Cave nectar bat explained

The cave nectar bat, dawn bat, common dawn bat, common nectar bat or lesser dawn bat (Eonycteris spelaea) is a species of megabat within the genus Eonycteris. The scientific name of the species was first published by Dobson in 1871.

Description

The upper parts of the cave nectar bat are grey-brown to dark brown to black. The underparts are paler and the neck is sometimes yellowish brown. The muzzle of this bat is elongated, and particularly adapted for drinking nectar. The species has as well an external tail. The head and body length measures 8.5cm-11cmcm (03.3inches-04inchescm), the tail length is about 1.5cm-1.8cmcm (00.6inches-00.7inchescm) and the forearm length measures 6cm-7cmcm (02inches-03inchescm)[1]

Habits and habitat

The cave nectar bat is found in primary forests and in disturbed and agricultural areas. It roosts in caves, in larger groups, with some roosts exceeding 50,000 individuals, and it sometimes roosts with other bat species. In some places, this species seems to have adapted well to leafy, semi-urban habitats. Due to its large roosting size it has an IUCN status of "least concerned" however, only limited data is available on population size and trends. E. spelaea travels many kilometres each night in search of the nectar of flowering trees and shrubs. Because of that, this bat species is a very important pollinator of fruit trees, such as durians, notably Durio zibethinus and Durio graveolens.[2] [3] [4] It also feeds on and pollinates other commercially important crops such as banana (Musa spp.) and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus).[5] In addition to pollinating these plants, the cave nectar bat is an important pollinator for major crops, including up to 55 species of plants. Their tendencies to pollinate certain plants is determined by the proximity of their living quarters. There are at least thirteen plant taxa that the cave nectar bat feeds upon. The dependence on the proximity of the plants explain the variation of which plants that the cave nectar bats pollinate and feed upon.[6] For this reason, E. spelaea is seen as an important species for pollination in disturbed areas bordering on urban and agricultural farms.

Distribution

E. spelaea lives in Bangladesh,[7] Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi and some other small islands), Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, China, India and Timor-Leste. It had been previously recorded from Gomantong Caves, Sukau, Segama, and Madai in Sabah; Niah, Sungai Tinjar, and Kuching in Sarawak; and Sungai Tengah and Kutai in Kalimantan.[8] [9] [10]

Conservation

This species is killed for bushmeat in Cambodia, Myanmar and the Philippines.[11]

Research

The genome of Eonycteris spelaea was recently sequenced using PacBio long-read sequencing.[12] As a small, frugivorous, specialist nectar-feeding bat with good flight potential and that can breed 1–2 times a year,[13] it is an ideal species as an animal model for bats. Recent evidence has shown this species can carry multiple viruses such as filoviruses,[14] [15] coronaviruses,[16] astrovirus,[17] picornavirus,[18] lyssavirus,[19] pteropine orthoreovirus[20] and flavivirus,[21] all without obvious signs of disease.

Notes and References

  1. Book: A Naturalist's Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia. Shepherd. Chris R.. John Beaufoy Publishing. 2012. 978-1-906780-71-5. Wiltshire, UK. 22. Shepherd. Loretta Ann.
  2. Soepadmo. Engkik. Eow. BK. Mabberley. DJ. Lan. Chang Kiaw. The Reproductive Biology of Durio zibethinus Murr.. The Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore. 31 August 1977. 29. 25–33. 12 November 2017. en . pdf. 2382-5812. 918436212.
  3. Book: Start. A.N.. Marshall. A.G.. Burley. J.. Styles. B.T.. Tropical Trees: Variation, Breeding and Conservation . 1976 . Academic Press. London, UK. 978-0121451509. 141–159. en. Nectarivorous Bats as Pollinators of Trees in West Malaysia. 476102040. Linnean Society Symposium Series. 2.
  4. Book: Brown. Michael J. . Arora. R.K.. Ramanatha Rao. V.. Rao. A.N.. Durio, a Bibliographic Review. 1997. International Plant Genetic Resource Institute. New Delhi, India . 9789290433187 . 13 . 11 November 2017. en. PDF. 38754437.
  5. Lim. Voon-Ching. Ramli. Rosli . Bhassu. Subha. Wilson. John-James. 2018-03-26. Pollination implications of the diverse diet of tropical nectar-feeding bats roosting in an urban cave. PeerJ. 6. e4572. 10.7717/peerj.4572. 29607265. 2167-8359. 5875395 . free .
  6. 10.6620/ZS.2017.56-17. Thavry. H.. Cappelle. J.. Bumrungsri. S.. Thona. L.. Furey. N. M.. 2017. The diet of the cave nectar bat (Eonycteris spelaea, Dobson) suggests it pollinates economically and ecologically significant plants in Southern Cambodia. Zoological Studies. 56. 56. e17. 31966216. 6517731.
  7. Book: Red List of Bangladesh Volume 2: Mammals. Portals.iucn.org. 2015 . IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Bangladesh Country Office . 978-984-34-0735-1. 18 March 2022.
  8. Book: J. Payne . C. M. Francis . K. Phillipps . 1985 . A field guide to the mammals of Borneo . The Sabah Society . Kota Kinabalu, Sabah . 978-967-99947-1-1.
  9. SHAO. W. W.. HUA. P. Y.. ZHOU. S. Y.. ZHANG. S. Y.. CHEN. J. P.. May 2008. Characterization of microsatellite loci in the lesser dawn bat (Eonycteris spelaea). Molecular Ecology Resources. 8. 3. 695–697. 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.02051.x. 21585874. 10081806. 1755-098X.
  10. Esselstyn. Jacob A.. 2010-02-23. At Long Last, an Authoritative Guide to the Mammals of Indochina. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 17. 3. 215–216. 10.1007/s10914-010-9132-z. 37160888. 1064-7554.
  11. Mickleburgh . S. . Waylen . K. . Racey . P. . 2009 . Bats as bushmeat: a global review . Oryx . 43 . 2. 217–234 . 10.1017/s0030605308000938 . free .
  12. Wen. Ming. Ng. Justin H J. Zhu. Feng. Chionh. Yok Teng. Chia. Wan Ni . Mendenhall . Ian H. Lee. Benjamin PY-H. Irving. Aaron T. Wang. Lin-Fa. 2018-10-01. Exploring the genome and transcriptome of the cave nectar bat Eonycteris spelaea with PacBio long-read sequencing. GigaScience . 7. 10 . 10.1093/gigascience/giy116. 30247613. 2047-217X. 6177735.
  13. Book: Nowak, Ronald M. . Walker's mammals of the world. 1999 . The Johns Hopkins University Press. 0801857899. 444327317.
  14. Laing. Eric D. . Mendenhall . Ian H.. Linster. Martin. Low. Dolyce H. W. . Chen. Yihui . Yan. Lianying . Sterling . Spencer L.. Borthwick. Sophie. Neves. Erica Sena. January 2018. Serologic Evidence of Fruit Bat Exposure to Filoviruses, Singapore, 2011–2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases . 24. 1. 114–117. 10.3201/eid2401.170401 . 29260678. 5749470. 1080-6040.
  15. Yang. Xing-Lou. Zhang. Yun-Zhi. Jiang. Ren-Di . Guo. Hua. Zhang. Wei. Li. Bei. Wang. Ning. Wang. Li. Waruhiu. Cecilia. March 2017. Genetically Diverse Filoviruses in Rousettus and Eonycteris spp. Bats, China, 2009 and 2015. Emerging Infectious Diseases . 23. 3. 482–486. 10.3201/eid2302.161119. 1080-6040. 5382765. 28221123.
  16. Mendenhall. I. H.. Borthwick. S.. Neves. E. S.. Low. D.. Linster. M. . Liang. B. . Skiles. M.. Jayakumar. J.. Han. H.. 2016-09-16. Identification of a Lineage D Betacoronavirus in Cave Nectar Bats (Eonycteris spelaea) in Singapore and an Overview of Lineage D Reservoir Ecology in SE Asian Bats. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 64. 6. 1790–1800. 10.1111/tbed.12568. 27637887. 7159162. 1865-1674.
  17. Mendenhall. Ian H.. Skiles. Maggie M.. Neves. Erica Sena. Borthwick. Sophie A.. Low. Dolyce H.W.. Liang. Benjamin. Lee. Benjamin P.Y.-H.. Su. Yvonne C.F.. Smith. Gavin J.D.. December 2017. Influence of age and body condition on astrovirus infection of bats in Singapore: An evolutionary and epidemiological analysis. One Health. 4. 27–33. 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.10.001. 29159263. 2352-7714. 5678831.
  18. Kapoor. A.. Simmonds. P.. Lipkin. W. I.. Zaidi. S.. Delwart. E.. 2010-07-28. Use of Nucleotide Composition Analysis To Infer Hosts for Three Novel Picorna-Like Viruses. Journal of Virology . 84. 19 . 10322–10328. 10.1128/jvi.00601-10. 20668077. 0022-538X . 2937767.
  19. Lumlertdacha . Boonlert. Boongird. Kalyanee. Wanghongsa. Sawai. Wacharapluesadee. Supaporn. Chanhome. Lawan. Khawplod. Pkamatz. Hemachudha. Thiravat. Kuzmin. Ivan. Rupprecht. Charles E.. February 2005. Survey for Bat Lyssaviruses, Thailand. Emerging Infectious Diseases . 11. 2. 232–236. 10.3201/eid1102.040691 . 15752440 . 3320458. 1080-6040.
  20. Taniguchi. Satoshi. Maeda. Ken . Horimoto. Taisuke. Masangkay. Joseph S.. Puentespina. Roberto. Alvarez. James . Eres. Eduardo . Cosico. Edison. Nagata. Noriyo. 2017-02-11. First isolation and characterization of pteropine orthoreoviruses in fruit bats in the Philippines. Archives of Virology . 162. 6. 1529–1539 . 10.1007/s00705-017-3251-2. 28190201. 26357185. 0304-8608.
  21. Varelas-Wesley. Irene. Charles Calisher. Calisher. Charles H.. 1982-11-01. Antigenic Relationships of Flaviviruses with Undetermined Arthropod-Borne Status *. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 31. 6. 1273–1284. 10.4269/ajtmh.1982.31.1273. 6293325. 0002-9637.

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