| Erythema marginatum |
Erythema marginatum (also known as chicken wire erythema)[1] is an acquired skin condition which primarily affects the arms, trunk, and legs.[2] It is a type of erythema (redness of the skin or mucous membranes) characterised by bright pink or red circular lesions which have sharply-defined borders and faint central clearing. The lesions typically range from 3 to 10 cm in size, and are distributed symmetrically over the torso and inner surfaces of the limbs and extensor surfaces. The lesions last between one and four weeks but have been known to be present on patients for as long as several months.[3]
The condition was first reported in 1816 by Jean Cruveilhier and is thought to be linked to other skin conditions such as urticaria and systemic lupus erythematosus.
An association with bradykinin has been proposed in the case of hereditary angioedema.[4]
The rings are barely raised and are non-itchy. The face is generally spared.
The condition is characterised by circular, non-pruritic, erythematous rashes which form on the trunk and extremities of the body. The rash has a known serpiginous edge, and often appears and disappears spontaneously over time.[5] Histological examination of the rash identifies infiltration of mononuclear cells and neutrophils in the papillary and upper half of the reticular dermis layer.[6]
It occurs in less than 10% of patients with acute rheumatic fever (ARF),[7] but is considered a major Jones criterion when it does occur.[8] [9] The four other major criteria include carditis, polyarthritis, Sydenham's chorea, and subcutaneous nodules. In this case, it is often associated with Group A streptococcal infection, otherwise known as Streptococcus pyogenes infection, which can be detected with an ASO titer.
It is an early feature of acute rheumatic fever though not pathognomonic of it.[10] It some cases it may be associated with mild myocarditis (inflammation of heart muscle).
The condition is also seen as a precursor to or accompany an attack of angioedema, and is seen in conditions like allergic drug reactions, sepsis and glomerulonephritis.
It often occurs as a harbinger of attacks in hereditary angioedema. In this case it may occur several hours or up to a day before an attack.
Some sources distinguish between the following:
The diagnosis of erythema marginatum can be made during examination of skin appearance. A skin biopsy may be performed if needed, to confirm the diagnosis. Medical history and family history may also be taken into account.
Erythema marginatum can be treated with hydrocortisone and adrenocorticotropc hormone (ACTH).[11]
In cases where the condition is associated with ARF and severe carditis, corticosteroids are indicated[12] alongside the classic treatment protocol for ARF which is a 10-day course of oral Penicillin. Alternatively, one dosage of Penicillin G benzathine may be injected intramuscularly followed with a daily course of oral Amoxicillin for a total of 10 days. In cases of Penicillin allergy, a Cephalosporin or Macrolide may be considered. To avoid recurrences of ARF, secondary prevention is called for. This may include a period of antibiotic prophylaxis determined by the presence of carditis and the amount of remaining heart damage.[13]