Erbium compounds explained

Erbium compounds are compounds containing the element erbium (Er). These compounds are usually dominated by erbium in the +3 oxidation state, although the +2, +1 and 0[1] oxidation states have also been reported.

Oxides

See main article: article and Erbium(III) oxide.

Erbium(III) oxide (also known as erbia) is the only known oxide of erbium, first isolated by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1843, and first obtained in pure form in 1905 by Georges Urbain and Charles James.[2] It has a cubic structure resembling the bixbyite motif. The Er3+ centers are octahedral.[3] The formation of erbium oxide is accomplished by burning erbium metal.[4] Erbium oxide is insoluble in water and soluble in mineral acids.

Halides

Erbium(III) fluoride is a pinkish powder[5] that can be produced by reacting erbium(III) nitrate and ammonium fluoride.[6] It can be used to make infrared light-transmitting materials[7] and up-converting luminescent materials.[8] Erbium(III) chloride is a violet compounds that can be formed by first heating erbium(III) oxide and ammonium chloride to produce the ammonium salt of the pentachloride ([NH<sub>4</sub>]2ErCl5) then heating it in a vacuum at 350-400 °C.[9] [10] [11] It forms crystals of the type, with monoclinic crystals and the point group C2/m.[12] Erbium(III) chloride hexahydrate also forms monoclinic crystals with the point group of P2/n (P2/c) - C42h. In this compound, erbium is octa-coordinated to form ions with the isolated completing the structure.[13]

Erbium(III) bromide is a violet solid. It is used, like other metal bromide compounds, in water treatment, chemical analysis and for certain crystal growth applications.[14] Erbium(III) iodide is a slightly pink compound that is insoluble in water. It can be prepared by directly reacting erbium with iodine.[15]

Borides

Erbium tetraboride is a boride of erbium.[16] It is hard and has a high melting point. It can be used in semiconductors, the blades of gas turbines, and the nozzles of rocket engines.[17] Erbium hexaboride is another boride of erbium, with a calcium hexaboride structure. It is isostructural with all other rare-earth hexaboride compounds including lanthanum hexaboride, samarium hexaboride, and cerium hexaboride.[18]

Other compounds

Erbium(III) hydroxide is a pink solid that decomposes to ErO(OH) at an elevated temperature, then further heating will produce erbium(III) oxide.[19] Erbium(III) phosphide (ErP[20] [21] [22] [23]) is also a pink solid that can be formed by the direct reaction of its constituent elements. It forms crystals of a cubic system, space group Fm3m.[24] Erbium(III) nitrate (Er(NO3)3[25] [26] [27]) forms pink crystals. It is readily soluble in water and forms crystalline hydrates.[28] [29] Erbium(III) acetate is a light pink solid that is used to synthesize some optical materials.[30] The tetrahydrate of erbium(III) acetate is thermally decomposed at 90 °C, giving a proposed anhydride:

Er(CH3COO)3·4H2O → Er(CH3COO)3 + 4 H2OContinuing heating to 310 °C will form ketene:

Er(CH3COO)3 → Er(OH)(CH3COO)2 + CH2=C=OAt 350 °C, the proposed Er(OH)(CH3COO)2 loses acetic acid to yield a material of the formula ErOCH3COO, forming Er2O2CO3 at 390 °C, finally obtaining Er2O3 at 590 °C.[31]

Organoerbium compounds

See also: Organolanthanide chemistry.

Organoerbium compounds are very similar to those of the other lanthanides, as they all share an inability to undergo π backbonding. They are thus mostly restricted to the mostly ionic cyclopentadienides (isostructural with those of lanthanum) and the σ-bonded simple alkyls and aryls, some of which may be polymeric.[32]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Chem. Soc. Rev. . 1993 . 22 . 17–24 . F. Geoffrey N. . Cloke . Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides . 10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold. Polly L.. Petrukhina. Marina A.. Bochenkov. Vladimir E.. Shabatina. Tatyana I.. Zagorskii. Vyacheslav V.. Cloke. F. Geoffrey N.. 2003-12-15. Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688. 1–2. 49–55. 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
  2. Book: 378–379. The development of modern chemistry. Aaron John Ihde. Courier Dover Publications. 1984. 978-0-486-64235-2.
  3. 10.1021/cr940055h. The Binary Rare Earth Oxides . 1998 . Adachi . Gin-ya . Imanaka . Nobuhito . Chemical Reviews . 98 . 4 . 1479–1514 . 11848940 .
  4. Book: Emsley, John. "Erbium" Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to Elements.. 2001. Oxford University Press. Oxford, England, Uk. 978-0-19-850340-8. 136–139.
  5. Web site: Erbium Fluoride.
  6. Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 2. 15. en. 2050-7526. 2014. 2765. 10.1039/c3tc32540g. Facile synthesis and enhancement upconversion luminescence of ErF3 nano/microstructures via Li+ doping. 2019-03-26. Linna Guo, Yuhua Wang, Zehua Zou, Bing Wang, Xiaoxia Guo, Lili Han, Wei Zeng.
  7. 苏伟涛, 李斌, 刘定权,等. 氟化铒薄膜晶体结构与红外光学性能的关系[J]. 物理学报, 2007, 56(5):2541-2546.
  8. RSC Advances. 8. 22. en. 2046-2069. 2018. 12165–12172. 10.1039/C8RA01245H. Understanding differences in Er 3+ –Yb 3+ codoped glass and glass ceramic based on upconversion luminescence for optical thermometry. Yingxin Hao, Shichao Lv, Zhijun Ma, Jianrong Qiu. 35539388. 9079277. free.
  9. Book: Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry. 2nd. Brauer, G. . Academic Press. 1963. New York.
  10. Book: Meyer, G. . The Ammonium Chloride Route to Anhydrous Rare Earth Chlorides-The Example of YCl3 . The Ammonium Chloride Route to Anhydrous Rare Earth Chlorides—The Example of Ycl 3 . Inorganic Syntheses . 25 . 1989 . 146–150 . 10.1002/9780470132562.ch35 . 978-0-470-13256-2.
  11. Book: Edelmann, F. T. . Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry . VI . Poremba, P. . Herrmann, W. A. . 1997 . Georg Thieme Verlag . Stuttgart . 978-3-13-103021-4 .
  12. Tempelton DH, Carter GF . The Crystal Structure of Yttrium Trichloride and Similar Compounds . J Phys Chem . 1954 . 940–943 . 10.1021/j150521a002 . 58 . 11 .
  13. Graebner EJ, Conrad GH, Duliere SF . Crystallographic data for solvated rare earth chlorides. . 1966 . 1012–1013 . 21 . 6. 10.1107/S0365110X66004420 .
  14. Web site: Elements. American. Erbium Bromide. 2020-11-16. American Elements. en.
  15. Web site: Elements. American. Erbium Iodide. 2020-11-16. American Elements. en.
  16. Book: Perry, Dale L. Handbook of Inorganic Compounds. Taylor & Francis. 2011. 2. 163. 9781439814628. 14 December 2013.
  17. http://www.americanelements.com/erb.html American Elements
  18. Book: Samsonov, Grigorii. High-Temperature Compounds of Rare Earth Metals with Nonmetals. 1965. Consultants Bureau. New York.
  19. 《无机化学丛书》. 第七卷 钪 稀土元素. 易宪武 等主编. 科学出版社. P168~171. (2)氢氧化物
  20. Web site: Erbium Phosphide . . 24 December 2021 . en.
  21. Web site: System of Registries US EPA . . 24 December 2021 . en.
  22. Book: Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Chemical Substance Inventory. Cumulative Supplement to the Initial Inventory: User Guide and Indices . 1980 . . 129 . 24 December 2021 . en.
  23. Referativnyĭ zhurnal: Khimii︠a︡ . 1979 . 468 . 24 December 2021 . Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR . ru.
  24. Web site: Erbium Phosphide ErP . . 24 December 2021.
  25. Book: Steglich . Patrick . Electromagnetic Propagation and Waveguides in Photonics and Microwave Engineering . 21 October 2020 . BoD – Books on Demand . 978-1-83968-188-2 . 42 . 19 August 2021 . en.
  26. Book: Милешко . Леонид . Гапоненко . Николай . Основы процессов получения легированных оксидных пленок методами золь-гель технологии и анодного окисления . 21 February 2020 . Litres . 978-5-04-234580-7 . 42 . ru.
  27. Book: Лидин . Ростислав . Молочко . Вадим . Андреева . Лариса . Константы неорганических веществ. Справочник . 2 February 2019 . Litres . 978-5-04-077039-7 . 37 . 19 August 2021 . ru.
  28. Book: Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances . 1987 . . 2186 . 19 August 2021 . en.
  29. Book: Macintyre . Jane E. . Dictionary of Inorganic Compounds . 23 July 1992 . . 978-0-412-30120-9 . 3120 . 19 August 2021 . en.
  30. Choi . Mu Hee . Ma . Tae Young . Erbium concentration effects on the structural and photoluminescence properties of ZnO:Er films . Materials Letters . 62 . 12-13 . 2008 . 10.1016/j.matlet.2007.10.014 . 1835–1838.
  31. Erbium oxide from erbium acetate hydrate; formation, characterization and catalytic activity. 118. 3. 285–290. 2001-08-28. 0032-5910. 10.1016/S0032-5910(00)00384-3. Powder Technology. 2019-02-01. G. A. M. Hussein.
  32. Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1248–9

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