttatus . Sullivan . Steven. K. . 2015 . Wildflower Search . 2015-03-31 .
  20. Web site: Mimulus guttatus . 2015 . PLANTS Database . United States Department of Agriculture; Natural Resources Conservation Service . 2015-03-31.
  21. Web site: Erythranthe guttata . 2019-09-01.
  22. Web site: POWO . Erythranthe guttata . Plants of the World Online. . Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . 14 August 2024.
  23. Tanaka. T. Tanaka's Cyclopaedia of Edible Plants of the World. Keigaku Publishing 1976
  24. Arnberger. L. P. Flowers of the Southwest Mountains. Southwestern Monuments Ass. 1968
  25. Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications 1990

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