Ernie Pyle Explained

Ernie Pyle
Birth Name:Ernest Taylor Pyle
Birth Date:3 August 1900
Birth Place:Dana, Indiana, U.S.
Death Place:Iejima, Okinawa Prefecture, Empire of Japan
Death Cause:Killed in action
Resting Place:National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, Honolulu
Occupation:Journalist

Ernest Taylor Pyle (August 3, 1900 – April 18, 1945) was an American journalist and war correspondent who is best known for his stories about ordinary American soldiers during World War II. Pyle is also notable for the columns he wrote as a roving human-interest reporter from 1935 through 1941 for the Scripps-Howard newspaper syndicate that earned him wide acclaim for his simple accounts of ordinary people across North America. When the United States entered World War II, he lent the same distinctive, folksy style of his human-interest stories to his wartime reports from the European theater (1942–44) and Pacific theater (1945). Pyle won the Pulitzer Prize in 1944 for his newspaper accounts of "dogface" infantry soldiers from a first-person perspective. He was killed by enemy fire on Iejima (then known as Ie Shima) during the Battle of Okinawa.

At the time of his death in 1945, Pyle was among the best-known American war correspondents. His syndicated column was published in 400 daily and 300 weekly newspapers nationwide. President Harry Truman said of Pyle, "No man in this war has so well told the story of the American fighting man as American fighting men wanted it told. He deserves the gratitude of all his countrymen."[1]

Early life and education

Ernest "Ernie" Taylor Pyle was born on August 3, 1900, on the Sam Elder farm near Dana, Indiana, in rural Vermillion County, Indiana. His parents were Maria (Taylor) and William Clyde Pyle.[2] [3] At the time of Pyle's birth his father was a tenant farmer on the Elder property.[4] Neither of Pyle's parents attended school beyond the eighth grade.[3]

Pyle, an only child, disliked farming and pursued a more adventurous life.[5] After graduating from a local high school in Bono, Helt Township, Vermillion County, Indiana, he enlisted in the U.S. Naval Reserve during World War I. Pyle began his training at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, but the war ended before he could be transferred to the Great Lakes Naval Training Station for additional training.[6] [7] [8]

Pyle enrolled at Indiana University in 1919,[9] aspiring to become a journalist. However, IU did not offer a degree in journalism at that time, so Pyle majored in economics and took as many journalism courses as he could. Pyle began studying journalism in his sophomore year, the same year he joined Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity and began working on the Indiana Daily Student, the student-written newspaper. During his junior year Pyle became the newspaper's city editor and its news editor; he also worked on the Arbutus, the campus yearbook, although he did not enjoy the desk-bound work. Pyle's simple, storytelling writing style, which he developed while a student at IU, later became his trademark style as a professional journalist and earned him millions of readers as a columnist for Scripps-Howard newspaper syndicate.[10]

In March 1922, during his junior year at IU, Pyle and three of his fraternity brothers dropped out of school for a semester to follow the IU baseball team on a trip to Japan. Pyle and his fraternity brothers found work aboard the S.S. Keystone State. During its voyage across the Pacific Ocean, the ship docked at ports such as Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Manila, as well as in Japan before returning trip to the United States. Pyle's interest in traveling and exploring the world continued in his later years as a reporter.[11] [12]

After his trip across the Pacific, Pyle returned to IU Bloomington, where he was named editor-in-chief of the Indiana Summer Student, the summer edition of the campus newspaper. During his senior year at IU, Pyle continued his work at the Daily Student and the Arbutus. He also joined Sigma Delta Chi, the journalism fraternity, and was active in other campus clubs. In addition, Pyle was selected as a senior manager of IU's football team, making him a letterman along with the other members of the team in 1922.[13]

Pyle left school in January 1923 with only a semester remaining and without graduating from IU.[14] [15] He took a job as a newspaper reporter for the Daily Herald in La Porte, Indiana, earning $25 a week.[16] [17] Pyle worked at the Daily Herald for three months before moving to Washington, D.C., to join the staff of The Washington Daily News.[17]

Personal life

Pyle met his future wife, Geraldine Elizabeth "Jerry" Siebolds (August 23, 1899 – November 23, 1945), a native of Minnesota, at a Halloween party in Washington, D.C., in 1923.They married in July 1925.[18] [19] In the early years of their marriage the couple traveled the country together. In Pyle's newspaper columns describing their trips, he often referred to her as "That Girl who rides with me".[20] In June 1940, Pyle purchased property about 3miles from downtown Albuquerque, New Mexico, and had a modest, 1145ft2 home built on the site. The residence served as the couple's home base in the United States for the remainder of their lives.[21]

Ernie and Jerry Pyle had a tempestuous relationship. He often complained of being ill, was a "heavy abuser of alcohol at times," and suffered from bouts of depression, later made worse from the stress of his work as a war correspondent during World War II. His wife suffered from alcoholism and periods of mental illness (depression or bipolar disorder).[22] [23] She also made several suicide attempts.[18] [24] Although the couple divorced on April 14, 1942, they remarried by proxy in March 1943, while Pyle was covering the war in North Africa.[25] [26] They had no children.[5] Newspapers reported that Jerry Pyle "took the news [of her husband's death] bravely", but her health declined rapidly in the months following his death on April 18, 1945, while he was covering operations of American troops on Ie Shima. Jerry Pyle died from complications of influenza at Albuquerque, New Mexico, on November 23, 1945.[27]

Career

Staff reporter and aviation columnist

In 1923, Pyle moved to Washington, D.C., to join the staff as a reporter for the Washington Daily News, a new Scripps-Howard tabloid newspaper, and soon became a copy editor as well.[17] Pyle was paid $30 a week for his services, beginning a career with Scripps-Howard that would continue for the remainder of his life. When Pyle joined the Daily News all the editors were young, including editor-in-chief John M. Gleissner, Lee G. Miller (who became a lifelong friend of Pyle)[13] [28] Charles M. Egan, Willis "June" Thornton Jr., and Paul McCrea.[29]

By 1926, Pyle and his wife, Geraldine "Jerry", had quit their jobs. In ten weeks the couple traveled more than 9,000 miles across the United States in a Ford Model T roadster.[30] [31] After briefly working in New York City for the Evening World and the New York Post, Pyle returned to the Daily News in December 1927 to begin work on one of the country's first and its best-known aviation column, which he wrote for four years. Pyle's column appeared in syndication for the Scripps-Howard newspapers from 1928 to 1932. Although he never became an aircraft pilot, Pyle flew about 100000miles as a passenger.[32] [33] As Amelia Earhart later said, "Any aviator who didn't know Pyle was a nobody."[34]

Human-interest and columnist

In 1932, at the age of thirty-one, Pyle was named managing editor at the Daily News, serving in the position for three years before taking on a new writing assignment.[35] [33] In December 1934 Pyle took an extended vacation in the western United States to recuperate from a severe bout of influenza. Upon his return to Washington, D.C., and while he filled in for the paper's vacationing syndicated columnist Heywood Broun, Pyle wrote a series of eleven articles about his trip and the people he had met. The series proved popular with both readers and colleagues. G.B. ("Deac") Parker, editor-in-chief of the Scripps-Howard newspaper chain, said he had found in Pyle's vacation articles "a sort of Mark Twain quality and they knocked my eyes right out".[36]

In 1935, Pyle left his position as managing editor at the Daily News to write his own national column as a roving reporter of human-interest stories for the Scripps-Howard newspaper syndicate.[31] Over the next six years, from 1935 until early 1942, Pyle and his wife, Jerry, whom Pyle identified in his columns as "That Girl who rides with me," traveled the United States, Canada, and Mexico, as well as Central and South America, writing about the interesting places he saw and people he met. Pyle's column, published under the title of the "Hoosier Vagabond," appeared six days a week in Scripps-Howard newspapers. The articles became popular with readers, earning Pyle national recognition in the years preceding his even bigger fame as a war correspondent during World War II.[5] [37] Selected columns of Pyle's human interest stories were later compiled in Home Country (1947),published posthumously.[4]

Despite his growing popularity, Pyle lacked confidence and was perpetually dissatisfied with his writing; however, he was pleased when others recognized the quality of his work. Pyle's aviation and travel reports laid the groundwork for his life as a war correspondent. Pyle continued his daily travel column until 1942, but by that time he was also writing about American soldiers serving in World War II.[33] [5]

World War II correspondent

Pyle initially went to London in 1940 to cover the Battle of Britain, but returned to Europe in 1942 as a war correspondent for Scripps-Howard newspapers. Beginning in North Africa in late 1942, Pyle spent time with the U.S. military during the North African Campaign, the Italian campaign, and the Normandy landings. He returned to the United States in September 1944, spending several weeks recuperating from combat stress before reluctantly agreeing to travel to the Asiatic-Pacific Theater in January 1945. Pyle was covering the invasion of Okinawa when he was killed in April 1945.

European theater

Pyle volunteered to go to London in December 1940 to cover the Battle of Britain. He witnessed the German firebombing of the city and reported on the growing conflict in Europe. His recollections of his experiences from this period were published in his book, Ernie Pyle in England (1941).[4] [38] After returning to the United States in March 1941 and taking a three-month leave of absence from work to care for his wife, Pyle made a second trip to Great Britain in June 1942, when he accepted an assignment to become a war correspondent for Scripps-Howard newspapers. Pyle's wartime columns usually described the war from the common man's perspective as he rotated among the various branches of the U.S. military and reported from the front lines. Pyle joined American troops in North Africa and Europe (1942–44), and the Asiatic-Pacific Theater (1945).[31] [39] Collections of Pyle's newspaper columns from the campaigns he covered in the European theater are included in Here is Your War (1943) and Brave Men (1944).[4] [38]

In his reports of the North African Campaign in late 1942 and early 1943, Pyle told stories of his early wartime experiences, which made interesting reading for Americans in the United States.[40] Through his work, Pyle became friends of the enlisted men and officers, as well as those in leadership roles such as Generals Omar Bradley and Dwight D. Eisenhower.[31] [41] Pyle wrote that he was especially fond of the infantry "because they are the underdogs".[4]

Pyle lived among the U.S. servicemen and was free to interview anyone he wanted. As a noncombatant Pyle could also leave the front when he wanted. He interrupted his reporting in September 1943 and in September 1944 to return home to recuperate from the stresses of combat[42] [43] and care for his wife when she was ill.[44]

Reinforcing his status as the dogface G.I.'s best friend, Pyle wrote a column from Italy in 1944 proposing that soldiers in combat should get "fight pay," just as airmen received "flight pay". In May 1944 the U.S. Congress passed a law that became known as the Ernie Pyle bill. It authorized 50 percent extra pay for combat service.[4] Pyle's most famous column, "The Death of Captain Waskow," written in Italy in December 1943, was published on January 10, 1944, when Allied forces were fighting at the Anzio beachhead in Italy.[41] The notable story also marked the peak of Pyle's writing career.[45]

After the North African and Italian campaigns, Pyle left Italy in April 1944, relocating to England to cover preparations for the Allied landing at Normandy. Pyle was among the twenty-eight war correspondents chosen to accompany U.S. troops during the initial invasion in June 1944. He landed with American troops at Omaha Beach aboard a LST.[46] On D-Day Pyle wrote:

The best way I can describe this vast armada and the frantic urgency of the traffic is to suggest that you visualize New York city on its busiest day of the year and then just enlarge that scene until it takes in all the ocean the human eye can reach clear around the horizon and over the horizon. There are dozens of times that many.[47]

In July 1944, Pyle was nearly caught in the accidental bombing by the U.S. Army Air Forces at the onset of Operation Cobra near Saint-Lô in Normandy.[48] A month after witnessing the liberation of Paris in August 1944,[49] Pyle publicly apologized to his readers in a column on September 5, 1944, stating that "my spirit is wobbly and my mind is confused" and he said that if he "heard one more shot or saw one more dead man, I would go off my nut".[50] He later said he had "lost track of the point of the war" and that another two weeks of coverage would have seen him hospitalized with "war neurosis".[50] An exhausted Pyle wrote that he hoped that a rest at his home in New Mexico would restore his vigor to go "warhorsing around the Pacific".[51]

Pacific theater

Pyle reluctantly headed for the Pacific theater in January 1945 for what became his final writing assignment.[41] While covering the U.S. Navy and Marine forces in the Pacific, Pyle challenged the Navy's policy forbidding the use of the names of sailors in reporting the war. He won a partial but unsatisfying victory when the ban was lifted exclusively for him.[52] Pyle travelled on board the aircraft carrier . He thought the naval crew had an easier life than the infantry in Europe, and wrote several unflattering portraits of the Navy.[53] In response, fellow correspondents, newspaper editorialists and G.I.s criticized Pyle (who was a former member of the U.S. Naval Reserve) for his negative coverage of the Navy in his columns and for underestimating the difficulties of naval warfare in the Pacific. Pyle conceded that his heart was with the servicemen in Europe,[54] but he persevered. After traveling to Guam and resuming his writing, Pyle went on to report on naval action during the Battle of Okinawa, the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific theater during World War II.[55] [56]

Death

On more than one occasion, Pyle was noted for having premonitions of his own death. Before landing he wrote letters to his friend Paige Cavanaugh, as well as playwright Robert E. Sherwood, predicting that he might not survive the war.[57]

On April 17, 1945, Pyle came ashore with the U.S. Army's 305th Infantry Regiment, 77th Infantry Division, on Ie Shima (now known as Iejima), a small island northwest of Okinawa that Allied forces had captured, but had not yet cleared of enemy soldiers.[41] The following day, after local enemy opposition had supposedly been neutralized, Pyle was traveling by jeep with Lieutenant Colonel Joseph B. Coolidge, the commanding officer of the 305th and three additional officers toward Coolidge's new command post when the vehicle came under fire from a Japanese machine gun.[58] [59] The men immediately took cover in a nearby ditch. "A little later Pyle and I raised up to look around," Coolidge reported. "Another burst hit the road over our heads ... I looked at Ernie and saw he had been hit." A machine-gun bullet had entered Pyle's left temple just under his helmet, killing him instantly.[60]

Pyle was buried wearing his helmet, among other battle casualties on Ie Shima, between an infantry private and a combat engineer.[61] In tribute to their friend, the men of the 77th Infantry Division erected a monument that still stands at the site of his death.[62] Its inscription reads: "At this spot the 77th Infantry Division lost a buddy, Ernie Pyle, 18 April 1945."[63] Echoing the sentiment of the men serving in the Pacific theater, General Eisenhower said: "The GIs in Europe––and that means all of us––have lost one of our best and most understanding friends."[58]

Former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, who frequently quoted Pyle's war dispatches in her newspaper column, My Day, paid tribute to him in her column the day after his death: "I shall never forget how much I enjoyed meeting him here in the White House last year," she wrote, "and how much I admired this frail and modest man who could endure hardships because he loved his job and our men."[64] President Harry S. Truman, who had been in office for less than a week following the death of Franklin Roosevelt on April 12, also paid tribute to Pyle: "No man in this war has so well told the story of the American fighting man as American fighting men wanted it told. He deserves the gratitude of all his countrymen."[1]

After the war, Pyle's remains were moved to a U.S. military cemetery on Okinawa. In 1949, his remains were some of the first to be interred at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii.[41]

Writing style

Pyle's signature storytelling style was developed at IU and during his early years as a human-interest reporter. As a war correspondent he generally wrote from the perspective of the common soldier, explaining how the war affected the men instead of recounting troop movements or the activities of generals. His descriptions of or reactions to an event in simple, informal stories are what set his writing apart and made him famous during the war.[65]

Fellow journalists praised Pyle's writing. Walter Morrow, editor of the Rocky Mountain News, claimed that Pyle's columns from his travels across the United States in the 1930s were "the most widely read thing in the paper".[37] During World War II Pyle continued to write about his experiences from the perspective of what he called "the worm's-eye view".[5] In addition to publication of his columns in newspapers in the United States, Pyle's writing was the only writing from a civilian correspondent to be regularly published in the U.S. armed forces newspaper, Stars and Stripes.[65]

Pyle's "everyman" approach to his wartime reporting earned him the Pulitzer Prize for journalism in 1944.[41]

Popularity

Pyle was well known and popular among the American military.[66] According to Sergeant Mack Morris, whose essay appeared in the U.S. army's weekly newspaper, Yank: "The secret of Ernie's tremendous success and popularity, if there is any secret about it, is his ability to report a war on a personal plane."[67] Artist George Biddle wrote of how a battalion commander told him that Pyle was a poor writer, but was very popular because "he writes about and writes to the great, anonymous American average. They ... are thirsty for recognition and publicity".[68]

Pyle's newspaper columns were popular in the United States with readers in a wide range of ages from older readers to high school and college students. In November 1942 Pyle's columns were distributed to 42 newspapers, but the number had increased to 122 newspapers by April 1943. When he returned to the United States for a break during the war, reporters and photographers made increasing demands for his time. In 1943 Pyle also gave interviews on radio programs to help sell war bonds.[69] At the time of Pyle's death his columns appeared in 400 daily and 300 weekly newspapers.[4]

Legacy

Pyle is described as "the pre-eminent war correspondent of his era,"[5] who achieved worldwide fame and readership for his World War II battlefield reports that were published from 1942 to 1945.[4] Present-day war correspondents, World War II veterans, and historians still recognize Pyle's World War II dispatches as "the standard to which every other war correspondent should strive to emulate."[70] As Life magazine once described Pyle and his work: "He now occupies a place in American journalistic letters which no other correspondent of this war has achieved. His smooth, friendly prose succeeded in bridging a gap between soldier and civilian where written words usually fail."[33]

Pyle is best remembered for his World War II newspaper reports of the firsthand experiences of ordinary Americans, especially the G.I.s serving in the U.S. Armed Forces in Europe in particular.[71] His legacy also lies in the stories of soldiers who would otherwise be unknown. "The Death of Captain Waskow," published in January 1944, is considered Pyle's most famous column.[5] In describing the soldiers he had met, Pyle remarked:

Their life consisted wholly and solely of war, for they were and always had been front-line infantrymen. They survived because the fates were kind to them, certainly – but also because they had become hard and immensely wise in animal-like ways of self-preservation.[72]

In addition to his writing, Pyle's legacy includes the Ernie Pyle bill, whose content he proposed in one of his columns in early 1944. Congress passed formal legislation in May 1944 to provide American soldiers with a 50 percent increase in pay for their combat service.[4] The U.S. Army also adopted Pyle's suggestion of providing overseas service bars on uniforms to designate six months of overseas service.[73]

Pyle's papers and other archival materials related to his life and work are held at the Lilly Library, Indiana University Bloomington; the Ernie Pyle World War II Museum, Dana, Indiana;[74] the Indiana State Museum; and the Wisconsin State Historical Society. The Indiana Historical Society acquired Ernie and Jerry Pyle's personal library from IU Bloomington's School of Journalism in 2005 and moved the collection to its headquarters in Indianapolis.[75]

Honors and awards

Tributes

Pyle historic sites

Other sites named in Pyle’s honor

In popular culture

Selected published works

Notable column

"The Death of Captain Waskow", Pyle's most famous column, was written in December 1943 and published on January 10, 1944.[41] The National Society of Newspaper Columnists later selected it as "the best American newspaper column of all time".[109] The organization has bestowed the Ernie Pyle Lifetime Achievement Award annually since 1993.[110]

Books

References

. James Tobin (author) . Ernie Pyle's War: America's Eyewitness to World War II . 1997. Free Press. New York . 9780684836423. Reprint edition: Book: Tobin, James . Ernie Pyle's War: America's Eyewitness to World War II . Simon & Schuster . 2000. New York . 978-0-684-86469-3.

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Statement by the President on the Death of Ernie Pyle . Public Papers, Harry S. Truman, 1945–1953 . Harry S. Truman Library and Museum . April 18, 1945 . February 9, 2015 . September 10, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150910095844/http://trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=14&st=&st1= . dead .
  2. Book: Lee G. Miller. An Ernie Pyle Album: Indiana to Ie Shima . William Sloane Associates . 1946 . New York . 8–9 . 466608.
  3. Paul Brockman . Ernie Pyle's Library . Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History . 16 . 4 . 46 . Indiana Historical Society . Indianapolis . Fall 2004.
  4. Ray E. Boomhower. The G.I.'s Friend: Ernie Pyle . Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History . 3 . 4 . 30–31 . Indiana Historical Society . Indianapolis . Fall 1991.
  5. Web site: John McMurray . Ernie Pyle's Reporting Vividly Brought WWII Back Home . Investor's Business Daily . January 27, 2016 . January 15, 2019.
  6. Book: Ray E. Boomhower . The Soldier's Friend: A Life of Ernie Pyle . Indiana Historical Society . 2006 . Indianapolis . 19–20. 9780871952004.
  7. Ruth Padget Albright. Ernie Pyle at Indiana University . Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History . 12 . 2 . 6. Indiana Historical Society . Indianapolis . Spring 2000.
  8. He served three months of active duty until the war ended, then finished his enlistment in the reserves and was discharged with the rank of Petty Officer Third Class.
  9. Miller (1946), p. 13.
  10. Albright, pp. 6 and 8.
  11. Miller (1946), pp. 13–14.
  12. Albright, pp. 8 and 11.
  13. Albright, p. 10.
  14. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, p. 25.
  15. Miller (1946), p. 15.
  16. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, p. 27.
  17. Book: Linda C. Gugin and James E. St. Clair . Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State . Indiana Historical Society Press. 2015 . Indianapolis . 279 . 978-0-87195-387-2.
  18. Brockman, pp. 46–47.
  19. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, p. 30. See also: Book: Lee G. Miller . The Story of Ernie Pyle . Viking Press . 1950 . New York . 33 . 9780837137438 . registration .
  20. Albright, p. 11.
  21. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, p. 51.
  22. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, p. 50.
  23. Miller (1950), pp. and 169–73. See also: Book: James Tobin . Ernie Pyles War: America's Eyewitness to World War II. 1997. Free Press. 41–42, 49–51, 60–61, and 166. New York . 9780684836423.
  24. During one of Pyle's return visits to the United States during World War II, he wrote to his college roommate, Paige Cavanaugh: "Geraldine was drunk the afternoon I got home. From there she went on down. Went completely screwball. One night she tried the gas. Had to have a doctor." See: Miller (1950), pp. 164. Pyle later described her as his "fearful and troubled wife ... desperate within herself since the day she was born."
  25. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, p. 62.
  26. Miller (1950), pp. 63–64.
  27. Book: B. O'Connor. The Soldier's Voice: The Story of Ernie Pyle. Carolrhoda Books. 1996. 76. 0876149425. See also:Associated Press. That Girl' of Ernie Pyle's Columns Dies. The San Bernardino Daily Sun. San Bernardino, California. November 24, 1945. 52. 2.
  28. Miller later became Pyle's biographer and the author of An Ernie Pyle Album – Indiana to Ie Shima (1946). See Owen V. Johnson and Holly Hays. Wrestling with Fame: Ernie Pyle and the Pulitzer Prize . Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History . 28 . 2 . 47 . Indiana Historical Society . Indianapolis . Spring 2016.
  29. Miller (1946), pp. 16–17.
  30. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, p. 31.
  31. Book: Nelson Price . Indiana Legends: Famous Hoosiers from Johnny Appleseed to David Letterman . Guild Press of Indiana . 1997 . Carmel, Indiana . 263 . 1578600065.
  32. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, pp. 32, 34.
  33. Johnson and Hays, p. 47.
  34. Web site: Ernie Pyle: 60 years after his death . Owen V. Johnson . Indiana University School of Journalism . April 15, 2005 . June 21, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042800/http://journalism.indiana.edu/archive/news/041505pyle/ . March 4, 2016 . dead .
  35. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, pp. 33–34.
  36. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, pp. 38–39.
  37. Ray E. Boomhower. The Hoosier Vagabond . Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History . 28 . 2 . 2–3 . Indiana Historical Society . Indianapolis . Spring 2016.
  38. Brockman, p. 47.
  39. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, pp. 55–59 and 63.
  40. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, p. 64.
  41. Gugin and St. Clair, eds., p. 280.
  42. Johnson and Hays, pp. 49 and 53.
  43. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, p. 65.
  44. Tobin, pp. 60–61, 123–24, 159–61, and 219–220.
  45. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, p. 78.
  46. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, pp. 81–83.
  47. On preparations to invade at Normandy, see: Web site: THE WAR . PBS .
  48. Tobin, pp. 195–96.
  49. Book: Nicholas Rankin. Ian Fleming's Commandos: The Story of 30 Assault Unit in WWII . Faber . 2011 . London . 9780571250639.
  50. 2 April 1945 . Lincoln Barnett. Ernie Pyle . Life . 106.
  51. Tobin, p. 201.
  52. Tobin, p. 234.
  53. Tobin, pp. 228, 231, and 233–34.
  54. Tobin, pp. 234 and 236.
  55. Web site: Laura Lacey. Battle of Okinawa . Militaryhistoryonline.com . January 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031340/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/okinawa/default.aspx. 16 December 2018. See also: Web site: Battle of Okinawa: Summary, Fact, Pictures and Casualties . Historynet.com . June 12, 2006 . January 19, 2012.
  56. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, p. 98.
  57. Tobin, p. 238.
  58. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, pp. 106–07.
  59. Book: David Nichols . Ernie's War: The best of Ernie Pyle's World War II Dispatches . Random House . 1986 . New York City . 32 . 978-0-394-54923-1 .
  60. Ernie Pyle Is Killed on Ie Island; Foe Fired When All Seemed Safe . April 19, 1945. The New York Times. August 3, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20171216212430/https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0803.html. 2017-12-16.
  61. Miller (1950), p. 42.
  62. N 26 42.656 E 127 47.877 (Google Earth)
  63. D. Allen . Ie Shima: Island off Okinawa holds annual event honoring newsman Ernie Pyle . Stars and Stripes . April 20, 2004 . July 8, 2015. See also:"We pay our final respects to Ernie Pyle, the Doughboy's best friend." Photo caption inBook: Second to None! The story of the 305th Infantry in World War II . Infantry Journal Press . 1949 . Washington, D.C. . 162 .
  64. Web site: Eleanor Roosevelt. My Day by Eleanor Roosevelt, April 19, 1945 . The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project . George Washington University . 2017 . January 17, 2019.
  65. Johnson and Hays, pp. 48–49.
  66. Johnson and Hays, p. 48.
  67. Johnson and Hays, p. 53.
  68. Book: Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War . Paul Fussell . Oxford University Press . 1989 . 0-19-503797-9 . 155–56 . 89002875 .
  69. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, pp. 70, 72–73.
  70. Brockman, p. 44.
  71. Book: James H. Madison . Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana. Indiana University Press and the Indiana Historical Society Press . 2014 . Bloomington and Indianapolis . 266 . 978-0-253-01308-8.
  72. Book: Clark, Lloyd. Anzio : Italy and the battle for Rome, 1944. registration. 2006. Atlantic Monthly Press. 39. Internet Archive. 9780871139467 .
  73. Johnson and Hays, p. 52.
  74. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, p. 121.
  75. News from Other Places: Ernie Pyle's Library Moved to Indy . Monroe County Historian . 2005 . 2 . Monroe County Historical Society, Inc. . Bloomington, Indiana . April 2005. January 16, 2019.
  76. Johnson and Hays, pp. 51–52.
  77. Albright, p. 12.
  78. Web site: Who was Ernie Pyle? . Albuquerque and Bernalillo County Public Library . January 22, 2019.
  79. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, p. 110.
  80. News: A Purple Heart for Ernie Pyle. 4. Associated Press. The Telegraph. April 23, 1983.
  81. Web site: Ernie Pyle . The American Legion . January 16, 2019.
  82. Superfort "Ernie Pyle", Gift of Plane Plant Workers, Here En Route to Japan . Wing Tips . 2 . 1505th A.A.F . Mathers Field, Sacramento, California . January 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110708140524/http://www.chassis-plans.com/Wing-Tips-Article_Ernie_Pyle_B29.pdf . July 8, 2011 . dead .
  83. News: Ernie Pyle Award Goes To Writer Jim Lucas . December 31, 1953 . . March 17, 2019 . Scripps-Howard Service . 190 . Home . 70 . 2 . Newspapers.com.
  84. Albright, p. 13.
  85. Metta Thomas. Ernie Pyle Hall to be rededicated in ceremony . Indiana Daily Student . Bloomington . October 16, 2018. January 15, 2019.
  86. Lake Worth Couple to Make Ernie Pyle Pilgrimage 30th . The Lake Worth Herald . Lake Worth, Florida. May 21, 1970 .
  87. Web site: Roger S. Brody . 16-cent . Arago: People, Postage & the Post . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . May 18, 2006. January 15, 2019.
  88. Web site: Ernie Pyle Scholars . Indiana University . January 16, 2019.
  89. Alison Graham . Spelling error identified on new Ernie Pyle sculpture . October 15, 2014 . January 15, 2019.
  90. Dominick Jean, Cameron Drummond, and Murphy Wheeler. Inaugural Ernie Pyle Day: what it means and how to celebrate . Indiana Daily Student . Bloomington . July 26, 2018. January 16, 2019.
  91. Rick Nathanson. Duck City to mark birthday of correspondent Ernie Pyle . Albuquerque Journal . Albuquerque, New Mexico . July 10, 2018. January 16, 2019.
  92. Alex Modesitt. Indiana, nation celebrate Ernie Pyle's legacy . Tribune Star . Terre Haute, Indiana . August 3, 2018. January 16, 2019.
  93. Web site: Ernie Pyle's Home a National Historic Landmark. U.S. Department of the Interior . October 31, 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070125100622/http://www.doi.gov/news/06_News_Releases/061013.html . January 25, 2007. United States Department of the Interior.
  94. Web site: Ernie Pyle House . National Historic Landmark Program. National Park Service . https://web.archive.org/web/20110606190021/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1923418086&ResourceType=Building . dead . June 6, 2011 . January 16, 2019 .
  95. Web site: Home . The Ernie Pyle World War II Museum . Friends of Ernie Pyle . January 22, 2019.
  96. Book: Earl L. Conn . My Indiana: 101 Places to See . Indiana Historical Society . 2006 . Indianapolis . 110–11 . 9780871951953.
  97. Web site: Ernie Pyle Elementary School [Clinton, Indiana] ]. GreatSchools.org . January 15, 2019 .
  98. Web site: Ernie Pyle School 90 . GreatSchools.org . January 15, 2019 .
  99. Web site: Ernie Pyle Elementary School [Bellflower, California] ]. GreatSchools.org . January 15, 2019 .
  100. Web site: Ernie Pyle Elementary School [Fresno, California] ]. GreatSchools.org . January 15, 2019.
  101. Web site: Ernie Pyle Middle School . January 15, 2019.
  102. Web site: US 36. Highway Explorer – Indiana Highway Ends. 2013-04-27. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131216072050/http://www.highwayexplorer.com/EndsPage.php?id=2036&section=1. December 16, 2013. mdy-all.
  103. Web site: U.S. Army . History of Fort George G. Meade . May 23, 2023.
  104. Web site: Ernie Pyle Island . Mapcarta . February 9, 2015.
  105. Johnson and Hays, p. 50.
  106. Web site: GoComics Team. Classic 'Peanuts' Comics Commemorating Veterans Day . GoComics . November 11, 2019 . January 16, 2019.
  107. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, p. 2.
  108. Web site: Ernie Pike – Coda # 1 . The Crib Sheet . December 27, 2014. September 14, 2016.
  109. Johnson and Hays, p. 49.
  110. Web site: Ernie Pyle Lifetime Achievement Award.
  111. Boomhower, The Soldier's Friend, pp. 127–28.

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