| Erik Sparre | |
| Order: | 3rd |
| Office: | Lord High Chancellor of Sweden |
| Term Start: | 1593 |
| Term End: | 20 March 1600 |
| Term Start2: | 1575 or 1576 |
| Term End2: | 19 February 1590 |
| Children: | 12, including: |
| Birth Name: | Erik Larsson |
| Birth Date: | 13 July 1550 |
| Birth Place: | , Sweden |
| Death Place: | Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden |
Erik Larsson Sparre (born Erik Larsson; also known as Erik Gyllensparre, Eric Sparre, or Erik Sparre of Rossvik; 13 July 1550 – 20 March 1600) was a Swedish noble, statesman, diplomat, and political theorist who served as Privy Councilor from 1575 or 1576 until 1590 and Lord High Chancellor of Sweden from 1593 until his execution in 1600.
An esteemed orator and rhetorician, Sparre was considered the spokesman for the well-organized aristocratic opposition who advocated for parliamentary sovereignty in the Swedish government and is largely remembered for his contributions to Swedish law. His major written work – Latin: Pro lege, rege et grege ('For the Law, the King, and the People') – remains highly regarded as an early defense of contractualism and earned him a reputation as the "father of Swedish constitutional law". Sparre's ideas were initially backed by John III of Sweden in order to check the ambitions of his brother, Duke Charles, but relations between Sparre and John soured when the nobility was able to overrule the king's prerogative during a stand-off in Reval.
Sparre's diplomatic career was long and varied. He had early successes negotiating with the Danes in border disputes and helped to secure Sigismund III Vasa's accession to the Polish throne. During the discussions of Sigismund's election, Polish and Swedish tensions heightened after a misunderstanding about the annexation of Estonia, a fault that was blamed on Sparre. Following the death of John III in 1592, Sparre backed Sigismund's attempt to secure the Swedish crown from Charles, but failed to secure significant material gain from potential allies abroad. After Sigismund's defeat, Sparre was convicted of treason during a show trial and beheaded during the Linköping Bloodbath.
Erik Larsson was born on 13 July 1550 to [1] of the noble family Sparre and Britta Turesdotter of the noble family Trolle. His father was well-regarded, holding a strong reputation and friendship with king Gustav I, serving as his top general. Records of his youth are scarce and often contradictory, but it is likely that he studied abroad between 1569 and 1573; a 1570 record at the University of Frankfurt an der Oder lists a student as Latin: Ericus Sparr, nobilis, Suecus ('Erik Sparre, noble, Swede'). He likely furthered his education in Padua, Italy. During his time abroad, Sparre developed exceptionally strong language skills, particularly in Italian and Latin, though he was conversant in French as well. At some point in 1574, he returned to Sweden. On 30 November of the same year, he proposed to Ebbe Brahe, daughter of Per Brahe the Elder, who was first cousin to John III of Sweden and a highly influential figure in the Swedish court.
In 1575 or 1576, Sparre was appointed Privy Councilor (Swedish: Riksråd) and had a special interest in the organization of the National Archives. Largely uninvolved in the everyday operations of the office, he was used by the court as a functionary and diplomat. He was effectively utilized as commissioner of negotiations with the Danes in March 1575 regarding the Swedish–Danish border before later being dispatched to the courts of the Count of East Frisia and the Holy Roman Emperor in the summer of the same year. Despite these early successes, Sparre was party to several power struggles between the Crown of Sweden, the Duke, and the high nobility, particularly with regards to the distribution of power. In March 1576, Sparre and other members of the nobility submitted new proposals for the liturgy on behalf of the King and the appointment of higher officials to Duke Charles, which he rejected. On 11 February 1577, Sparre, Brahe the Elder, and two other nobles from Uppland met in Stockholm with the clergy and the king, which affirmed the previous liturgical changes and drew Sparre in the middle of the power struggle between the king and the duke.
In 1578, Sparre married Ebbe Brahe at the dowager queen Catherine Stenbock's house on Svartmangatan in Stockholm. John III and his first wife, Catherine Jagellonica, were present as guests for three days, while Catherine Stenbockalong with the Margravine of Baden and the Duchess of Mecklenburgstayed for four or five days; both the margravine and the duchess were cousins of the king. In August 1580, Sparre served as commissioner for another meeting with the Danes in Knäred and, the following year, he and Hogenskild Bielke traveled to the Duchy of Mecklenburg to negotiate a marriage between the king's sister, Elizabeth, and Duke Christopher of Mecklenburg.
In 1582, Sparre was made Swedish: [[Stadtholder|ståthållare]] of Västmanland, Bergslagen, and Dalarna. On 1 March of the following year, one of John III's officials, a Scotsman named Andrew Keith, honored Sparre with the title of baron. Despite the honor, Sparre claimed never to have requested the title nor petitioned the king to have it recognized as legitimate.
Sparre is considered one of the most learned men of his time, particularly in Sweden. He kept correspondence with many well-known scientists and historians of the era, most notably Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, and served as one of Rostock historian David Chytraeus' patrons in Sweden. Sparre's patronage included part of the printing costs of his work, most notably his history of the Nordic countries, Latin: Chronicon Saxoniae et vicini orbis arctoi ('The Chronical of Saxony and [Those] Near the Arctic World'), published in 1590.
Sparre was a strong advocate for legislative primacy in Sweden, arguing that the Privy Council of Sweden held a special place in society as the "keystone" of the legal system. Sparre's most famous work is his pamphlet Latin: [[Pro lege, rege et grege]] ('For the Law, the King, and the People'). The date of its publication is of some debate; it is generally accepted that Sparre wrote the Latin: Pro lege in 1582, though most sources cite its publication in either 1585 or a more vague "the 1580s". Some sources estimate the date of publication as late as 1586 or 1587.
In the pamphlet, Sparre wrote that the duke was beholden to the laws of the nation and had no sovereign authority; wherever the rights and duties of the Crown interfered, ducal rights were to be subordinated. Sparre further sought to distinguish the office and rights of the king from the office and rights of the Crown, arguing that the possessions of which were not to be minimized in any way, irrespective of any circumstance or sovereign. He argued that the Crown and the king had disparate natures; the king, who is mortal, should not be able to infringe upon the rights and duties of the immutable Crown, which is immortal. Thus, royal titles were issued by the eternal political force of the Crown which could not be trod upon by any mortal king; stately institutions andmost importantlythe nobility were therefore an extension of the immortal Crown. However, dukes served simply as a Latin: [[dominium utile]], an extension of the rights and privileges of the king without the same claims to sovereignty, which applied only to "accidents and conveniences" (Swedish: tillhörigheter och nyttigheter). Consent of the Estates, particularly the "leading Estates", was the cornerstone of the legal process, which bound "all Swedes, present and absent, those who swear and those who do not swear, those born and unborn" to rights and duties. Under the law, the king, as a mortal Swede, was himself beholden to it; the supremacy of law applied to all kings irrespective of their hereditary or elected claims of absolutism. The work is lauded as an early appeal to contractualism and orthodox ideas of constitutional doctrine, comparable to the works of Jean Bodin and James Madison. The success of Sparre's rhetoric, which advocated for common welfare and navigated the differing class interests of the era, has led historians to refer to Sparre as "the father of Swedish constitutional law" and "the father of Swedish constitutionalism".
Sparre stated that he wrote the pamphlet at John III's request and historians believe this was likely true; John III sought to limit Duke Charles' ambition to concentrate power and saw a strong anti-absolutist nobility as a means to that end. For John at the time, it appears that the risk of usurpation by Charles was of more concern than a conglomeration of power in the legislature. The work was also influenced significantly by Sparre's father-in-law, Per Brahe the Elder, who himself had quarrels with Duke Charles and shared the ideas and sympathies of both Sparre and Hogenskild Bielke, especially in being concerned about the loss of privileges by the nobility and holding a sympathetic view of the Catholic Church.
Sparre is commonly associated with Bielke's political thought. Both held the high nobility as key to the future of Swedish law and sought to use their knowledge of history and law to further that end. The primary difference between them is the source of their jurisprudence; Bielke's sourcing and arguments tended to stem from a pragmatic, German-based legal system, while Sparre's tended to appeal to Roman and contemporary Italian law, citing both the Latin: [[Corpus Iuris Civilis]] and the Latin: [[Liber Extra]] – among others – in the Latin: Pro lege. Together, Bielke and Sparre had drafted a statute on 27 January 1582 in the Riksdag that interpreted the law decisively against Charles, forbidding him from nominating bishops without the king's consent, trying nobles accused of serious crimes, expanding taxes other than agreed upon for the kingdom, restricting the privileges of the nobles, and much more, though its stipulations were largely ignored by Charles.
In April and May 1587, Sparre, Hogenskild Bielke,, and were invited to develop a plan of governance in the event John III's son Sigismund III Vasa were elected King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and inherited the throne of his father, making him king in both realms. In August, Sparre and his brother-in-law Erik Brahe were dispatched to the Commonwealth to act as Sigismund's agents. The discussion continued through the summer, but the agreementnow known as the (Swedish: Kalmare stadgar or Swedish: Kalmar stadgar)was signed and sealed by John and Sigismund on 5 September. The Statute provided sweeping guarantees to Sweden's independence, secured a prohibition against Polish interference, and unequivocally defined Estonia as "a Swedish province". Sparre contributed to it significantly, though John was responsible for the final draft, as Sparre was not actually present in Kalmar when it was signed and sealed.
Despite the preparation, it was not until January 1588 that it became clear that Sigismund's accession was secure. During the course of negotiations with the Commonwealth, the Poles insisted that lands conquered by the Swedes in Estonia should be handed over to the Commonwealth. Sparre and Brahe were expressly forbidden from accepting any deal that required the surrender of Estonia into Polish hands. A well-regarded orator and rhetorician, Sparre was able to cinch the election of Sigismund without explicitly promising Estonia, butaccording to John IIIwhen the Latin: [[pacta conventa]] was signed, Sparre made verbal promises "in excess of his instructions". These promises were later rescinded from the official compact after negotiations between John and Sigismund, the latter declaring at his coronation that Sweden would never be forced to cede any territory to the Commonwealth, though Sparre continued to be blamed for being willing to sacrifice Estonia for the rest of his life.
The election of Sigismund was fraught with issues, but Sparre and his allies saw a political union with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a way of getting aid to Sweden, which was then drawing close to a war with Russia. By 1589, Sigismund was looking to abdicateassuming he could find a suitable candidate to take his placeand John III was losing interest in legal power, seeking to reestablish a familial relationship with his son and return him to Sweden. Nevertheless, both agreed that they could use the union to frighten the Russians into accepting a peace deal; the two hoped that a strong show of military numbers at a meeting in Reval (modern-day Tallinn, Estonia) would cause the Russian leader Boris Godunov to accept a permanent peace. Instead, the forces assembled were underwhelming; the nobility had shirked their usual duty in procuring soldiers.
On 5 August, eight Privy Councilorsincluding Sparreaccompanied John to Reval with a small entourage of reluctant Polish senators following three weeks later, with no significant armed force. The Privy Councilors agreed that Sigismund could not be allowed to abdicate and that peace should be attained with Russia at all costs and as soon as possible, fearing that the unhappy Poles might ally themselves with Russia if they were badly treated. When the events in Reval turned out to be a disaster, it remained difficult to dissuade John, who had become obsessed with reestablishing a filial relationship with Sigismund. On 5 September, fifty members of the nobility and eight army commanders signed a petition "castigating his failings as a ruler in terms of extraordinary harshness", appealing to him to abandon the plan. When this failed, ten days later the Privy Councilors attempted again to dissuade John, adding in large text in all capital letters to the bottom Latin: VINCAT AFFECTUM RATIO ('May reason triumph over passion').[2] Both the Swedish and Polish entourages became enraged as John refused to back out. The Polish entourage exhorted Sigismund to return to Warsaw as an invasion of Podolia was underway by the Tartars and the Privy Councilors of Sweden were threatening to leave Reval as well. On 30 September, Sigismund relented and started towards Warsaw. Two days later, John began his return to Sweden.
The events in Reval turned John away from his support of legislative strength and pushed him away from Sparre and his allies; the king had never theretofore capitulated to the nobility. John began seeking out a closer alliance with Duke Charles andin a desperate attempt to curtail such an allianceSparre, Sten Banér, and all signed an apology, admitting wrong and promising the king that they would not oppose the cession of Estonia if it meant that Sigismund could abdicate the Polish Crown. The attempt, however, was in vain; Charles and John had reached an agreement. In 1590, Sparre, Ture Bielke, Hogenskild Bielke, Gustav Banér, Sten Banér, and Erik Stenbock were displaced from the Privy Council, dismissed from their offices, deprived of their fiefs in the presence of the Estates, and imprisoned. John and Charles charged the members of the Privy Council whom they stripped of their rights and privileges with prolonging the war by sabotaging the events in Reval, fomenting disagreement between John and Charles, and attempting to remove Charles from the succession. Sparre in particular was charged with offering Estonia to the Poles. The evidence for this claim was the Statute of Kalmar, whichsince it had not been issued to the Riksdag for approvalwas considered to be a secret deal to keep Charles from the throne.
Sigismund repeatedly intervened in defense of Sparre and his allies and even Anne of Poland attempted to clear him of all charges relating to the abandonment of Estonia. John accused Sparre and his father-in-law Per Brahe the Elder of conspiracy and accused Sparre alone of having rallied the men in Reval to oust him. Despite these intercessions, Sparre was imprisoned in Stockholm Castle. While in prison, he complained in letters that he had been unable to attend his father-in-law's funeral, that his brother had been imprisoned, and that he was not a heretic in spite of accusations to the contrary. Still more, Sparre's Scottish baronial title was now the object of suspicion, though Sparre never requested the title nor petitioned the king to recognize it as legitimate under Swedish law and indeed denied wanting it. Regardless, on 6 January 1591, John demanded the baronial certificate and destroyed it, though a copy still survives in the Palmskiöldska Collection.
Soon thereafter, Sparre was tried in court. While on the stand, he defended himself with an intensity that caused John to draw his sword in anger, but Charles stopped him. No judgement was passed; Sparre and his associates were neither convicted nor acquitted. In February and March 1592, Sparre avoided arrest twice.
On 17 November 1592, John III died, forgiving all the men who opposed him in Reval on his deathbed in exchange for their promise to remain faithful to Sigismund. Before the end of the month, Charles reached out to Sparre and his colleagues with an offer of reconciliation, but a riot started by to convince the locals in Västergötland that Charles was attempting to lead a usurpation of the throne led Charles to accuse Sparre of being behind it. Sparre was able to convince Charles of his innocence in the matter and Leijonhufvud was driven beyond the Danish border.
A mutual distrust remained between Sparre and Charles, but Sparre was reinstated as Privy Councilor and appointed Lord High Chancellor of Sweden. On 8 January 1593, they established an interim government whereby Charles was recognized as the "leading personage" in Sweden. The rising prominence of the Latin: Pro lege became a source of increasing distrust from Charles. When Sparre was late to the Uppsala Synod, arriving in February, it reignited suspicions of heresy, despite his signing of the declaration, which in part banned Catholicism.
Sigismund moved quickly to secure the throne; in February, he dispatched Sparre's brother,, from Poland to secure oaths of allegiance from fortress commanders in Finland. Sigismund himself arrived in Danzig in August, his tardiness blamed on the political situation in Poland as the Polish nobility believed he would use the opportunity to abandon the Polish throne. Sparre and Klas Bielke arrived from Poland the following month, escorting Sigismund to Sweden aboard Klas Fleming's fleet. Sparre and Bielke attempted to convince Sigismund to allow the agreement at the Uppsala Synod to be enforced and to confirm the election of a Protestant, Abraham Angermannus, as Archbishop of Uppsala, making him Primate of Sweden. Sigismund, a devout Catholic, refused.
Prior to Sigismund's accession, the nobility and Protestant clergy of Sweden made certain demands, called the Latin: [[Postulata nobilium]] (literally, 'petitions of the nobility'), to which Sigismund ultimately relented. Sparre served as the spokesman for the nobility and gave a lengthy speech – now known as the Oration of the Nobility (Swedish: adelns oration) – which cited Hesiod, Salic law, the Bible, and English history, among others in addressing what he had promulgated in his Latin: Pro lege, rege et grege. The Oration itself was largely an appeal for the rule of law.[3] During it, Sparre commented:
"Ten days later the members of the råd tried again, urging him [John III] at least to have a little patience until the matter could be arranged with goodwill on both sides, and a successor found who would be a friend to Sweden. At the foot of this document they added, in large and tactless capitals, the seasonable exhortation ''. But of this there was no hope.
"Reduced to its essentials, the Oration is really a plea for the rule of law."