Ertuğrul Explained

Ertuğrul
Bey
Ghazi
Succession:Uch Bey of the Sultanate of Rum
Predecessor:Office established
Successor:Osman I
Full Name:Ertuğrul bin Suleyman Shah (Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ارطغرل بن سلیمان شاہ)
Ertuğrul bin Gündüz Alp (Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ارطغرل بن گندوزآلپ)
Father:Suleyman Shah or Gündüz Alp
Mother:Hayme Ana
Religion:Islam
Spouse:Halime Hatun (disputed)
Birth Date:Unknown
Death Place:Söğüt, Sultanate of Rum
Burial Place:Tomb of Ertuğrul Gazi, Söğüt, Bilecik Province

Ertuğrul or Ertuğrul Ghazi (Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: ارطغرل|Erṭoġrıl; Turkmen: {{lang|tk-Latn|Ärtogrul Gazy; died)[1] was a 13th-century bey, who was the father of Osman I.[2] Little is known about Ertuğrul's life. According to Ottoman tradition, he was the son of Suleyman Shah, the leader of the Kayı tribe (a claim which has come under criticism from many historians) of the Oghuz Turks (known as Turkomans by then).[3] These Turkomans fled from western Central Asia to Anatolia to escape the Mongol conquests, but he may instead have been the son of Gündüz Alp.[4] According to this legend, after the death of his father, Ertuğrul and his followers entered the service of the Sultanate of Rum, for which he was rewarded with dominion over the town of Söğüt on the frontier with the Byzantine Empire.[1] This set off the chain of events that would ultimately lead to the founding of the Ottoman Empire.

Biography

Nothing is known with certainty about Ertuğrul's life, other than that he was the father of Osman; historians are thus forced to rely upon stories written about him by the Ottomans more than a century later, which are of questionable accuracy.[5] [6]

According to the sources written 100–150 years after the establishment of the Ottoman state, Ertuğrul's lineage is traced to Noah, through Oghuz Khagan. Ottoman historian and ambassador to the Qara Qoyunlu, Şükrullah states that Ertuğrul's lineage goes to Gökalp, a son of Oghuz Khagan. The author states that the information was shown during a court of Jahan Shah, from a book written in Mongolian script.

An undated coin, from the time of Osman, with the text "Minted by Osman son of Ertuğrul", suggests that Ertuğrul was a historical figure.[2] Another coin reads "Osman bin Ertuğrul bin Gündüz Alp",[7] though Ertuğrul is traditionally considered the son of Suleyman Shah.[4]

In Enveri's Düsturname (1465) and Karamani Mehmet Pasha's chronicle (before 1481), Gündüz Alp is Ertugrul's father. After Aşıkpaşazade's chronicle Tevārīḫ-i Āl-i ʿOsmān (15th century), the Suleyman Shah version became the official one.

According to many Turkish sources, Ertuğrul had three brothers named; Sungur-tekin, Gündoğdu and Dündar. After the death of their father, Ertuğrul with his mother Hayme Hatun, Dündar and his followers from the Kayı Tribe migrated west into Anatolia and entered the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, leaving his two brothers who took their clans towards the east.[8] [9] [10] In this way, the Kayı Tribe was divided into two parts.According to these later traditions, Ertuğrul was chief of his Kayı Tribe.[1]

As a result of his assistance to the Seljuks against the Byzantines, Ertuğrul was granted lands in Karaca Dağ, a mountainous area between Diyarbakır and Urfa, by Kayqubad I, the Seljuk Sultan of Rum. One account indicates that the Seljuk leader's rationale for granting Ertuğrul land was for Ertuğrul to repel any hostile incursion from the Byzantines or other adversary.[11] Later, he received the village of Söğüt which he conquered together with the surrounding lands. That village, where he later died, became the Ottoman capital under his son, Osman I. Osman's mother has been referred to as Halime Hatun in later myths, and there is a grave outside the Ertuğrul Gâzi Tomb which bears the name, but it is disputed.[12] [13]

According to many sources, he had two other sons in addition to Osman I: Saru-Batu (Savci) Bey[14] and Gündüz Bey.[15] [16] [17] Like his son, Osman, and their descendants, Ertuğrul is often referred to as a Ghazi, a heroic champion fighter for the cause of Islam.[18]

Legacy

A tomb and mosque dedicated to Ertuğrul is said to have been built by Osman I at Söğüt, but due to several rebuildings nothing certain can be said about the origin of these structures. The current mausoleum was built by sultan Abdul Hamid II (r. 1876–1909) in the late 19th century. The town of Söğüt celebrates an annual festival to the memory of the early Osmans.[2] [19]

In 1826, Ertuğrul Cavalry Regiment of the Ottoman Army was named in his honor.[20] The Ottoman frigate Ertuğrul, launched in 1863, was named after him. Abdul Hamid II also had a yacht with the same name.[21] The Ertuğrul Tekke Mosque (late 19th century) in Istanbul, Turkey and the Ertuğrul Gazi Mosque in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (completed in 1998), are also named in his honor. The mosque in Turkmenistan was established by the Turkish government as a symbol of the link between Turkey and Turkmenistan.[22] [23]

Ertuğrul is one of several statues that surround the Independence Monument in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. The statues depict people praised in the Ruhnama, a spiritual guide written by Turkmenistan president Saparmurat Niyazov.[24] The Ertuğrul statue has also been depicted on a 2001 commemorative coin.[25]

Two statues of Ertuğrul on horseback were placed by a private cooperative housing society in Lahore, Pakistan, in 2020. They were inspired by , a 2014 TV series.[26] [27] A bust of Ertuğrul was erected in Ordu, Turkey, in 2020. However the bust was removed by local authorities after it was pointed out that it resembled the actor, from the TV series, rather than the historical figure.[28] [29]

In fiction

See main article: Ertuğrul Bey (fictional character). Ertugrul has been portrayed in the Turkish television series (1988), adapted from a novel by the same name,[30] (2014–2019)[31] and the sequel (2019).[32]

See also

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Book: History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280–1808. registration. Stanford J.. Shaw. Stanford J. Shaw. Ezel Kural. Shaw. 29 October 1976. Cambridge University Press. 13. 14 June 2018. Internet Archive.
  2. Book: Finkel . Caroline . Caroline Finkel . Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923 . 2012 . Hodder & Stoughton . 9781848547858 . 12 July 2019 . en . ....suggests that Ertuğrul was a historical personage.
  3. Book: Shaw . Stanford . History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280–1808 . 1976 . Cambridge University Press . 13 . ... the ancestor of the dynasty was Suleyman Shah, the leader of the Kayi tribe of Turkomans, who ruled the small area of Mahan in northeastern Iran in the late twelfth century. He is said to have fled from the Mongol invasion in the early thirteenth century along with thousands of other Turkomans....
  4. Book: Kermeli, Eugenia . Ágoston . Gábor . Bruce Masters . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . Osman I . 2009 . 444 . 9781438110257 . https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA444. Reliable information regarding Osman is scarce. His birth date is unknown and his symbolic significance as the father of the dynasty has encouraged the development of mythic tales regarding the ruler’s life and origins .
  5. Book: Lindner, Rudi P.. Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia. limited. 1983. Indiana University Press. Bloomington. 21. 9780933070127. No source provides a firm and factual recounting of the deeds of Osman's father..
    • Book: Kafadar, Cemal. Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. 1995. 60, 122.
  6. Book: The Cambridge History of Turkey . 2009 . . 9780521620932 . 118 . 12 March 2020.
  7. Book: Akgunduz. Ahmed. Ozturk. Said. Ottoman History – Misperceptions and Truths. 2011. IUR Press. 978-90-90-26108-9. 35.
  8. Book: Heywood . Colin . Imber . Colin . Sammlung (Snippet View) . 1994 . . 978-97-54-28063-0 . 160 . 10 August 2020.
  9. Book: Demirbağ . Fehmi . IYI: Ertuğrul Ve İyilik Takımı . Akis Kitap . 35 . 10 August 2020 . tr .
  10. Book: Cengiz . Oğuzhan . ERTUĞRUL GAZİ KURULUŞ . 2015 . Bilgeoğuz Yayinlari . 978-60-59-96018-2 . 170 . 10 August 2020 . tr.
  11. Ali Anooshahr, The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam, pg. 157
  12. Book: Güler . Turgut . Mahzun Hududlar Çağlayan Sular . Ötüken Neşriyat A.Ş. . In the tomb’s garden, there is a grave belonging to Ertuğrul’s wife, Halime Hâtûn. However, here there must be some information mistakes. The name of the esteemed woman who was the wife of Ertuğrul Gâzi and mother of Osman Gâzi is “Hayme Ana”, and her grave is in the Çarşamba village of Kütahya’s Domaniç district. Sultan Abdülhamid II, who had the Ertuğrul Gâzi Tomb repaired, also had the Hayme Ana Tomb as good as rebuilt in the same years. Therefore, the grave in Söğüt said to be of Halime Hâtûn, must belong to another deceased.. 978-605-155-702-1 . 12 March 2020 . tr.
  13. Book: Lowry, Heath W.. Nature of the Early Ottoman State, The. Heath W. Lowry. 1 February 2012. SUNY Press. 153. 9780791487266. 26 December 2017. Google Books.
  14. Book: İslam Tarihi ve Medeniyeti - 12: Osmanlılar-1 . 2018 . Istanbul . Siyer Yayinlari . 978-605-2375-38-9 . 26 July 2020 . tr. Abdülkadir Özcan . Prof. Dr . Alaattin Aköz . Prof. Dr . Fahameddin Başar . Prof. Dr . Feridun Emecen . Prof. Dr . Halil i̇Nalcık . Prof. Dr . Mehmet i̇Nbaşı . Prof. Dr . Özen Tok . Prof. Dr . Remzi Kılıç . Prof. Dr . Şefaettin Severcan . Prof. Dr . Muhittin Kapanşahin . Doç. Dr . Bekir Gökpınar . Dr . Demireğen . Ahmet Kerim .
  15. Book: Rosenwein . Barbara H. . Reading the Middle Ages, Volume II: From c.900 to c.1500, Third Edition . 2018 . . 978-1-4426-3680-4 . 455 . 26 July 2020.
  16. Book: Lindner . Rudi Paul . Explorations in Ottoman Prehistory . 2007 . . 978-0-472-09507-0 . 20–29 . 28 July 2020.
  17. Book: Manav . Bekir . Ertuğrul Gazi . 2017 . Istanbul . Besteller Yayınları . 978-605-2394-23-6 . 88 . 26 July 2020 . tr.
  18. Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354–1804, By Peter F. Sugar, pg.14
  19. Book: Deringil . Selim . The Well-protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire 1876–1909 . 2004 . Bloomsbury Academic . 978-1-86064-472-6 . 31-32 . 12 March 2020 . en.
  20. Web site: Zonaro . Fausto . Ertugrul Cavalry Regiment of the Mansure Army . worldhistory.org . . 19 August 2020 . 7 January 2022.
  21. Book: Langensiepen . Bernd . Güleryüz . Ahmet . The Ottoman steam navy, 1828–1923 . 1995 . Conway Maritime Press . London . 0-85177-610-8 . 124, 143, 198 . 21 December 2020.
  22. Book: Rizvi . Kishwar . The Transnational Mosque: Architecture and Historical Memory in the Contemporary Middle East . 2015 . . 978-1-4696-2117-3 . 62 . 15 May 2020 . en.
  23. Book: Ginio . Eyal . Podeh . Elie . The Ottoman Middle East: Studies in Honor of Amnon Cohen . 2013 . . 978-90-04-26296-6 . 225 . 12 October 2020 . en.
  24. Book: Brummell . Paul . Turkmenistan . 2005 . . 978-1-84162-144-9 . 99–100 . en.
  25. Web site: 500 Manat Artogrul Gazy . en.numista.com . en.
  26. News: Butt . Kiran . Pakistan: Locals erect statue of Ertugrul Gazi . 20 December 2020 . . 25 June 2020.
  27. News: Popular Turkish TV drama inspires statues in Pakistan . 20 December 2020 . . 24 June 2020 . en.
  28. Web site: Historical figure's bust removed after resemblance to an actor. 8 June 2020. Hürriyet Daily News.
  29. News: Ertugrul's statue bearing resemblance to Engin Altan removed in Turkey . 20 December 2020 . . 10 June 2020 . en.
  30. News: KUTAY . UĞUR . Osmancık'tan ve Osman'a . 12 June 2020 . . 10 February 2020 . tr.
  31. News: Haider . Sadaf . What is Dirilis Ertugrul and why does Imran Khan want Pakistanis to watch it? . 11 May 2020 . . 15 October 2019 . en.
  32. News: Kurtlar Vadisi'nden Kuruluş Osman'a oyuncu mu transfer edilecek? Gündemde göze çarpan iddia... . 10 September 2020 . Haber7com . tr.

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